Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-25wd4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T17:56:57.466Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 2 - Culture and Mental Health

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 March 2018

Dinesh Bhugra
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, London
Kamaldeep Bhui
Affiliation:
Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Ablon, J. (1971). Bereavement in a Samoan community. British Journal of Psychology, 44, 329337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alarcón, R. and Foulks, E. (1995). Personality disorders and culture: contemporary clinical views, Part A. Cultural Diversity and Mental Health, 1, 317.Google Scholar
Bhugra, D. (1996). Depression across cultures. Primary Care Psychiatry, 2(3), 155165.Google Scholar
Bhugra, D. (2005). Sati: a type of non-psychiatric suicide. Crisis, 26(2), 7377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhugra, D. and Littlewood, R. (eds) (2001). Colonialism and Psychiatry. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bhugra, D., Baldwin, D. and Desai, M. (1997a). Focus groups: implications for primary and cross-cultural psychiatry. Primary Care Psychiatry, 3(1), 4550.Google Scholar
Bhugra, D., Baldwin, D. and Desai, M. (1997b). A pilot study of the impact of fact sheets and guided discussion on knowledge and attitudes regarding depression in an ethnic minority sample. Primary Care Psychiatry, 3(3), 135140.Google Scholar
Bhugra, D., Gupta, K. R. and Wright, B. (1997c). Depression in north India: comparison of symptoms and life events with other patient groups. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 1, 8387.Google Scholar
Bhugra, D., Mallett, R. and Leff, J. (1999). Schizophrenia and African Caribbeans: a conceptual model of aetiology. International Review of Psychiatry, 11(2), 145152.Google Scholar
Binitie, A. (1975). A factor-analytical study of depression across cultures (African and European). British Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 559563.Google Scholar
Bogousslavsky, J. and Moulin, T. (2009). From alienism to the birth of modern psychiatry: a neurological story? European Neurology, 62, 257263, doi:10.1159/00235594.Google Scholar
Chance, N. (1964). A cross-cultural study of social cohesion and depression. Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 1, 1924.Google Scholar
Choudhury, S. and Kirmayer, L. J. (2009). Cultural neuroscience and psychopathology: prospects for cultural psychiatry. Progress in Brain Research, 178, 263283, doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(09)17820–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clausen, J. A. and Kohn, M. L. (1959) Relations of schizophrenia to the social structure of a small city. In Epidemiology of Mental Disorders, ed. Pasamanick, B.. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.Google Scholar
Comton, W. M., Helzer, J. E., Hwu, H. G. et al. (1991). New methods in cross-cultural psychiatry: psychiatric illness in Taiwan and the US. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 16971704.Google Scholar
Cooke, D. J. (1997). Psychopaths: oversexed, overplayed but not over here? Criminal Behaviors and Mental Health, 7(1), 311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Draguns, J. G. (1980). Psychological disorders of clinical severity. In Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology: Psychopathology, vol. 6, ed. Triandis, H. C. and Draguns, J. G.. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
El-Islam, M. F. (1969). Depression and guilt: a study at an Arab psychiatric clinic. Social Psychiatry, 4, 5658.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faris, R. and Dunham, H. (1939). Mental Disease in the Chicago Area. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fernando, S. J. M. (1975). A cross-cultural study of some familial and social factors in depressive illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 4653.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foulks, E. F. (1996). Culture and personality disorders. In Culture and Psychiatric Diagnosis: A DSM-IV Perspective, ed. Mezzich, J. E., Kleinman, A., Fabrega, H. Jr and Parron, L.. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp. 243252.Google Scholar
Gillin, J. (1948). Magical fright. Psychiatry, 11, 387400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hare, R. (1956). Mental illness and social condition in Bristol. Journal of Mental Science, 102, 349357.Google Scholar
Hollingshead, A. B. and Redlich, F. C. (1958). Social Class and Mental Illness: A Community Study. New York: John Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwu, H. G., Yeh, E. K. and Chang, L. Y. (1989). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Taiwan defined by the Chinese Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 79, 136147.Google Scholar
Jablensky, A., Sartorius, N., Ernberg, G., et al. (1991). Schizophrenia: Manifestations, Incidence and Course in Different Cultures: A World Health Organization Ten-Country Study. Psychological Medicine, Monograph Supplement, 20. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jilek, W. G. (1995). Emil Kraepelin and comparative socio-cultural psychiatry. European Achives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 245, 231238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keesing, R. M. (1976). Cultural Anthropology: A Contemporary Perspective. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p. 219.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. (1982). Neurasthenia and depression: a study of somatization and culture in China. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 4, 117190.Google Scholar
Kosson, D. S., Smith, S. S. and Newman, J. P. (1990). Evaluating the construct validity of psychopathy in black and white male inmates: three preliminary studies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 250259.Google Scholar
La Vecchia, C., Lucchini, F. and Levi, F. (1994). Worldwide trends in suicide mortality, 1955–1989. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 90, 5364.Google Scholar
Lopez, S. R. (1989). Patient variable biases in clinical judgement: conceptual overview and methodological considerations. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 184203.Google Scholar
Lynn, R. (2002). Racial and ethnic differences in psychopathic personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(2), 273316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsella, A. J., Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A. and Fenton, F. R. (1985). Cross-cultural studies of depressive disorders: an overview. In Culture and Depression: Studies in the Anthropology and Cross-Cultural Psychiatry of Affect and Disorder, ed. Kleinman, A. and Good, B.. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Mattern, S. P. (2015). Panic and culture: hysterike pnix in the Ancient Greek World. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 70(4), 491515, doi: 10.1093/jhmas/jru029.Google Scholar
Meyerson, A. (1941). Review of mental disorders in urban areas. American Journal of Psychiatry, 96, 995997.Google Scholar
Murphy, H. B. M., Wittkower, E. D., Fried, J. and Ellenberger, H. F. (1963). A cross-cultural survey of schizophrenic symptomatology. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 9, 237249.Google Scholar
Murphy, H. B. M., Wittkower, E. D. and Chance, N. (1967). Cross-cultural inquiry into the symptomatology of depression: a preliminary report. International Journal of Psychiatry, 3(1), 622.Google Scholar
NICE (2009). Borderline personality disorder: recognition and management. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. NICE guideline (CG78).Google Scholar
Oda, A. M. G. R., Banzato, C. E. M. and Dalgalarrondo, P. (2005). Some origins of cross-cultural psychiatry. History of Psychiatry, 16(2), 155169.Google Scholar
Ohara, K. (1963). Characteristics of suicides in Japan, especially of parent–child double suicide. American Journal of Psychiatry, 120(4), 382385.Google Scholar
Opler, M. K. (1959). Cultural differences in mental disorders: an Italian and Irish contrast in the schizophrenia – USA. In Culture and Mental Health: Cross-Cultural Studies, ed. Opler, M. K.. New York: Macmillan Company.Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, W. (1968). The symptomatology of depression viewed transculturally. Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 5, 121124.Google Scholar
Prince, R. (1968). The changing picture of depressive syndromes in Africa: is it fact or diagnostic fashion? Canadian Journal of African Studies, 1, 177192.Google Scholar
Robins, L. N., Tipp, J. and Pryzbeck, T. (1991). Antisocial personality. In Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study, ed. Robins, L. N. and Rogers, D. A.. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Rubel, A. J. (1964). The epidemiology of a folk illness: susto in Hispanic America. Ethnology, 3, 268283.Google Scholar
Rubel, A. J., O’Nell, C. W. and Collado, R. (1985). The folk illness called susto. In The Culture-Bound Syndromes, ed. Simons, R. C. and Hughes, C. C.. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.Google Scholar
Ryder, A. G., Sun, J., Dere, J. and Fung, K. (2014). Personality disorders in Asians: summary, and a call for cultural research. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 7(1), 8688, doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2013.11.009.Google Scholar
Sartorius, N. (1975). Epidemiology of depression. WHO Chronicle, 29, 423427.Google Scholar
Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A. and Shapiro, R. (1977). Two-year follow-up of the patients included in the WHO International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 7, 529541.Google Scholar
Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A. and Shapiro, R. (1978). Cross-cultural differences in the short-term prognosis of schizophrenic psychoses. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 4, 102113.Google Scholar
