As will be apparent from the discussion in previous chapters, the rule of local remedies applies, when there is an initial violation of international law by a state in respect of an alien. In connection with the incidence of the initial international legal wrong, with respect to which local remedies must be exhausted, it is necessary to consider contractual relationships. As pointed out in Chapter 4, wrongs committed by private persons against aliens are not as such wrongs which constitute violations of international law. By the same token, breaches of contracts with aliens by private persons do not constitute such violations. Contractual relations between aliens and other private persons, whether national or legal, are entirely in the realm of national juridical relations, while they may involve the application of private international law. Hence, breaches of entirely private contracts by private persons are only breaches of national law, though the application of international private law may take place. For such breaches to have an impact on international law, there must, therefore, be some denial of justice, actual or putative, by the judicial organs of the state concerned which would be the required initial violation of international law in respect of which the rule of local remedies would consequently become applicable in all its facets.