A popular view of nineteenth-century society maintained that farm families were much more firmly rooted than were city people and that country living was therefore less hectic and more stable than urban life. In 1855, for example, Mrs. Josephine Bateham, editor of the “Ladies' Department” of the influential agricultural journal The Ohio Cultivator, told her readers that

Nineteenth-century rural society, as Mrs. Bateham viewed it, was far more stable than urban life. Country dwellers, and especially farm families, tended to stay put, moving up instead of out (to the new “frame”) because upward social mobility minimized the need for emigration. Urban migrants, on the other hand, were quite different from rural migrants. In cities, “removal” occurred much more frequently, and it involved more residents. A rather sinister “moving day” shadowed the less settled city dwellers, many of whom actually moved “every year or two.”