Sartorius, N., Davidian, H., Ernberg, G. et al. (1983). Depressive Disorders in Different Cultures: Report on the WHO Collaborative Study on Standardized Assessment of Depressive Disorders. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Schrier, A. C., de Wit, M. A., Krol, A., et al. (2013). Similar associations between personality dimensions and anxiety or depressive disorders in a population study of Turkish-Dutch, Moroccan-Dutch, and native Dutch subjects. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(5), 421428, doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31828e110d.Google Scholar
Simon, G. E., VonKorff, M., Piccinelli, M., Fullerton, C. and Ormel, J. (1999). An international study of the relation between somatic symptoms and depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 341(18), 13291335.Google Scholar
Simons, R. C. (1996). Boo! Culture, Experience, and the Startle Reflex. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sumathipala, A., Siribadanna, S. H. and Bhugra, D. (2004). Culture bound syndromes: the story of dhat syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 200209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tseng, W. S. (1997). Overview: culture and psychopathology. In Culture and Psychopathology: A Guide to Clinical Assessment, ed. Tseng, W. S. and Streltzer, J.. New York: Brunner/Mazel, pp. 127.Google Scholar
Tseng, W. S. (2001). Handbook of Cultural Psychiatry. San Diego: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Ventriglio, A. and Bhugra, D. (2017). Communicability of symptoms in psychiatry. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 63(2), 8990.Google Scholar
Wallace, R. (2015). Closed-system ‘economic’ models for psychiatric disorders: Western atomism and its culture-bound syndromes. Cognitive Processing, 16(3), 279290, doi: 10.1007/s10339-015–0659-z.Google Scholar
Waziri, R. (1973). Symptomatology of depressive illness in Afghanistan. American Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 213217.Google Scholar
Westermeyer, J. (1973). On the epidemic of amok violence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 873876.Google Scholar
WHO (1973). The International Study of Schizophrenia. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Wittkower, E. D. and Prince, R. (1974). A review of transcultural psychiatry. In American Handbook of Psychiatry, 2nd edn, vol. 2, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Sociocultural and Community Psychiatry, ed. Capan, G.. New York: Basic Books, pp. 535550.Google Scholar
Yan, H. Q. (1989). The necessity of retaining the diagnostic concept of neurasthenia. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 13(2), 139145.Google Scholar
Young, D. S. (1989). Neurasthenia and related problems. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 13(2), 131138.Google Scholar
Zhang, M. Y. (1989). The diagnosis and phenomenology of neurasthenia: a Shanghai study. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 13(2), 147161.Google ScholarPubMed
Zuckerman, M. (2003). Are there racial and ethnic differences in psychopathic personality? A critique of Lynn’s (2000) racial and ethnic differences in psychopathic personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(6), 14631469.Google Scholar

References

Abbey, S. E. and Garfinkel, P. E. (1991). Neurasthenia and chronic fatigue syndromes: the role of culture in making a diagnosis. American Journal Psychiatry, 148(12), 16281646.Google Scholar
Ahearn, F. L. and Athey, J. L. (eds) (1991). Refugee Children: Theory, Research, and Services. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Al-Issa, I. (1982). Does culture make a difference in psychopathology? In Culture and Psychopathology, ed. Al-Issa, I.. Baltimore: University Park Press, pp. 329.Google Scholar
Angst, J. (1999). Laudatio Ambros Uchtenhagen. European Addiction Research, 5(2), 97101.Google Scholar
Bartels, M., Boomsma, D. I., Hudziak, J. J. et al. (2004). Disentangling genetic, environmental, and rater effects on internalizing and externalizing problem behavior in 10-year-old twins. Twin Research, 7(2), 162175.Google Scholar
Beiser, M. and Fleming, J. A. E. (1986). Measuring psychiatric disorder among Southeast Asian refugees. Psychological Medicine, 16, 627639.Google Scholar
Berry-Caban, C. S. and Brue, K. C. (1999). Child abuse and neglect among Central Americans: the role of social violence. Psychline, 3(1), 2631.Google Scholar
Bhugra, D. and Till, A. (2013). Public mental health is about social psychiatry. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 59(2), 105106.Google Scholar
Blendon, R. J., Scheck, A. C., Donelan, K. et al. (1995). How white and African Americans view their health and social problems: different experiences, different expectations. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273(4), 341346.Google Scholar
Boehnlein, J. K., Kinzie, J. D., Leung, P. K. et al. (1993). The natural history of medical and psychiatric disorder in an American Indian community. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 16, 543554.Google Scholar
Boroffka, A. (1990). Emil Kraeplin (1856–1926). Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 27, 228237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, D. C. (1968). Youth and drugs: a world view. Journal of the American Medical Association, 206, 12671271.Google Scholar
Collins, D., Dimsdale, J. and Wilkins, D. (1992). Consultation/liaison psychiatry utilization patterns in different cultural groups. Psychosomatic Medicine, 54, 240245.Google Scholar
Comas-Diaz, L. and Jacobsen, F. M. (1991). Ethno-cultural transference and countertransference in the therapeutic dyad. Journal Orthopsychiatry, 61(3), 392402.Google Scholar
Coombs, D. W. and Globetti, G. (1986). Alcohol use and alcoholism in Latin America: changing patterns and sociocultural explanations. International Journal of Addictions, 21, 5981.Google Scholar
Cox, J. L. (1976). Psychiatric assessment of the immigrant patient. British Journal Hospital Medicine, 16, 3840.Google Scholar
Durkheim, E. (1951). Le Suicide (1897) [Suicide: A Study in Sociology]. New York, The Free Press.Google Scholar
Eitinger, L. (1961). Pathology of the concentration camp syndrome. Archives General Psychiatry, 5, 7987.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farr, C. B. (1994). Benjamin Rush and American psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(Suppl. 6), 6573.Google Scholar
Favazza, A. and Oman, N. (1978). Foundations of cultural psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 293303.Google Scholar
Fazel, M., Wheeler, J. and Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in Western countries: a systematic review. The Lancet, 365, 13091314.Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1918). Totem and Taboo. New York, Dodd Mean.Google Scholar
Gaines, A. D. (1992). Ethnopsychiatry: The Cultural Construction of Professional and Folk Psychiatries. New York, State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Gaviria, M. and Wintrob, R. M. (1975). The foreign medical graduate who returns home after postgraduate training in the USA: a Peruvian case study. Journal of Medical Education, 50, 167175.Google Scholar
Gerevic, J. and Bacskai, E. (1995). Drug problems and drug policy: a Hungarian point of view. European Addiction Research, 1, 5060.Google Scholar
Gruenberg, E. (1983). The origins and directions of social psychiatry: commentary. Integrative Psychiatry, 1, 9394.Google Scholar
Hauff, E. and Vaglum, P. (1994). Chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnamese refugees: a prospective community study of prevalence, course, psychopathology, and stressors. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182(2), 8590.Google Scholar
Hollifield, M., Jenkins, J., Lian, N. et al. (2006). Assessing war trauma in refugees: properties of the Comprehensive Trauma Inventory – 104 (CTI-104). Journal Traumatic Stress, 19(4), 527540.Google Scholar
Ifabumuyi, O. I. and Rwegellera, G. G. (1979). Koro in Nigerian male patients: a case report. African Journal of Psychiatry, 5, 103105.Google Scholar
Jaranson, J. M., Butcher, J. N, Halcon, L. et al. (2004). Somali and Oromo refugees: correlates of torture and trauma. American Journal of Public Health, 94(4), 591598.Google Scholar
Johnson, D. R., Feldman, S. C., Lubin, H. and Southwick, S. M. (1995). The therapeutic use of ritual and ceremony in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(2), 283298.Google Scholar
Kinzie, J. D., Manson, S. M., Vinh, D. T. et al. (1982). Development and validation of a Vietnamese language depression rating scale. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139(10), 12761281.Google Scholar
Knafl, K. and Gilliss, C. (2002). How families managed chronic conditions: an analysis of the concept of normalization. Research in Nursing and Health, 9, 215222.Google Scholar
Krupinski, J. (1967). Sociological aspects of mental ill-health in migrants. Social Science and Medicine 1, 267281.Google Scholar
Krupinski, J., Stoller, A. and Wallace, L. (1973). Psychiatric disorder in East European refugees now in Australia. Social Science and Medicine, 7, 3149.Google Scholar
Lambo, T. A. (1955). Role of cultural factors in paranoid psychosis among the Yoruba tribe. The Journal of Mental Science, 101, 239266.Google Scholar
Leff, J. P. (1974). Transcultural influences on psychiatrists’ rating of verbally expressed emotion. British Journal of Psychiatry, 125, 336340.Google Scholar
Leighton, A. (1981). Culture and psychiatry. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 26, 522529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leighton, A. H. and Leighton, D. C. (1941). Elements of psychotherapy in Navaho religion. Psychiatry, 4, 515523.Google Scholar
Leon, G. R., Butcher, J. N., Kleinman, M., Goldberg, A. and Almagor, M. (1981). Survivors of the Holocaust and their children: current status and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(3), 503516.Google Scholar
