Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- 1 The growing of apples and pears
- 2 Apples and pears and their relatives
- 3 Apple and pear root systems: induction, development, structure and function
- 4 The graft union, grafting and budding
- 5 Mechanisms of rootstock and interstock effects on scion vigour
- 6 The shoot system
- 7 Leaves, canopies and light interception
- 8 Photosynthesis, respiration, and carbohydrate transport, partitioning and storage
- 9 Flowers and fruits
- 10 Eating quality and its retention
- 11 Mineral nutrition
- 12 Water relations
- 13 Diseases, pests, and resistance to these
- 14 Biotechnology of apples and pears
- Cultivar Index
- General Index
- References
13 - Diseases, pests, and resistance to these
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 August 2009
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- 1 The growing of apples and pears
- 2 Apples and pears and their relatives
- 3 Apple and pear root systems: induction, development, structure and function
- 4 The graft union, grafting and budding
- 5 Mechanisms of rootstock and interstock effects on scion vigour
- 6 The shoot system
- 7 Leaves, canopies and light interception
- 8 Photosynthesis, respiration, and carbohydrate transport, partitioning and storage
- 9 Flowers and fruits
- 10 Eating quality and its retention
- 11 Mineral nutrition
- 12 Water relations
- 13 Diseases, pests, and resistance to these
- 14 Biotechnology of apples and pears
- Cultivar Index
- General Index
- References
Summary
Introduction
Apples and pears are subject to a large number of diseases and pests. Some are very obvious and may cause distinctive damage. Others are virtually symptomless other than leading to reduced growth and cropping.
The impact of the different diseases and pests may be reduced by confining susceptible cultivars to regions of climate unsuitable for the pathogen. It may also be reduced by the use of quarantine and ‘plant health’ procedures designed to ensure healthy planting material. Control of damage where conditions are such as to make this a serious threat may be achieved by chemical and biological control agents and by the deliberate breeding of resistant cultivars.
With the world-wide expansion of apple and pear growing, new pest and disease problems have arisen. Consumer fears of pesticide residues and concerns about ecological impacts have placed significant constraints on chemical control. Biological and ‘integrated’ control methods to reduce chemical inputs may require sophisticated localized monitoring of both pathogens and environmental factors. Genetic resistance may break down as new strains of disease organisms and pests evolve. Control of disease and pest incidence is thus very complex. Emphasis in this chapter is given to the pests and diseases of greatest importance in Europe, North America and Australasia and genetic resistance to these. Discussion of chemical and biological control and of specific pests and diseases prevalent in Asia, Africa and South America is more limited.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Biology of Apples and Pears , pp. 448 - 472Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2003
References
Adams, A. N. (1988a). Apple chat fruit disease. In European Handbook of Plant Diseases, ed. I. M. Smith, J. Dunez, D. H. Phillips, R. A. Lelliot and S. A. Archer, p. 118. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
Adams, A. N. (1988b). Apple rubbery wood disease. In European Handbook of Plant Diseases, ed. I. M. Smith, J. Dunez, D. H. Phillips, R. A. Lelliot and S. A. Archer, pp. 120–1. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
Alston, F. H. (1967). Varietal response to Gloeosporium perennans in the apple. Report of the East Malling Research Station for 1966, 132–4
Anon. (1992a). Codling moth. In Crop Pests in the U.K., ed. M. Gratwick, pp. 108–11. London: Chapman and Hall
Anon. (1992b). Apple and pear suckers. In Crop Pests in the U.K., ed. M. Gratwick, pp. 11–15. London: Chapman and Hall
Anon. (1992c). Fruit tree red spider mite. In Crop Pests in the U.K., ed. M. Gratwick, pp. 341–6. London: Chapman and Hall
Avery, D. J. (1964). Carbon dioxide exchange by plum and apple leaves damaged by fruit tree red spider mite. Report of the East Malling Research Station for 1963, 94–7
