Introduction

In order to apply crystal field theory to geologic processes involving transition metal ions, it is necessary to have crystal chemical information and thermodynamic data for these cations in mineral structures. In 2.8, it was noted that the principal method for obtaining crystal field splittings, and hence stabilization energies of the cations, is from measurements of absorption spectra of transition metal compounds at wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared regions. The origins of such absorption bands in crystal field spectra were discussed in chapter 3. The focus of this chapter is on measurements of absorption spectra of minerals, with some applications to fundamental crystal chemical problems.

When minerals occur as large, gem-sized crystals, it is comparatively easy to obtain absorption spectra by passing light through natural crystal faces or polished slabs of the mineral. However, most rock-forming minerals are present in assemblages of very small crystals intimately associated with one another, leading to technical problems for measuring spectra of minerals in situ. In addition, several of the transition elements occur in only trace amounts in common minerals, making spectral features of individual cations difficult to resolve, especially in the presence of more abundant elements such as iron, titanium and manganese which also absorb radiation in the visible to nearinfrared region.