Lin, K. M., Poland, R. E. and Nakasaki, G. (eds)(1993). Psychopharmacology and Psychobiology of Ethnicity. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.Google Scholar
Lin, T. Y. (1989). Neurasthenia in Asian cultures. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 13, 105241.Google Scholar
Malzberg, B. (1930). Mental disease and the ‘melting pot’. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 72, 379395.Google Scholar
Malzberg, B. (1940). Social and Biological Aspects of Mental Disease. Utica, NY: New York State Hospital Press.Google Scholar
Mezey, A. G. (1969). Personal background, emigration and mental disorder in Hungarian refugees. Journal of Mental Science, 106, 618627.Google Scholar
Mohan, B. (1973). Social Psychiatry in India. Calcutta: Minerva.Google Scholar
Mollica, R. E., Cui, X., McInnes, K. and Massagli, M. P. (2002). Science-based policy for psychosocial interventions in refugee camps: a Cambodian example. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190, 158166.Google Scholar
Mollica, R. F., Wyshak, G., Lavelle, J., Truong, T., Tor, S. and Yang, T. (1990). Assessing symptom change in Southeast Asian refugee survivors of mass violence and torture. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147(1), 8388.Google Scholar
Murphy, H. B. M. (ed.) (1955). Flight and Resettlement. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Nadler, A. and Ben-Slushan, D. (1989). Forty years later: long-term consequences of massive traumatization as manifested by holocaust survivors from the city and the kibbutz. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 287293.Google Scholar
Odegaard, O. (1932). Emigration and insanity: a study of mental disease among the Norwegian born population of Minnesota. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica, 4(Supplement), 1206.Google Scholar
Okasha, A. (2001). Mental health and psychiatry in the Middle East: historical development. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 7, 336347.Google Scholar
Pardes, A. (1975). Social control of drinking among the Aztec Indians of Mexoamerica. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 36, 11391153.Google Scholar
Pedersen, S. (1949). Psychopathological reactions to extreme social displacements (refugee neurosis). Psychoanalysis Review, 36, 344354.Google Scholar
Popham, R. E., Schmidt, W. and de Lint, J. (1976). The effects of legal restraint on drinking. The Biology of Alcoholism, vol. 4: Social Aspects of Alcoholism, ed. Kissin, B. and Begleiter, H.. New York, Plenum Press, pp. 579625.Google Scholar
Regier, D. A., Myers, J. K., Kramer, M. et al. (1984). The NIMH Epidemiological Catchment Area program. Archives of General Psychiatry, 411, 934941.Google Scholar
Reubank, K. H. (1995). Drug use and drug policy in western Europe. European Addiction Research, 1, 3234.Google Scholar
Rodin, A. E. (1981). Infants and gin mania in 18th century London. Journal of the American Medical Association, 245, 12371239.Google Scholar
Roheim, G. (1926). The scapegoat. Psychoanalytic Review 13, 235236.Google Scholar
Romano, J. (1995). Reminiscences: 1938 and since. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(Suppl. 6), 8389.Google Scholar
Sack, W. H., Clarke, G. N. and Seeley, J. (1996). Multiple forms of stress in Cambodian adolescent refugees. Child Development, 67, 107116.Google Scholar
Sartorius, N. and Janca, A. (1996). Psychiatric assessment instruments developed by the World Health Organization. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 31, 5569.Google Scholar
Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A. and Schapiro, R. (1978). Cross cultural differences in the short-term prognosis of schizophrenic psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 4, 102113.Google Scholar
Savelli, M. and Marks, S. (eds) (2015). Psychiatry in Communist Europe: Mental Health in Historical Perspective. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Savin, D., Sack, W. H., Clarke, G. N., Meas, N. and Richart, J. (1996). The Khmer adolescent project: III. A study of trauma from Thailand’s site II refugee camp. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 384391.Google Scholar
Speck, R. W. and Attneave, C. (1974). Family Networks. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Spiegel, J. P. (1976). Cultural aspects of transference and countertransference revisited. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 4, 447467.Google Scholar
Steinbrunner, S. and Scharfetter, C. (1976). Changes in delusional psychoses: a historical transcultural comparison. Archiv Psychiatrie Nervenkrankeheitan, 222, 4760.Google Scholar
Szapocznik, J., Santisteban, D., Rio, A., Perez-Vidal, A., Kurtines, W. and Hervis, O. (1986). Bicultural Effectivenss Training (BET): an intervention modality for families experiencing intergenerational/intercultural conflict. Hispanic Journal of Behaviour Sciences, 8, 303330.Google Scholar
Tamura, J. (1989). Japan: stimulant epidemics past and present. UN Bulletin on Narcotics, 41, 8193.Google Scholar
Terry, C. E. and Pellens, M. (1928). The Opium Problem. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. W. (1996). Native American perspectives. In Culture and Psychiatric Diagnosis: A DSM-IV Perspective ed. Mezzich, J. E., Kleinman, A., Fabrega, H. and Parron, D.. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc., pp. 3133.Google Scholar
Tseng, W., McDermott, J. and Ogino, K. (1982). Cross cultural differences in parent–child assessment: USA and Japan. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 28, 305317.Google Scholar
Tseng, W. S. (2003). Clinician’s Guide to Cultural Psychiatry. San Diego: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Tyhurst, L. (1977). Psychosocial first aid for refugees. Mental Health and Society, 4, 319343.Google Scholar
Vincent, J. L., Bihari, D. H., Suter, P. M., Bruining, H. A. and White, J. (1995). The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe. Journal of the American Medical Association, 274(8), 639644.Google Scholar
Westermeyer, J. (1976). The pro-heroin effects of anti-opium laws in Asia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33(9), 11351139.Google Scholar
Westermeyer, J. (1982). Poppies, Pipes and People. Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Westermeyer, J. (1988a). National differences in psychiatric morbidity: methodological issues, scientific interpretations and social implications. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 78(Supplement 344), 2331.Google Scholar
Westermeyer, J. (1988b). Some cross cultural aspects of delusions. In Delusional Beliefs, ed. Oltmanns, T. F. and Maher, B. A.. New York: Wiley Interscience, pp. 212229.Google Scholar
Westermeyer, J. (1989a). Mental Health for Refugees and Other Migrants: Social and Preventative Approaches. Springfield, IL: Chas. Thomas.Google Scholar
Westermeyer, J. (1989b). The Psychiatric Care of Migrants: A Clinical Guide. Washington, DC: American Psychiatry Press, Inc.Google Scholar
Westermeyer, J. (1990). Working with an interpreter in psychiatric assessment and treatment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178, 745749.Google Scholar
Westermeyer, J. (1992). The sociocultural environment in the genesis and amelioration of opium dependence. In Anthropological Research: Process and Application, ed. Poggie, J., DeWalt, B., Dressler, W.. New York, State University of New York Press, pp. 115132.Google Scholar
Westermeyer, J. (1999). Addiction, community and the state: a review. American Journal of Addictions, 8, 279287.Google Scholar
Westermeyer, J. and Sines, L. (1979). Reliability of cross-cultural psychiatric diagnosis with an assessment of two rating contexts. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 15(3), 199213.Google Scholar
Williams, C. and Westermeyer, J. (1984). Psychiatric problems among adolescent Southeast Asian refugees: a descriptive study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 171, 7985.Google Scholar
Wintrob, R. M. (1973). Toward a model for effective mental health care in developing countries. Psychopathologie Africaine, 9, 285294.Google Scholar
Wintrob, R. M. and Diamen, S. (1974). The impact of cultural change on Mistassini Cree youth. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, 19, 331342.Google Scholar
Wittchen, H., Robins, L., Cottler, L., Sartorius, N., Burke, J. and Regier, D. (1991). Cross cultural feasibility, reliability and sources of variance of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 645653.Google Scholar
Wyman, M. (1989). DPs: Europe’s Displaced Persons, 1945–1951. New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

References

Aggarwal, N. K., Nicasio, A. V., Desilva, R., Boiler, M. and Lewis-Fernandez, R. (2013). Barriers to implementing the DSM-5 cultural formulation interview: a qualitative study. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 37, 505533.Google Scholar
Alarcon, R. D. (2009). Culture, cultural factors and psychiatric diagnosis: review and projections. World Psychiatry, 8, 131139.Google Scholar
Alarcon, R. D. and Leetz, K. L. (1998). Cultural intersections in the psychotherapy of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 52, 176190.Google Scholar
Alarcon, R. D., Westermeyer, J., Foulks, E. F. and Ruiz, P. (1999). Clinical relevance of contemporary cultural psychiatry. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187, 465471.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edn (DSM-5). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Atilola, O. and Olayiwola, F. (2013). Frames of mental illness in the Yoruba genre of Nigerian movies: implications for orthodox mental health care. Transcultural Psychiatry, 50, 442454.Google Scholar
Bhikha, A., Farooq, S., Chaudhry, N., Naeem, F. and Husain, N. (2015). Explanatory models of psychosis amongst British South Asians. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 16, 4854.Google Scholar
Bhugra, D. and Flick, G. R. (2005). Pathways to care for patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 7, 236245.Google Scholar