and (1968). The aetiology and development of damage in young fruit trees infested with fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch). Annals of Applied Biology 61, 277–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1999). Breeding for host resistance to pear psylla: evaluation of parental germplasm. Acta Horticulturae 484, 471–5Google Scholar
Bell, R. L., Quamme, H. A., Layne, R. E. C. and Skirvin, R. M. (1996). Pears. In Fruit Breeding, Vol. 1. Tree and Tropical Fruits, ed. J. Janick and J. N. Moore, pp. 441–514. New York: John Wiley and Sons
Benic, L. M. and Combrink, J. C. (1996). Control of post-harvest diseases. In Integrated Management of Post-harvest Quality, ed. J. C. Combrink, pp. 57–63. Stellenbosch: Infruitec
(1974). The effect of temperature on the growth of the fire blight pathogen, Erwinia amylovora.Journal of Applied Bacteriology 37, 643–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996). BIS95, An improved approach to fire blight risk assessment. Acta Horticulturae 411, 121–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1999). Fire blight risk assessment: Billing's Integrated System (BIS) and its evaluation. Acta Horticulturae 489, 399–405CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Billing, E. (2000). Fire blight risk assessment systems and models. In Fire Blight: the Disease and its Causative Agent, Erwinia amylovora, ed. J. L. Vanneste, pp. 293–318. Wallingford, UK: CAB InternationalCrossRef
Bonn, W. G. and van der Zwet, T. (2000). Distribution and economic importance of fire blight. In Fire Blight: the Disease and its Causative Agent Erwinia amylovora, ed. J. L. Vanneste, pp. 37–53. Wallingford, UK: CAB InternationalCrossRef
, , and (1999). Alternative control measures for blossom blight in commercial apple and pear orchards. Acta Horticulturae 489, 559–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, A. G. (1975). Apples. In Advances in Fruit Breeding, ed. J. Janick and J. N. Moore, pp. 3–37. West Lafeyette: Purdue University Press
and (1972). An assessment of some new treatments for the control of rotting of stored apples. Annals of Applied Biology 72, 249–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butt, D. J. (1988). Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell & Ev) Salmon. In European Handbook of Plant Diseases, ed. I. M. Smith, J. Dunez, D. H. Phillips, R. A. Lelliot and S. A. Archer, pp. 263–5. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
Butt, D. J., Martin, K. J. and Swait, A. A. J. (1983). Apple powdery mildew: damage, loss and economic injury level. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Plant Pathology, Brighton, 1, 184
, and (1988). Genetic resistance to bitter rot incited by Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spaulding & von Schrenk in apple (Malus domestica Borkh). Acta Horticulturae 232, 37–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1967). Decline and death of pear on quince rootstocks caused by virus infection. Journal of Horticultural Science 42, 113–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1994). The use of formalin to control replant problems of fruit trees. Acta Horticulturae 363, 191–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, D. L. and Eyre, S. (1996). Detection of phytoplasmas associated with pear decline in pear psyllids by polymerase chain reaction. BCPC Symposium Proceedings No. 65, Diagnostics in Crop Production, 67–72
, and (1995). The detection of MLOs associated with pear decline in pear trees and pear psyllids by polymerase chain reaction. Acta Horticulturae 386, 484–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1992). Parry's disease of pears is similar to pear decline and is associated with mycoplasma-like organisms transmitted by Cacopsylla pyricola. Plant Pathology 41, 195–203CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delbos, R. P. and Dunez, J. (1988). Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV). In European Handbook of Plant Diseases, ed. I. M. Smith, J. Dunez, D. H. Phillips, R. A. Lelliot and S. A. Archer, pp. 5–7. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
Ferree, D. C., Hall, F. R. and Ellis, M. A. (1986). Influence of mites and diseases on net photosynthesis of apple leaves. In The Regulation of Photosynthesis in Fruit Trees, ed. A. N. Lakso and F. Lenz. Symposium Proceedings Publication. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y.
