Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Dedication
- Contents
- List of Figures and Tables
- Notes on Contributors
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction: Towards Freedom, Empowerment, and Agency: An Introduction to Queering Criminology in Theory and Praxis: Reimagining Justice in the Criminal Legal System and Beyond
- 1 Gender-and Sexuality-Based Violence among LGBTQ People: An Empirical Test of Norm-Centered Stigma Theory
- 2 Queer Pathways
- 3 Queer Criminology and the Destabilization of Child Sexual Abuse
- 4 Queer(y)ing the Experiences of LGBTQ Workers in Criminal Processing Systems
- 5 ‘PREA Is a Joke’: A Case Study of How Trans PREA Standards Are(n’t) Enforced
- 6 Queerly Navigating the System: Trans* Experiences Under State Surveillance
- 7 Sex-Gender Defining Laws, Birth Certificates, and Identity
- 8 Effects of Intimate Partner Violence in the LGBTQ Community: A Systematic Review
- 9 Health Covariates of Intimate Partner Violence in a National Transgender Sample
- 10 Serving Transgender, Gender Nonconforming, and Intersex Youth in Alameda County’s Juvenile Hall
- 11 Liberating Black Youth across the Gender Spectrum Through the Deconstruction of the White Femininity/Black Masculinity Duality
- 12 ‘I Thought They Were Supposed to Be on My Side’: What Jane Doe’s Experience Teaches Us about Institutional Harm against Trans Youth
- 13 The Role of Adolescent Friendship Networks in Queer Youth’s Delinquency
- 14 ‘At the Very Least’: Politics and Praxis of Bail Fund Organizers and the Potential for Queer Liberation
- 15 A Conspiracy
- 16 LGBTQ+ Homelessness: Resource Obtainment and Issues with Shelters
- 17 The Color of Queer Theory in Social Work and Criminology Practice: A World without Empathy
- 18 Camouflaged: Tackling the Invisibility of LGBTQ+ Veterans When Accessing Care
- 19 Barriers to Reporting, Barriers to Services: Challenges for Transgender Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Victimization
- Conclusion: What Does It Mean to Do Justice? Current and Future Directions in Queer Criminological Research and Practice
- Index
18 - Camouflaged: Tackling the Invisibility of LGBTQ+ Veterans When Accessing Care
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 September 2022
- Frontmatter
- Dedication
- Contents
- List of Figures and Tables
- Notes on Contributors
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction: Towards Freedom, Empowerment, and Agency: An Introduction to Queering Criminology in Theory and Praxis: Reimagining Justice in the Criminal Legal System and Beyond
- 1 Gender-and Sexuality-Based Violence among LGBTQ People: An Empirical Test of Norm-Centered Stigma Theory
- 2 Queer Pathways
- 3 Queer Criminology and the Destabilization of Child Sexual Abuse
- 4 Queer(y)ing the Experiences of LGBTQ Workers in Criminal Processing Systems
- 5 ‘PREA Is a Joke’: A Case Study of How Trans PREA Standards Are(n’t) Enforced
- 6 Queerly Navigating the System: Trans* Experiences Under State Surveillance
- 7 Sex-Gender Defining Laws, Birth Certificates, and Identity
- 8 Effects of Intimate Partner Violence in the LGBTQ Community: A Systematic Review
- 9 Health Covariates of Intimate Partner Violence in a National Transgender Sample
- 10 Serving Transgender, Gender Nonconforming, and Intersex Youth in Alameda County’s Juvenile Hall
- 11 Liberating Black Youth across the Gender Spectrum Through the Deconstruction of the White Femininity/Black Masculinity Duality
- 12 ‘I Thought They Were Supposed to Be on My Side’: What Jane Doe’s Experience Teaches Us about Institutional Harm against Trans Youth
- 13 The Role of Adolescent Friendship Networks in Queer Youth’s Delinquency
- 14 ‘At the Very Least’: Politics and Praxis of Bail Fund Organizers and the Potential for Queer Liberation
- 15 A Conspiracy
- 16 LGBTQ+ Homelessness: Resource Obtainment and Issues with Shelters
- 17 The Color of Queer Theory in Social Work and Criminology Practice: A World without Empathy
- 18 Camouflaged: Tackling the Invisibility of LGBTQ+ Veterans When Accessing Care
- 19 Barriers to Reporting, Barriers to Services: Challenges for Transgender Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Victimization
- Conclusion: What Does It Mean to Do Justice? Current and Future Directions in Queer Criminological Research and Practice
- Index
Summary
There is an extensive history of LGBTQ+ invisibility in the United States military. For instance, although official regulations banning the enlistment of sexual minorities such as lesbian, gay, and bisexual people can be traced back to the 1920s (Bérubé, 2010), the more recent (and notorious) ‘don't ask, don't tell’ (DADT) policy was implemented in 1993 and later repealed in 2011 (Kerrigan, 2012; Proctor& Krusen, 2017). While the DADT policy prohibited the military from directly asking a service member about their sexual orientation, service personnel were still able to be discharged if their sexual orientation became known through credible information or voluntary disclosure (where credible information might include ambiguous references to sexuality on medical records; see Howe, 2018). Indeed, 1,046 service personnel were discharged in 1999 alone for ‘conduct unbecoming’ related to sexual orientation (Sobel et al., 2001), and more than 13,000 service members have been discharged as a result of the DADT policy (McDermott, 2016).
While the repeal of DADT has been heralded as a victory for LGBTQ+ rights, the policy did not apply to transgender service members (Kerrigan, 2012). Trans people were unable to enlist and serve in the armed forces until the Department of Defense lifted the ban in 2016 under the Obama administration, which would have allowed transgender military personnel not only to openly serve their country but also to receive gender-affirming surgery previously excluded by the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) starting in January 2018 (Zucker, 2018, p. 329). However, this 2016 decision was reversed by the Trump administration in 2017 through a series of memorandums issued by President Trump, the second of which states that ‘transgender persons with a history or diagnosis of gender dysphoria … are disqualified from military service except under certain limited circumstances’, with the justification that the medical treatment for gender dysphoria is ‘substantial’, including medications and surgery (cited in Manuel, 2020, p. 82). In 2019, the Supreme Court ‘stayed the preliminary injunctions while the lower courts continued to hear arguments, allowing the transgender military ban to go into effect’ (Manuel, 2020, p. 88). This is not the same as the Supreme Court directly upholding these restrictions, for which there are still several lower court cases pending in multiple states at the time of writing this chapter (Manuel, 2020).
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- Queering Criminology in Theory and PraxisReimagining Justice in the Criminal Legal System and Beyond, pp. 263 - 274Publisher: Bristol University PressPrint publication year: 2022