Bhui, K. and Bhugra, D. (2002). Explanatory models for mental distress: implications for clinical practice and research. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 67.Google Scholar
Bhui, K., Rudell, K., and Priebe, S. (2006). Assessing explanatory models for common mental disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 964971.Google Scholar
Blumhagen, D. (1980). Hyper-tension: a folk illness with a medical name. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 4, 197224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blumhagen, D. W. (1981). On the nature of explanatory models. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 5, 337340.Google Scholar
Broome, M. (2002). Explanatory models in psychiatry. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 351352.Google Scholar
Callan, A. and Littlewood, R. (1998). Patient satisfaction: ethnic origin or explanatory model? International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 44, 111.Google Scholar
Charles, H., Manoranjitham, S. D., and Jacob, K. S. (2007). Stigma and explanatory models among people with schizophrenia and their relatives in Vellore, south India. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 53, 325332.Google Scholar
Chipimo, P. J., Tuba, M. and Fylkesnes, K. (2011). Conceptual models for mental distress among HIV-infected and uninfected individuals: a contribution to clinical practice and research in primary-health-care centers in Zambia. BMC Health Services Research, 11, 7.Google Scholar
Chowdhury, A. N., Sanyal, D., Bhattacharya, A., Dutta, S. K., De, R., Banerjee, S. et al. (2001). Prominence of symptoms and level of stigma among depressed patients in Calcutta. Journal of the Indian Medical Association, 99, 2023.Google Scholar
Chowdhury, A. N., Banerjee, S., Brahma, A., Hazra, A. and Weiss, M. G. (2013). Sociocultural context of suicidal behaviour in the Sundarban region of India. Psychiatry Journal, 2013, 486081.Google Scholar
Costain, W. F. (2008). The effects of cannabis abuse on the symptoms of schizophrenia: patient perspectives. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 17, 227235.Google Scholar
Downs, M., Small, N. and Froggatt, K. (2006). Explanatory models of dementia: links to end-of-life care. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 12, 209213.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, L. (1977). Disease and illness. Distinctions between professional and popular ideas of sickness. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 1, 923.Google Scholar
Eisenbruch, M. (1990). Classification of natural and supernatural causes of mental distress. Development of a Mental Distress Explanatory Model Questionnaire. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178, 712719.Google Scholar
Engel, G. L. (1977). The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science, 196, 129136.Google Scholar
Fabrega, H. Jr (1975). The need for an ethnomedical science. Science, 189, 969975.Google Scholar
Faure-Delage, A., Mouanga, A. M., M’belesso, P., Tabo, A., Bandzouzi, B., Dubreuil, C. M. et al. (2012). Socio-cultural perceptions and representations of dementia in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo: the EDAC Survey. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra, 2, 8496.Google Scholar
Ghane, S., Kolk, A. M. and Emmelkamp, P. M. (2012). Direct and indirect assessment of explanatory models of illness. Transcultural Psychiatry, 49, 325.Google Scholar
Giduthuri, J. G., Maire, N., Joseph, S., Kudale, A., Schaetti, C., Sundaram, N. et al. (2014). Developing and validating a tablet version of an illness explanatory model interview for a public health survey in Pune, India. PLoS One, 9, e107374.Google Scholar
Giebel, C., Challis, D., Worden, A., Jolley, D., Bhui, K. S., Lambat, A. et al. (2016a). Perceptions of self-defined memory problems vary in South Asian minority older people who consult a GP and those who do not: a mixed-method pilot study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 31, 375383.Google Scholar
Giebel, C. M., Jolley, D., Zubair, M., Bhui, K. S., Challis, D., Purandare, N. et al. (2016b). Adaptation of the Barts Explanatory Model Inventory to dementia understanding in South Asian ethnic minorities. Aging and Mental Health, 20, 594602.Google Scholar
Good, B. J. (1977). The heart of what’s the matter: the semantics of illness in Iran. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 1, 2558.Google Scholar
Groleau, D., Young, A. and Kirmayer, L. J. (2006). The McGill Illness Narrative Interview (MINI): an interview schedule to elicit meanings and modes of reasoning related to illness experience. Transcultural Psychiatry, 43, 671691.Google Scholar
Guzder, J., Yohannes, S. and Zelkowitz, P. (2013). Helpseeking of immigrant and native born parents: a qualitative study from a Montreal child day hospital. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 22, 275281.Google Scholar
Hagaman, A. K., Wagenaar, B. H., McLean, K. E., Kaiser, B. N., Winskell, K. and Kohrt, B. A. (2013). Suicide in rural Haiti: clinical and community perceptions of prevalence, etiology, and prevention. Social Science and Medicine, 83, 6169.Google Scholar
Headland, T. N., Pike, K. L. and Harris, M. (1990). Emics and Etics: The Insider/Outsider Debate. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Henningsen, P., Jakobsen, T., Schiltenwolf, M. and Weiss, M. G. (2005). Somatization revisited: diagnosis and perceived causes of common mental disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, 8592.Google Scholar
Hinton, L., Franz, C. E., Yeo, G., and Levkoff, S. E. (2005). Conceptions of dementia in a multiethnic sample of family caregivers. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 14051410.Google Scholar
Jacob, K. S. (2010). The assessment of insight across cultures. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 373377.Google Scholar
Jacob, K. S., Bhugra, D., Lloyd, K. R. and Mann, A. H. (1998). Common mental disorders, explanatory models and consultation behaviour among Indian women living in the UK. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 91, 6671.Google Scholar
James, C. C., Carpenter, K. A., Peltzer, K. and Weaver, S. (2014). Valuing psychiatric patients’ stories: belief in and use of the supernatural in the Jamaican psychiatric setting. Transcultural Psychiatry, 51, 247263.Google Scholar
Joel, D., Sathyaseelan, M., Jayakaran, R., Vijayakumar, C., Muthurathnam, S. and Jacob, K. S. (2003). Explanatory models of psychosis among community health workers in South India. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108, 6669.Google Scholar
Johnson, S., Sathyaseelan, M., Charles, H., Jeyaseelan, V. and Jacob, K. S. (2012). Insight, psychopathology, explanatory models and outcome of schizophrenia in India: a prospective 5-year cohort study. BMC Psychiatry, 12, 159.Google Scholar
Katz, M. H. (2003). Multivariable analysis: a primer for readers of medical research. Annals of Internal Medicine, 138, 644650.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S. (2008). Explanatory models for psychiatric illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 695702.Google Scholar
Kenna, J. C. (1962). Sensory deprivation phenomena: critical review and explanatory models. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 55, 10051010.Google Scholar
Kirmayer, L. J. and Jarvis, E. (1998). Cultural psychiatry: from museums of exotica to the global agora. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 11, 183189.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. M. (1977a). Depression, somatization and the ‘new cross-cultural psychiatry’. Social Science and Medicine, 11, 310.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. (1977b). Culture, and illness: a question of models. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 1, 229231.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. (1978a). Clinical relevance of anthropological and cross-cultural research: concepts and strategies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 427431.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. (1978b). Concepts and a model for the comparison of medical systems as cultural systems. Social Science and Medicine, 12, 8595.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. (1980). Patients and Healers in the Context of Culture: An Exploration of the Borderland between Anthropology, Medicine, and Psychiatry. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. (1981). On illness meanings and clinical interpretation: not ‘rational man’, but a rational approach to man the sufferer/man the healer. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 5, 373377.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. (1995). Writing at the Margin: Discourse between Anthropology and Medicine. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A., Eisenberg, L. and Good, B. (1978). Culture, illness, and care: clinical lessons from anthropologic and cross-cultural research. Annals of Internal Medicine, 88, 251258.Google Scholar
Larsen, J. A. (2004). Finding meaning in first episode psychosis: experience, agency, and the cultural repertoire. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 18, 447471.Google Scholar
Leavey, G., Loewenthal, K. and King, M. (2016). Locating the social origins of mental illness: the explanatory models of mental illness among clergy from different ethnic and faith backgrounds. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(5), 16071622.Google Scholar
Lewis-Fernandez, R. (1996). Cultural formulation of psychiatric diagnosis. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 20, 133144.Google Scholar
Lewis-Fernandez, R., Aggarwal, N. K., Bäärnhielm, S., Rohlof, H., Kirmayer, L. J., Weiss, M. G. et al. (2014). Culture and psychiatric evaluation: operationalizing cultural formulation for DSM-5. Psychiatry, 77, 130154.Google Scholar
Lewis-Fernandez, R., Aggarwal, N. K., Lam, P. C., Galfalvy, H., Weiss, M. G., Kirmayer, L. J. et al. (2017). Feasibility, acceptability and clinical utility of the Cultural Formulation Interview: mixed-methods results from the DSM-5 international field trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 210, 290297.Google Scholar
