Fiars prices have long been appreciated as an analytical tool by Scottish economic historians, who have used them to construct price series for grain and meal, and to enable studies in market integration. But the question has seldom been asked in any depth – what were they originally for? How were the fiars used by contemporaries?

Let us first remind ourselves of what the fiars prices were. They apparently emerge in the sixteenth century. Gemmill and Mayhew's account of Scottish medieval prices makes no mention of them, but there is a passing reference in the Register of the Great Seal for 1524 to an annual price known as ‘le feir’ having been used in the Glasgow region for at least ten years beforehand. They were intended to be a factual statement of the average market price of various grains (and of meal) within a county, since the preceding harvest. They were normally ‘struck’ (calculated) by a legal process before a court sitting in February. They are of uncertain origin: the word ‘fiar’ is accepted to be allied to ‘forum’, and to mean ‘market’, so ‘fiars price’ means ‘market price’. Their main legal basis was custom and practice; neither the Scottish parliament, nor, after 1707, the British parliament, ever legislated to make fiars mandatory. However, the fiars acquired a firm institutional basis through becoming attached to various other administrative and commercial procedures. This chapter will investigate those procedures.

Sixteenth-century sources refer to fiars being struck by Commissary Courts, but later the surviving fiars seem invariably to have been drawn up in the Sheriff Courts. For a time in the seventeenth century, Commissary and Sheriff fiars seem sometimes to have been in existence together. Although there are no surviving examples of rival lists, in a case involving the parish of Edrom in Berwickshire in 1696 the Commissary fiars were preferred over the Sheriff fiars because the dispute involved the sale of teinds. The earliest extant fiars series is one for Fife, for the period 1556–86, followed by a gap until 1619. More series follow the reform of the teinds in the 1630s, but only after 1708 do they become general for Scottish lowland counties.