(1994). The impact of replant problems on the economics of high density apple plantings. Acta Horticulturae 363, 11–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1999). Firework, a windows-based computer program for prediction of fire blight on apples. Acta Horticulturae 489, 407–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoestra, H. (1968). Replant Diseases of Apple in The Netherlands. Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool, Wageningen, 68–13, 105 pp
(1973). Effects of soil fumigation on the growth of apple and cherry rootstocks on land previously cropped with apples. Annals of Applied Biology 74, 99–104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, J. E. (1979). Soil fumigation against replant disease of apple. In Soil Disinfestation, ed. D. Mulder, pp. 185–202. Developments in Agricultural and Managed-Forest Ecology, 6. Amsterdam: ElsevierCrossRef
Janick, J., Cummins, J. N., Brown, S. K. and Hemmatt, M. (1996). Apples. In Fruit Breeding, Vol. 1. Tree and Tropical Fruits, ed. J. Janick and J. N. Moore. New York: John Wiley and sons
Kajiura, I. (1994). Nashi (Japanese pear). In Horticulture in Japan, ed. K. Konishi, S. Iwahori, H. Kitagawa and T. Yakuwa, pp. 40–7. Tokyo: Asakura Publishing Co. Ltd
and (1968). Sources of field immunity to mildew (Podosphaeria leucotricha) in apple. Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 10, 294–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1962). The inheritance of resistance to woolly aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum Hsmnn in the apple. Journal of Horticultural Science 37, 207–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunze, L. (1988). Apple proliferation MLO. In European Handbook of Plant Diseases, ed. I. M. Smith, J. Dunez, D. H. Phillips, R. A. Lelliot and S. A. Archer, pp. 118–20. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
(1999). Review of the current apple breeding programmes in the world: objectives for scion cultivar improvement. Acta Horticulturae 484, 163–9Google Scholar
Lelliot, R. A. (1988). Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al. In European Handbook of Plant Diseases, ed. I. M. Smith, J. Dunez, D. H. Phillips, R. A. Lelliot and S. A. Archer, pp. 187–9. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
Lespinasse, Y. and Aldwinkle, H. S. (2000). Breeding for resistance to fire blight. In Fire Blight: the Disease and its Causative Agent Erwinia amylovora, ed. J. L. Vanneste, pp. 253–73. Wallingford, UK: CAB InternationalCrossRef
, and (1999). Fifteen year summary of the efficacy of the Maryblyt prediction system on apple in West Virginia (1984–1998). Acta Horticulturae 489, 445–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1994). Diagnosis, etiology and management of replant disorders in New York cherry and apple orchards. Acta Horticulturae 363, 33–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (1999). Streptomycin resistance of Erwinia amylovora in Israel and occurrence of fire blight in pear orchards in autumn. Acta Horticulturae 489, 85–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1955). Fire blight development on apple in western New York. Plant Disease Reporter 39, 206–7Google Scholar
Momol, M. T. and Saygili, H. (1999) Editors. Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Fire Blight. Acta Horticulturae489, Leuven: ISHS
, and (1999). Evaluation of biological control agents, systemic acquired resistance inducers and bactericides for the control of fire blight on apple blossom. Acta Horticulturae 489, 553–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1994). Apple tree growth response in greenhouse pot tests using heat-treated replant soil versus orchard replant trees with in situ heated soil. Acta Horticulturae 363, 57–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1980). The long term effects of pre-planting soil fumigation on the growth and cropping of cvs ‘Laxton's Fortune’ and ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ on ‘M.2’ rootstock, planted on land affected with a replant disease of apple. Journal of Horticultural Science 55, 259–66Google Scholar
Oehl, V. H. and Jackson, J. E. (1979). Evaluating rootstocks for resistance to apple replant disease. Report of the East Malling Research Station for 1978, 53
and (1961). Nematode damage and specific sickness in Rosa, Malus and Laburnum.Tijdschrift voor Plantenziekten 63, 264–72Google Scholar
and (1998). Influence of root pathogenic Actinomycetes on the trimming of the rootlets of some species of Rosaceae with root hairs. Acta Horticulturae 447, 49–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1994). Proof of actinomycetes in rootlets of species of Rosaceae from a SARD soil – a contribution to the specificity of replant diseases. Acta Horticulturae 363, 43–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1994). The economics of replanting apple orchards in Washington State. ActaHorticulturae 363, 19–23Google Scholar
, and (1966). Specific replant diseases of apple and cherry and their control by soil fumigation. Journal of Horticultural Science 41, 379–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1994). Diagnosis of apple replant problems in New York orchard soils and evaluation of nematode-suppressive cover crops. Acta Horticulturae 363, 121–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richter, J. (1988a). Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Winter. In European Handbook of Plant Diseases, ed. I. M. Smith, J. Dunez, D. H. Phillips, R. A. Lelliot and S. A. Archer, pp. 385–6. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