Lin, S. Y. (2013). Beliefs about causes, symptoms, and stigma associated with severe mental illness among ‘highly acculturated’ Chinese-American patients. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 59, 745751.Google Scholar
Littlewood, R. (1990). From categories to contexts: a decade of the ‘new cross-cultural psychiatry’. British Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 308327.Google Scholar
Littlewood, R. (1991). From disease to illness and back again. The Lancet, 337, 10131016.Google Scholar
Lloyd, K. R., Jacob, K. S., Patel, V., St Louis, L. L., Bhugra, D. and Mann, A. H. (1998). The development of the Short Explanatory Model Interview (SEMI) and its use among primary-care attenders with common mental disorders. Psychological Medicine, 28, 12311237.Google Scholar
Loewe, R. and Freeman, J. (2000). Interpreting diabetes mellitus: differences between patient and provider models of disease and their implications for clinical practice. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 24, 379401.Google Scholar
Mathew, A. J., Samuel, B. and Jacob, K. S. (2010). Perceptions of illness in self and in others among patients with bipolar disorder. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 56, 462470.Google Scholar
Mathews, M. (2011). Assessment and comparison of culturally based explanations for mental disorder among Singaporean Chinese youth. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 57, 317.Google Scholar
Mavundla, T. R., Toth, F., and Mphelane, M. L. (2009). Caregiver experience in mental illness: a perspective from a rural community in South Africa. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 18, 357367.Google Scholar
McCabe, R. and Priebe, S. (2004). Explanatory models of illness in schizophrenia: comparison of four ethnic groups. British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 2530.Google Scholar
Nadkarni, A., Dabholkar, H., McCambridge, J., Bhat, B., Kumar, S., Mohanraj, R. et al. (2013). The explanatory models and coping strategies for alcohol use disorders: an exploratory qualitative study from India. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 6, 521527.Google Scholar
Okello, E. S. and Neema, S. (2007). Explanatory models and help-seeking behavior: pathways to psychiatric care among patients admitted for depression in Mulago hospital, Kampala, Uganda. Qualitative Health Research, 17, 1425.Google Scholar
Owiti, J. A., Greenhalgh, T., Sweeney, L., Foster, G. R. and Bhui, K. S. (2015). Illness perceptions and explanatory models of viral hepatitis B and C among immigrants and refugees: a narrative systematic review. BMC Public Health, 15, 151.Google Scholar
Paralikar, V., Agashe, M., Sarmukaddam, S., Deshpande, S., Goyal, V. and Weiss, M. G. (2011). Cultural epidemiology of neurasthenia spectrum disorders in four general hospital outpatient clinics of urban Pune, India. Transcultural Psychiatry, 48, 257283.Google Scholar
Paralikar, V. P., Sarmukaddam, S. B., Patil, K. V., Nulkar, A. D. and Weiss, M. G. (2015). Clinical value of the cultural formulation interview in Pune, India. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 57, 5967.Google Scholar
Parkar, S. R., Nagarsekar, B. and Weiss, M. G. (2009). Explaining suicide in an urban slum of Mumbai, India: a sociocultural autopsy. Crisis, 30, 192201.Google Scholar
Patel, V. and Mann, A. (1997). Etic and emic criteria for non-psychotic mental disorder: a study of the CISR and care provider assessment in Harare. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 32, 8489.Google Scholar
Patel, V., Todd, C., Winston, M., Gwanzura, F., Simunyu, E., Acuda, W. et al. (1997). Common mental disorders in primary care in Harare, Zimbabwe: associations and risk factors. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 6064.Google Scholar
Patel, V., Xiao, S., Chen, H., Hanna, F., Jotheeswaran, A. T., Luo, D. et al. (2016). The magnitude of and health system responses to the mental health treatment gap in adults in India and China. The Lancet, 388(10063), 30743084.Google Scholar
Pattanayak, R. D. and Sagar, R. (2012). A qualitative study of perceptions related to family risk of bipolar disorder among patients and family members from India. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 58, 463469.Google Scholar
Penka, S., Heimann, H., Heinz, A. and Schouler-Ocak, M. (2008). Explanatory models of addictive behaviour among native German, Russian-German, and Turkish youth. European Psychiatry, 23(Suppl 1), 3642.Google Scholar
Pike, K. L. (1967). Etic and emic standpoints for the description of behavior. In Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior, 2nd rev. edn. The Hague, the Netherlands: Mouton and Co., pp. 3772.Google Scholar
Raguram, R., Weiss, M. G., Channabasavanna, S. M. and Devins, G. M. (1996). Stigma, depression, and somatization in South India. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 10431049.Google Scholar
Rudell, K., Bhui, K. and Priebe, S. (2009). Concept, development and application of a new mixed method assessment of cultural variations in illness perceptions: Barts Explanatory Model Inventory. Journal of Health Psychology, 14, 336347.Google Scholar
Savarimuthu, R. J., Ezhilarasu, P., Charles, H., Antonisamy, B., Kurian, S. and Jacob, K. S. (2010). Post-partum depression in the community: a qualitative study from rural south India. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 56, 94102.Google Scholar
Scheper-Hughes, N. (1987). ‘Mental’ in ‘Southie’: individual, family, and community responses to psychosis in South Boston. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 11, 5378.Google Scholar
Shackelton-Piccolo, R., McKinlay, J. B., Marceau, L. D., Goroll, A. H. and Link, C. L. (2011). Differences between internists and family practitioners in the diagnosis and management of the same patient with coronary heart disease. Medical Care Research and Review, 68, 650666.Google Scholar
Sheikh, S. and Furnham, A. (2000). A cross-cultural study of mental health beliefs and attitudes towards seeking professional help. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 35, 326334.Google Scholar
Siegler, M. and Osmond, H. (1966). Models of madness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 112, 11931203.Google Scholar
Stein, H. F. (1986). ‘Sick people’ and ‘trolls’: a contribution to the understanding of the dynamics of physician explanatory models. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 10, 221229.Google Scholar
Stern, L. and Kirmayer, L. J. (2004). Knowledge structures in illness narratives: development and reliability of a coding scheme. Transcultural Psychiatry, 41, 130142.Google Scholar
Taieb, O., Chevret, S., Moro, M. R., Weiss, M. G., Biadi-Imhof, A., Reyre, A. et al. (2012). Impact of migration on explanatory models of illness and addiction severity in patients with drug dependence in a Paris suburb. Substance Use and Misuse, 47, 347355.Google Scholar
Thomas, A. (1978). Discussion on Arthur Kleinman’s paper. Social Science and Medicine, 12B, 95.Google Scholar
Twumasi, P. A. (1972). Ashanti traditional medicine and its relation to present-day psychiatry. Transition, 5063.Google Scholar
Weiss, M. G. (1997). Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC): framework for comparative study of illness. Transcultural Psychiatry, 34, 235263.Google Scholar
Weiss, M. G. (2001). Cultural epidemiology: an introduction and overview. Anthropology and Medicine, 8, 529.Google Scholar
Weiss, M. G. (2017). The promise of cultural epidemiology. Taiwanese Journal of Psychiatry (Taipei). 31, 824.Google Scholar
Weiss, M. G., Raguram, R. and Channabasavanna, S. M. (1995). Cultural dimensions of psychiatric diagnosis: a comparison of DSM-III-R and illness explanatory models in south India. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 353359.Google Scholar
William, B. and Healy, D. (2001). Perceptions of illness causation among new referrals to a community mental health team: ‘explanatory model’ or ‘exploratory map’? Social Science and Medicine, 53, 465476.Google Scholar
Ying, Y. W. (1990). Explanatory models of major depression and implications for help-seeking among immigrant Chinese-American women. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 14, 393408.Google Scholar
Young, A. (1981). When rational men fall sick: an inquiry into some assumptions made by medical anthropologists. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 5, 317335.Google Scholar
Young, A. (1982). The anthropologies of illness and sickness. Annual Review of Anthropology, 11, 257285.Google Scholar
Zadravec, T., Grad, O. and Socan, G. (2006). Expert and lay explanations of suicidal behaviour: comparison of the general population’s, suicide attempters’, general practitioners’ and psychiatrists’ views. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 52, 535551.Google Scholar

References

Acton, W. (1871). The Functions and Disorders of the Reproductive Organs in Childhood, Youth, Adult Age, and Advanced Life Considered in their Physiological, Social and Moral Relations. London: J. and A. Churchill.Google Scholar
Afonso, P., Saraiva, S. and Gameiro, Z. (2013). Schizophrenia presenting with koro-like symptoms. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 25(1), E32E32.Google Scholar
Alatas, S. H. (1977). The Myth of the Lazy Native. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Al-Sinawi, H., Al-Adawi, S. and Al-Guenedi, A. (2008). Ramadan fasting triggering koro-like symptoms during acute alcohol withdrawal: a case report from Oman. Transcultural Psychiatry, 45(4), 695704.Google Scholar
