Preface: a resource discovery dystopia

David De Roure

In the 2000s everyone was talking about ‘information overload’, fearing more data, more channels, more interruption. Discussion declined with the rise of personalisation – in search results, in social media recommendations. Filtering was the answer: ‘It's not information overload. It's filter failure’ (Shirky, 2008). By 2011 the risks of personalisation had been acknowledged, with the realisation that academics were living in ‘filter bubbles’ where algorithms gave them what they wanted – and sealed them off from new ideas. This led to community ‘echo chambers’ where ideas were amplified and self-reinforced by the penumbra of relevant information.

By 2015 the situation had deteriorated further. The digital marketing ecosystem had blurred with scholarly resource discovery. Algorithms made recommendations not just on reading habits but to maximise publishing corporations’ income – purportedly to fulfil their legal obligation to shareholders’ interests. In distorting information discovery, it corrupted the very process of research, bringing accusations of algorithmic censorship of scientific work. Universities were not far behind the publishers in privileging the academic outputs that would maximise their research income through optimising locations and citations, an increasingly automated process. A competitive ecosystem of algorithms arose – culminating in the infamous 2020 ‘Russell Algorithm’ court ruling mandating transparency in search technologies.

Research was increasingly conducted in silico, and rising automation increasingly bypassed the human – especially as rewards went to those first past the post with research results. As machines became the predominant producers and consumers of research content, they became the primary users of real time resource discovery algorithms. While liberating for humans, this also denied critical reflection and challenge – they only got to see what machine-learning algorithms, and those who configured their behaviour, wanted them to see. Research methods had become built into our knowledge infrastructure, unchallenged.