Although Puritan opposition to popular and Church of England festivities developed during the reign of Elizabeth I, James I's The Kings Maiesties Declaration to His Subiects, concerning Lawfull Sports to be used (1618), which expanded his 1617 Lancashire declaration throughout the realm, polarized the debate. Charles I's reissue of his father's declaration in 1633, commonly referred to as The Book of Sports, significantly exacerbated the opposition. James I's Declaration legitimized a number of popular festivities, Holy Day festivities, and sports that had been hindered by ‘Puritanes & precise people’. These activities included dancing, archery, ‘May-Games, Whitson Ales, and Morris-dances, and the setting vp of May-poles and other sports therewith vsed, so as the same be had in due and conuenient time, without impediment or neglect of diuine Seruice’. Although initially intended to further the conversion of ‘Popish Recusants’ to the Church of England, the Declaration notes that the realm ‘is much infested’ with ‘Papists and Puritanes’, a coupling which, in itself, must have angered Puritans. However, as Gregory M. Colón Semenza has argued, James I's declaration was essentially conservative in nature, and its distinctions between ‘lawful’ and ‘unlawful’ sports were reassertions of the Church's position. When reissued, The Book of Sports furthered the ideological aims of Charles I and Archbishop William Laud to strengthen allegiance to the monarch and the Church of England by regulating popular festivities. This, as Leah Marcus argues, ‘sacramentalized’ ‘lawful’ sports: ‘The old pastimes were a way of taking the Church out into the world and molding the countryside into an image of ecclesiastical order; they become an extension of sacred space.’