Alvarez, P., Puente, V., Blasco, M., Salgado, P., Merino, A. and Bulbena, A. (2012). Concurrent koro and Cotard syndromes in a Spanish male patient with a psychotic depression and cerebrovascular disease. Psychopathology, 45(2), 126129.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1994a). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1994b). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-TR, (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (APA)(2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edn. (DSM-5). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Arieti, S. and Meth, J. (1959). Rare, unclassifiable, collective and exotic syndromes. In American Handbook of Psychiatry, ed. Arieti, S.. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Ayonrinde, O. and Bhugra, D. (2015). Culture-bound syndromes. In Troublesome Disguises, ed. Bhugra, D. and Malhi, G.. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, pp. 231251.Google Scholar
Bakker, M., van Dijk, J., Pramono, A., Sutarni, S. and Tijssen, M. (2013). Latah: an Indonesian startle syndrome. Movement Disorders, 28(3), 370379.Google Scholar
Beaney, G. J. (1870). Spermatorrhoea in its Physiological, Medical and Legal Aspects. Melbourne: Walker Publishers.Google Scholar
Beard, G. M. (1886). Experiments with the ‘Jumpers’ or ‘Jumping Frenchmen’ of Maine. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 7, 487491.Google Scholar
Behere, P. B. and Nataraj, G. S. (1984). Dhat syndrome: the phenomenology of a culture-bound sex neurosis of the Orient. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 26(1), 7678.Google Scholar
Bhatia, M. S. and Malik, S. C. (1991). Dhat syndrome: a useful diagnostic entity in Indian culture. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 691695.Google Scholar
Bhidayasiri, R. and Truong, D. (2011). Startle syndromes. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 100(32), 421430.Google Scholar
Bhugra, D. (2005). Cultural identities and cultural congruency: a new model for evaluating mental distress in immigrants. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 111(2), 8493.Google Scholar
Bhugra, D. and Buchanan, A. (1989). Impotence in ancient Indian texts. Sexual and Marital Therapy, 4, 8792.Google Scholar
Bhugra, D. and Jacob, K. S. (1997). Culture-bound syndromes. In Troublesome Disguises: Underdiagnosed Psychiatric Syndromes, ed. Bhugra, D. and Munro, A.. Oxford: Blackwell Science, pp. 296334.Google Scholar
Bottero, A. (1991). Consumption by semen loss in India and elsewhere. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 15, 303320.Google Scholar
Bullough, V. L. (1976). Sexual Variance in Society and History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Carr, J. and Tan, E. (1976). In search of the true amok: amok as viewed within the Malay culture. American Journal of Psychology, 133, 12951299.Google Scholar
Chadda, R. K. (1995). Dhat syndrome: is it a distinct clinical entity? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 91, 136139.Google Scholar
Chadda, R. K. and Ahuja, N. (1990). Dhat syndrome: a sex neurosis in Indian subcontinent. British Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 577579.Google Scholar
Chakraborty, S. and Sanyal, D. (2012). An outbreak of koro among 19 workers in a jute mill in south Bengal. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 20(1), 58.Google Scholar
Chapel, J. L. (1970). Gilles de la Tourette’s Syndrome: latah, myriachit and jumpers revisited. New York State Journal of Medicine, 1, 22012204.Google Scholar
Chiu, T. L., Tong, J. E. and Schmidt, K. E. (1972). A clinical and survey study of latah in Sarawak. Psychological Medicine, 2, 155165.Google Scholar
Collinder, B. (1949). The Lapps. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Crozier, I. (2011). Making up koro: multiplicity, psychiatry, culture, and penis-shrinking anxieties. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 67(1), 3670.Google Scholar
Dangerfield, G. N. (1843). The symptoms, pathology, causes, and treatment of spermatorrhoea. The Lancet, I, 211216.Google Scholar
Darby, R. (2001). A source of serious mischief. In Understanding Circumcision, ed. Denniston, G. C., Hodges, F. M. and Milos, M. F.. New York: Kluwer Academic Press, pp. 153197.Google Scholar
De Silva, P. and Dissanayeke, S. A. W. (1989). The loss of semen syndrome in Sri Lanka: a clinical study. Sex and Marital Therapy, 4(2), 195204.Google Scholar
Deveraja, R. and Sasaki, Y. (1991). Semen loss syndrome: a comparison between Sri Lanka and Japan. American Journal of Psychotherapy, xlv, 1, 1420.Google Scholar
Devereux, G. (1956). Normal and abnormal. In Some Uses of Anthropology, Theoretical and Applied, ed. Casagrande, J. B. and Gladwin, T.. Washington, DC: Anthropological Society of Washington.Google Scholar
Dhikav, V., Aggarwal, N., Gupta, S., Jadhavi, R. and Singh, K. (2008). Depression in dhat syndrome. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 5(4), 841844.Google Scholar
Dreissen, Y. and Tijssen, M. (2012). The startle syndromes: physiology and treatment. Epilepsia, 53, 311.Google Scholar
Friedman, C. T. H. (1982). The so called hysteropsychoses: latah, windigo and pibloktoq. In Extraordinary Disorders of Human Behaviour, ed. Friedman, C. T. H., and Faguet, R.. New York: Plenum, pp. 215228.Google Scholar
Galen, (1963 reprint). On the Passion and Error of the Soul (trans. Hawkins, P. W.). Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press.Google Scholar
Gautham, M., Singh, R., Weiss, H., Brugha, R., Patel, V., Desai, N., Nandan, D., Kielmann, K. and Grosskurth, H. (2008). Socio-cultural, psychosexual and biomedical factors associated with genital symptoms experienced by men in rural India. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 13(3), 384395.Google Scholar
Graham, S. (1834). A Lecture to Young Men on Chastity. Boston: C. H. Pierce.Google Scholar
Grover, S., Gupta, S. and Avasthi, A. (2015a). Psychological correlates and psychiatric morbidity in patients with dhat syndrome. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(3), 255.Google Scholar
Grover, S., Gupta, S., Mehra, A. and Avasthi, A. (2015b). Comorbidity, knowledge and attitude towards sex among patients with dhat syndrome: a retrospective study. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 17, 5055.Google Scholar
Haldipur, C. V. (1980). The idea of cultural psychiatry: a comment on the foundations of cultural psychiatry. Comprehensive Psychology, 21, 206211.Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s Consequences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture’s Consequences (abridged). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Hughes, C. C. (1985). Glossary. In Culture-Bound Syndromes: Folk Illnesses of Psychiatric and Anthropological Interest, ed. Simons, R. C. and Hughes, C. C.. Dordrecht: Reidel, pp. 469505.Google Scholar
Hughes, C. C. and Wintrob, R. M. (1995). Culture-bound syndromes and the cultural context of clinical psychiatry. In Review of Psychiatry, ed. Oldham, J. M. and Riba, M.. Washington DC: APA Press.Google Scholar
Hunter, W. J. (1900). Manhood: Wrecked and Rescued. New York: Health Culture Company.Google Scholar
Kellogg, J. H. (1882). Plain Facts for Old and Young. Burlington, IA: I. F. Senger.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. (1988). The Illness Narratives: Suffering, Healing and the Human Condition. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Kumar, R., Phookun, H. and Datta, A. (2014). Epidemic of Koro in north east India: an observational cross-sectional study. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 12, 113117.Google Scholar
Kunkle, E. C. (1967). The ‘Jumpers’ of Maine: a reappraisal. Archives of Internal Medicine, 119, 355358.Google Scholar
Lallemand, M. (1839). On Involuntary Seminal Discharges (trans. Wood, W.). Philadelphia: A. Waldier.Google Scholar
Littlewood, R. and Lipsedge, M. (1985). Culture-bound syndromes. In Recent Advances in Psychiatry, ed. Granville-Grossman, K.. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Maercker, A. (2001). Association of cross-cultural differences in psychiatric morbidity with cultural values: a secondary data analysis. German Journal of Psychiatry, 4, 1723.Google Scholar
Malhotra, H. K. and Wig, N. N. (1975). Dhat syndrome: a culture-bound sex neurosis of the Orient. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 4(5), 519528.Google Scholar
Menéndez, V., Fernández-Suárez, A., Placer, J., García-Linares, M., Tarragon, S. and Liso, E. (2012). Dhat syndrome, an emergent condition within urology in Spain. World Journal of Urology, 31(4), 941945.Google Scholar
Menon, V., Shrivastava, M. and Kattimani, S. (2013). Is semen loss syndrome a psychological or physical illness? A case for conflict of interest. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 35(4), 420.Google Scholar
Murphy, H. B. M. (1976). Notes for a theory on latah. In Culture-Bound Syndromes: Ethno-psychiatry and Alternate Therapies, ed. Lebra, W. P.. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 321.Google Scholar
Murphy, H. B. M. (1977). Transcultural psychiatry should begin at home. Psychological Medicine, 7, 369371.Google Scholar
Ntouros, E., Ntoumanis, A., Bozikas, V., Donias, S., Giouzepas, I. and Garyfalos, G. (2010). Koro-like symptoms in two Greek men. BMJ Case Reports, 15 March, doi: 10.1136/bcr.08.2008.067.Google Scholar
Prakash, S., Sharan, P. and Sood, M. (2016). A study on phenomenology of dhat syndrome in men in a general medical setting. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 58(2), 129.Google Scholar
Ramamourty, P., Menon, V. and Aparna, M. (2014). Koro presenting as acute and transient psychosis: implications for classification. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 10, 116117.Google Scholar
Rin, H. (1966). Koro: a consideration on Chinese concepts of illness and case illustrations. Transcultural Psychiatry, 15, 2330.Google Scholar
Rittenbaugh, C. (1982). Obesity as a culture-bound syndrome. Cultural Medicine and Psychiatry, 6, 347361.Google Scholar
Rubel, A. J., O’Neill, C. W. and Collado-Ardón, R. (1984). Susto: A Folk Illness. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Rush, B. (1812). Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind. Philadelphia: Kimber and Richardson.Google Scholar
Simons, R. C. (1980). The resolution of the latah paradox. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 168, 195206.Google Scholar
Simons, R. C. (1983). Latah II: problems with a purely symbolic interpretation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 171, 168175.Google Scholar
Simons, R. C. (1985). The resolution of the latah paradox. In Culture-Bound Syndromes: Folk Illnesses of Psychiatric and Anthropological Interest, ed. Simons, R. and Hughes, C. C.. Dordrecht: Reidel, pp. 4362.Google Scholar
Simons, R. C. and Hughes, C. C. (eds) (1985). Culture Bound Syndromes. Dordrecht: Rendel.Google Scholar
Singh, G. (1985). Dhat syndrome revisited. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 27(2), 119122.Google Scholar
Tissot, S. A. (1764/1974). A treatise on the diseases produced by onanism. In The Secret Vice Exposed: Some Arguments against Masturbation, ed. Rosenberg, C. and Smith-Rosenberg, C.. New York: Arno Press. First published 1764, London: J. Pridden.Google Scholar
Tseng, W.-S. (2001). Handbook of Cultural Psychiatry. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Tseng, W.-S., Mo, K. M., Hsu, J. et al. (1988). A sociocultural study of koro epidemics in Guangdong. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 15381543.Google Scholar
Udina, M., Foulon, H., Valdés, M., Bhattacharyya, S. and Martín-Santos, R. (2013). Dhat syndrome: a systematic review. Psychosomatics, 54(3), 212218.Google Scholar
Van Loon, F. H. G. (1927). Amok and latah. Journal of the Abnormal and Social Psychology, 21, 434444.Google Scholar
Ventriglio, A., Ayonrinde, O. and Bhugra, D. (2015). Relevance of culture-bound syndromes in the 21st century. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 70(1), 36.Google Scholar
Walker, D. (1985). Continence for a nation: seminal loss and national vigour. Labour History, 48, 114.Google Scholar
Walker, D. (1987). Modern nerves, nervous moderns: notes on male neurasthenia. Australian Cultural History, 6, 4963.Google Scholar
Walker, D. (1994). Energy and fatigue. Australian Cultural History, 13, 164178.Google Scholar
Westermeyer, J. (1982). Amok. In Extraordinary Disorders of Human Behaviour, ed. Friedmann, C. T. and Faguet, R. A.. New York: Plenum, pp. 173190.Google Scholar
Wig, N. N. (1960). Problems of the mental health in India. Journal of Clinical and Social Psychiatry (India), 17, 4853.Google Scholar
Winzeler, R. (1995). Latah in Southeast Asia: The History and Ethnography of a Culture Bound Syndrome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO) (1992). ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Yap, P. M. (1952). The latah reaction: its pathodynamics and nosological position. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 98, 515564.Google Scholar
Yap, P. M. (1962). Words and things in comparative psychiatry with special reference to exotic psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 38, 157182.Google Scholar
Yap, P. M. (1965). Koro: a culture-bound depersonalised syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 4350.Google Scholar
Yap, P. M. (1969). The culture-bound reactive syndromes. In Mental Health Research in Asia and the Pacific, ed. Caudill, W. and Lin, T. Y.. Honolulu: East–West Center Press.Google Scholar

References

Alem, A., Kebede, D., Woldesemiat, G., Jacobsson, L. and Kullgren, G. (1999). The prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of mental distress in Butajira, Ethiopia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum, 397, 4855.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1952). Mental Disorders: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edn. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Bhui, K., Mohamud, S., Warfa, N., Craig, T. J. and Stansfeld, S. A. (2003). Cultural adaptation of mental health measures: improving the quality of clinical practice and research. British Journal of Psychiatry, 183, 184186.Google Scholar
Bjil, R. V., de Graff, R., Hiripi, E. et al. (2003). The prevalence of treated and untreated mental disorders in five countries. Health Affairs, 22, 122133.Google Scholar
Breslau, J., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Kendler, K. S. et al. (2006). Specifying race–ethnic differences in risk for psychiatric disorder in a USA national sample. Psychological Medicine, 36, 5768.Google Scholar
Bromet, E., Andrade, L. H., Hwang, I., et al. (2011). Cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV major depressive episode. BMC Medicine, 26, 90.Google Scholar
Canino, G., Lewis-Fernandez, R. and Bravo, M. (1997). Methodological challenges in cross-cultural mental health research. Transcultural Psychiatry, 34, 163184.Google Scholar
Cantor-Graae, E., Pedersen, C. B., McNeil, T. F. and Mortensen, P. B. (2003). Migration as a risk factor for schizophrenia: a Danish population-based cohort study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 117122.Google Scholar
Cohen, A., Patel, V., Thara, R. and Gureje, O. (2008). Questioning an axiom: better prognosis for schizophrenia in the developing world? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34, 229244Google Scholar
Cohen, P. and Cohen, J. (1984). The clinician’s illusion. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 11781182.Google Scholar
De Jong, J. T. (2014). Challenges of creating synergy between global mental health and cultural psychiatry. Transcultural Psychiatry, 51, 806828.Google Scholar
De Jong, J. T. and van Ommeren, M. (2002). Toward a culture-informed epidemiology: combing qualitative and quantitative research in transcultural contexts. Transcultural Psychiatry, 39, 422433.Google Scholar
Dohrenwend, B. P. and Dohrenwend, B. S. (1974). Social and cultural influences on psychopathology. Annual Review of Psychology, 25, 417452.Google Scholar
Dohrenwend, B. P. and Dohrenwend, B. S. (1982). Perspective on the past and future of psychiatric epidemiology. The Rema Lapouse Lecture. American Journal of Public Health, 72, 12711279.Google Scholar
Dohrenwend, B. P., Levav, I., Shrout, P. E. et al. (1992). Socio-economic status and psychiatric disorders: the causation–selection issue. Science, 255, 946952.Google Scholar
Eaton, J., McCay, L., Semrau, M., et al. (2011). Scale up of services for mental health in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet, 378, 1592–603.Google Scholar
Egeland, J. A. and Hostetter, A. M. (1983). Amish Study, I: affective disorders among the Amish, 1976–1980. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 5661.Google Scholar
Endicott, J. and Spitzer, R. L. (1978). A diagnostic interview: the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 837844.Google Scholar
Fabrega, H. Jr (1994). International systems of diagnosis in psychiatry. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182, 256263.Google Scholar
Flaherty, J. A., Kohn, R., Levav, I. and Birz, S. (1988a). Demoralization in Soviet-Jewish immigrants to the United States and Israel. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 29, 588597.Google Scholar
Flaherty, J. A., Gaviria, F. M., Pathak, D. et al. (1988b). Developing instruments for cross-cultural psychiatric research. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 176, 257263.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. P., Rickels, K., Downing, R. and Hesbacher, P. (1976). A comparison of two psychiatric screening tests. British Journal of Psychiatry, 129, 6167.Google Scholar
Goldberg, E. M. and Morrison, S. L. (1963). Schizophrenia and social class. British Journal of Psychiatry, 109, 785802.Google Scholar
Gum, A. M., King-Kallimanis, B. and Kohn, R. (2009). Prevalence of mood, anxiety, and substance abuse disorders for older Americans in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 769781.Google Scholar
Gureje, O., Lasebikan, V. O., Kola, L. and Makanjuola, V. A. (2006). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of mental disorders in the Nigerian Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 465471.Google Scholar
Hendrie, H. C., Osuntokun, B. O., Hall, K. S. et al. (1995). Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia in two communities: Nigerian Africans and African Americans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 14851492.Google Scholar
Hooper, K., Harrison, G., Janca, A. and Sartorius, N. (eds)(2007). Recovery from Schizophrenia: An International Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hwu, H. G., Yeh, E. K. and Chang, L. Y. (1989). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Taiwan defined by the Chinese Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 79, 136147.Google Scholar
Jablensky, A., Sartorius, N., Ernberg, G. et al. (1992). Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization Ten-Country Study. Psychological Medicine, monograph supplement, 20.Google Scholar
Jarvis, E. (1971). Insanity and Idiocy in Massachusetts: Report of the Commission of Lunacy (1855). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. (1977). Depression, somatization and the new cross-cultural psychiatry. Social Science and Medicine, 11, 310.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. (1988). Rethinking Psychiatry: From Cultural Category to Personal Experience. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Kohn, R. (2014). Trends and gaps in mental health disparities. In Global Mental Health: Essential Concepts, ed. Okpaku, S. O.. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 2738.Google Scholar
Kohn, R., Levav, I., Dohrenwend, B. P., Shrout, P. E. and Skodol, A. E. (1997). Jews and their intraethnic vulnerability to affective disorders, fact or artifact? II: evidence from a cohort study. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 34, 149156.Google Scholar
Kohn, R., Dohrenwend, B. P. and Mirotznik, J. (1998). Epidemiologic findings on selected psychiatric disorders in the general population. In Adversity, Stress, and Psychopathology, ed. Dohrenwend, B. P.. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 235284.Google Scholar
Kohn, R., Saxena, S., Levav, I. and Saraceno, B. (2004). The treatment gap in mental health care. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 82, 858866.Google Scholar
