Wittgenstein's criticisms of James on language – particularly in Philosophical Investigations – are easy to spot, but the pervasive overlap of themes, examples, and methods there and in other work is less obvious. Wittgenstein criticizes James (among others) for confusing meanings with feelings, and for the credulity he exhibits in his discussion of a Mr. Ballard, a deaf mute who claimed to have been able to think before he could speak. Wittgenstein also considers, again in a critical spirit, James's discussion of a word on the tip of one's tongue, concluding that James thinks of it as a peculiar experience, when it is really “not experience at all” (PI, p. 219).

Many of Wittgenstein's criticisms of James are of a piece with those he makes of the “if-feeling,” which we considered in Chapter 3. Wittgenstein charges James with a fundamental failure to distinguish experience from “grammar,” “meaning,” or “logic.”