Introduction

The consumer role in education is one that has historically existed prior to legislative reform. Parents have always had choices about ‘which school’ in terms of private or state school, religious or non-religious, and also choices about where they live and, by implication, where their children go to school. It is now almost 30 years since the introduction of legislative reforms promoting additional elements of choice in the UK education service. Following the reforms put in place during the 1980s, parents, pupils and users have been empowered to participate further in the selection of services. In addition to the consumer-oriented reforms, elements of the reform agenda have also stressed the involvement of citizens in education and there are now opportunities for parents and users to have an input into the management and leadership of schools. Using the ‘voice’, ‘choice’ and ‘exit’ framework, the aim of this chapter is to discuss the consumer in education. It is divided into three parts. Part one focuses on the involvement of citizens, consumers and parents in education. In part two, the mechanisms of consumption are reviewed. The use of the market, catchment areas and also the allocation of school places by lottery are each investigated. Part three outlines the different faces of consumerism and citizen participation in education. Conclusions are drawn about the involvement of citizen-consumers in education services.

Citizens, consumers and parents in education

Prior to 1979, the language used in all public services to describe those receiving them was centred around notions of professional autonomy and the dependency of clients (Clarke and Newman, 1997). Words including ‘patients’, ‘parents’, ‘pupils’, ‘prisoners’, ‘tenants’ and ‘clients’ each suggest users who were the recipients of public services. Further, they suggest users who are having services provided to them with little activity or participation on their behalf. Le Grand (2003) argues that these users were considered to be passive. Le Grand (2003, p 6) elaborates further in relation to patients: