Case

Contractor, a construction company, agreed to build an office building for Realty, a real estate company. According to their agreement, Contractor was to receive a fixed amount ‘which shall be due after an architect appointed by Realty certifies that the building is finished according to the specifications’ contained in the contract. While the building was under construction, Contractor promised, without demanding or being offered additional payment, to install more expensive glareproof windows than the specifications called for. Some time later, Realty promised that Contractor would be paid without seeking an architect's certificate. Are either of these promises binding? Would it matter if Realty had already advertised the glareproof windows, or Contractor had already covered over portions of the building the architect would have needed to inspect, before the other party threatened not to keep its promise?

Discussions

FRANCE

Once a contract exists, as a general principle under art. 1134 of the Civil Code, it cannot be modified unilaterally. However, French law recognizes that a party can agree to modify the contract in his sole interest, provided that the conditions for the formation of a contract are satisfied. Whether they are is a question of fact which is within the absolute authority of the trial courts. In our view, the oral promises here would be enforceable.

THE ENFORCEABILITY OF PROMISES

They may be considered to be unilateral offers to modify the contract. They must be accepted, and, as a general rule, silence does not amount to acceptance.