Introduction

The vision articulated by Mary Robinson, then UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, in a lecture presented at the University of Tübingen in January 2002, epitomises an important turn in the contemporary concept of international human rights. This is the close linking of human rights with a project of global ethics, indeed the framing of human rights as a vehicle and expression of a global ethic.

A predominant feature of international relations in the post-World War II era is the codification of human rights in the form of international law. Following the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948, the International Convention Against All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), the International Convention Against All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (ICEDAW), the Convention Against Torture (CAT), and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) all mark milestones in a process of human rights standard-setting, which has now been largely accomplished, if not entirely completed. Parallel developments have occurred in a regional context in Europe, the Americas, and Africa with the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), and the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR), respectively.