Richter, J. (1988b). Venturia pirini Alderhold. In European Handbook of Plant Diseases, ed. I. M. Smith, J. Dunez, D. H. Phillips, R. A. Lelliot and S. A. Archer, p. 386. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
, , and (1997). Commercial orchard evaluation of the New Cornell-Geneva Apple Rootstocks. Acta Horticulturae 451, 113–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (1999). Orchard performance of fire blight-resistant Geneva apple rootstocks. Acta Horticulturae 489, 287–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , , , , , , and (1999). Identification and development of markers linked to aphid resistance in apple. Acta Horticulturae 484, 519–22Google Scholar
(1975). Specific replant disease in Hawke's Bay. Part III. Apple rootstock evaluation for replant sites. Orchardist of New Zealand 48, 191–3Google Scholar
Savory, B. M. (1966). Specific replant diseases, causing root necrosis and growth depression in perennial fruit and plantation crops. Research Review. Commonwealth Bureau of Horticulture, East Malling, No. 1. 64 pp
Savory, B. M. (1967). Specific replant diseases of apple and cherry. Report of the East Malling Research Station for 1966, 205–8
Seemüller, E. (1988). Pear decline MLO. In European Handbook of Plant Diseases, ed. J. M. Smith, J. Dunez, D. H. Phillips, R. A. Lelliot and S. A. Archer, pp. 127–9. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
(1979). Reappraisal of the nature of the “specific replant disease” of apple. Commonwealth Mycological Institute Review of Plant Pathology 58 (6), 209–11Google Scholar
(1981). Effects of Pythium species on the growth of apple and their possible causal role in apple replant disease. Annals of Applied Biology 97, 31–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sewell, G. W. F. and Roberts, A. L. (1986). Reciprocal plantings of four species in their respective soils. Report of the East Malling Research Station for 1985, 119
and (1979). The effects of formalin and other soil treatments on the replant disease of apple. Journal of Horticultural Science 54, 333–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1975). The role of Thielaviopsis basicola in the specific replant disorders of cherry and plum. Annals of Applied Biology 79, 149–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1988). Apple replant disease: the influence of soil phosphorus and other factors on the growth responses of apple seedlings to soil fumigation with chloropicrin. Annals of Applied Biology 113, 605–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (1999). Development and evaluation of a decision support system for management of fire blight in Israel. Acta Horticulturae 489, 385–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1994). Successful management of orchard replant disease in Washington. Acta Horticulturae 363, 161–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1999). Report on the development and use of Cougarblight 98C – a situation-specific fire blight risk assessment model for apple and pear. Acta Horticulturae 489, 429–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1998). Evidence for the pathogenicity of Actinomycetes in rootlets of apple seedlings from soils conducive to specific apple replant disease. Acta Horticulturae 477, 53–65Google Scholar
and (1998). Results of pot experiments on control of apple replant disease. Acta Horticulturae 477, 103–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, J. A. (1959). The occurrence of areas of poor growth in a fruit tree nursery. Report of the East Malling Research Station for 1958, 80–2
, and (1982). A forecasting model for fire blight of pear. Plant Disease 66, 576–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (1977). Pesticide applications can be reduced by forecasting the occurrence of fireblight bacteria. California Agriculture 31(10), 12–14Google Scholar
(1998). Influence of cultural practices on the growth and yield of young apple trees planted in replant disease soil. Acta Horticulturae 477, 27–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1994a). Biotic and abiotic causes of replant problems of fruit trees. Acta Horticulturae 363, 25–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1994b). Development of biological control of apple replant disease. Acta Horticulturae 363, 129–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1995). Fire Blight – Its Nature, Prevention and Control: A Practical Guide to Integrated Disease Management. US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 631, 97 ppGoogle Scholar
, and (1988). Control of fire blight of pear and apple by accurate prediction of the blossom blight phase. Plant Disease 72, 464–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1982). Growth, yield and fruit quality of virus-infected and virus-free ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees, 1968–1982. Acta Horticulturae 130, 213–20Google Scholar
Way, D. W. and Pitcher, R. S. (1971). Specific replant diseases of tree fruits and their control by soil fumigation. Proceedings of the 6th British Insecticide and Fungicide Conference, pp. 263–73
, , , and (1997). Rootstock breeding and orchard testing at Horticultural Research International East Malling. Acta Horticulturae 451, 83–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1999). Breeding commercial apple cultivars in New Zealand with resistances to pests and diseases. Acta Horticulturae 484, 157–61Google Scholar
, , , , , and (1994). A successful apple replant educational program in Washington State. Acta Horticulturae 363, 153–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1979). Blossom populations of Erwinia amylovora in pear orchards vs accumulated degree hours over 18.3 degrees Celsius, 1972–1976. Phytopathology 69, 1050 (Abstr.)Google Scholar
- 1
- Cited by