Kohrt, B. A., Rasmussen, A., Kaiser, B. N. et al. (2014). Cultural concepts of distress and psychiatric disorders: literature review and research recommendations for global mental health epidemiology. International Journal of Epidemiology, 43, 365406.Google Scholar
Leighton, A. H., Lambo, T., Hughes, J. M., Leighton, D. C., Murphy, J. and Maclin, D. (1963b). Psychiatric Disorders among the Yoruba. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Leighton, D. C., Harding, J. S., Macklin, D. B., Hughes, C. C. and Leighton, A. H. (1963a). Psychiatric findings of the Stirling County Study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 119, 10211026.Google Scholar
Levav, I., Kohn, R., Dohrenwend, B. P. et al. (1993). An epidemiologic study of mental disorders in a 10-year cohort of young adults in Israel. Psychological Medicine, 23, 691707.Google Scholar
Levav, I., Kohn, R., Golding, J. and Weissman, M. M. (1997). Vulnerability of Jews to affective disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 941947.Google Scholar
Lewis, G. and Pelosi, A. J. (1990). Manual of the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R). London: MRC Institute of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Lin, T. (1953). A study of the incidence of mental disorder in Chinese and other cultures. Psychiatry, 16, 313336.Google Scholar
Lopez-Ibor, J. J. Jr (2003). Cultural adaptations of current psychiatric classifications: are they the solution? Psychopathology, 36, 114119.Google Scholar
Mezzich, J. E., Fabrega, H. Jr and Kleinman, A. (1992). Cultural validity and DSM-IV. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 4.Google Scholar
Mollica, R. F., Sarajlic, N., Chernoff, M., Lavelle, J., Vukovic, I. S. and Massagli, M. P. (2001). Longitudinal study of psychiatric symptoms, disability, mortality, and emigration among Bosnian refugees. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286, 546554.Google Scholar
North, C. S., Nixon, S. J., Shariat, S. et al. (1999). Psychiatric disorders among survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 755762.Google Scholar
Puac-Polanco, V. D., Lopez-Soto, V. A., Kohn, R., Xie, D., Richmond, T. S. and Branas, C. C. (2015). Previous violent events and mental health outcomes in Guatemala. American Journal of Public Health, 105, 764771.Google Scholar
Robins, L. N., Helzer, J. E., Croughan, J. and Ratcliff, K. S. (1981). National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: its history, characteristics, and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 381389.Google Scholar
Robins, L. N., Wing, J., Wittchen, H. U. et al. (1988). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview: an epidemiologic instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 10691077.Google Scholar
Romanoski, A. J. and Chahal, R. (1981). The Standardized Psychiatric Examination. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences.Google Scholar
Sartorius, N. and Kuyken, W. (1994). Translation of health status instruments. In Quality of Life Assessment: International Perspectives, ed. Orley, J. and Kuyken, W.. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 318.Google Scholar
Selten, J. P., Veen, N., Feller, W. et al. (2001). Incidence of psychotic disorders in immigrant groups to the Netherlands. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 367372.Google Scholar
Sharon, A., Levav, I., Brodsky, J., Shemesh, A. A., and Kohn, R. (2009). Psychiatric disorders and other health dimensions among Holocaust survivors six decades later. British Journal of Psychiatry, 195, 331335.Google Scholar
Sharpley, M. S., Hutchinson, G., Murray, R. M. and McKenzie, K. (2001). Understanding the excess of psychosis among the African-Caribbean population in England: review of current hypotheses. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178(Suppl. 40), 6068.Google Scholar
Shen, Y. C., Zhang, M. Y., Huang, Y., Q. et al. (2006). Twelve-month prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in metropolitan China. Psychological Medicine, 36, 257267.Google Scholar
Shrout, P. E., Dohrenwend, B. P. and Levav, I. (1986). A discriminant rule for screening cases of diverse diagnostic types: preliminary results. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 314319.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J. and Robins, E. (1978). Research diagnostic criteria: rationale and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 773782.Google Scholar
Srole, L., Langer, T. S., Michael, S. T., Opler, M. K. and Rennie, T. A. (1962). Mental Health in the Metropolis: The Midtown Manhattan Study. New York: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Tseng, W. S. (2001). Handbook of Cultural Psychiatry. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 195209.Google Scholar
Ustun, B., Compton, W., Mager, D. et al. (1997). WHO study on the reliability and validity of the alcohol and drug use disorder instruments: overview of methods and results. Drug Alcohol Dependence, 47, 161169.Google Scholar
Wang, C. H., Liu, W. T., Zhang, M. Y. et al. (1992). Alcohol use, abuse, and dependency in Shanghai. In Alcoholism in North America, Europe, and Asia, ed. Helzer, J. E. and Canino, C. J.. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 264286.Google Scholar
Weiss, M. G. (2001). Cultural epidemiology: an introduction and overview. Anthropology and Medicine, 8, 129.Google Scholar
Weissman, M. M., Bland, R. C., Canino, G. J. et al. (1997). The cross-national epidemiology of panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 305309.Google Scholar
Wing, J. H., Nixon, J., Mann, S. A. and Leff, J. P. (1977). Reliability of the PSE (ninth edition) used in a population survey. Psychological Medicine, 7, 505516.Google Scholar
Wing, J. K., Babor, T., Brugha, T. et al. (1990). SCAN: schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 589593.Google Scholar
Wittchen, H. U. (1994). Reliability and validity studies of the WHO: Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI): a critical review. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 28, 5784.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1978). Mental Disorders: Glossary and Guide to their Classification in Accordance with the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1992). The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2001). The World Health Report 2001 Mental Health: New Understanding New Hope. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available online at www.who.int/whr/2001/en/ (accessed 24 July 2017).Google Scholar
World Mental Health Survey Consortium (2004). Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health surveys. Journal of the American Medical Association, 291, 25812590.Google Scholar

References

Beiser, M., (2000). Strangers at the Gate. Toronto: University of Toronto.Google Scholar
Beiser, M. Puente-Duran, S. and Hou, F. (2015). Cultural distance and emotional problems among immigrant and refugee youth in Canada: findings from the New Canadian Child and Youth Survey. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 49, 33-45.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1970). Marginality, stress and ethnic identification in an acculturated Aboriginal community. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1, 239252.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1974). Psychological aspects of cultural pluralism: unity and identity reconsidered. Topics in Culture Learning, 2, 1722.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1980). Acculturation as varieties of adaptation. In Acculturation: Theory, Models and Findings, ed. Padilla, A.. Boulder: Westview, pp. 925.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1992). Acculturation and adaptation in a new society. International Migration, 30, 6985.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review. 46, 568.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1999). Aboriginal cultural identity. Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 19, 136.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (2006). Stress perspectives on acculturation. In Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology, ed. Sam, D. and Berry, J. W., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 4357.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (in press). Theories and models of acculturation. In Oxford Handbook of Acculturation and Health, ed. Schwartz, S.. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. and Kim, U. (1988). Acculturation and mental health. In Health and Cross-Cultural Psychology, ed. Dasen, P., Berry, J. W. and Sartorius, N.. Newbury Park: Sage, pp. 207236.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. and Sam, D. L. (2016). Conceptual issues. In Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology, 2nd edn, ed. Sam, D. L. and Berry, J. W.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1129.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W., Kalin, R. and Taylor, D. (1977). Multiculturalism and Ethnic Attitudes in Canada. Ottawa: Supply and Services.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W., Kim, U., Minde, T. and Mok, D. (1987). Comparative studies of acculturative stress. International Migration Review, 21, 491511.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W., Kim, U., Power, S., Young, M. and Bujaki, M. (1989). Acculturation attitudes in plural societies. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 38, 185206.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W., Phinney, J. S., Sam, D. L. and Vedder, P. (eds)(2006). Immigrant Youth in Cultural Transition: Acculturation, Identity and Adaptation across National Contexts. Mahwah: ErlbaumGoogle Scholar
Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Breugelsman, S., Chasiotis, A. and Sam, D.L. (2011). Cross-Cultural Psychology: Research and Applications, 3rd edn. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Birman, D., Persky, I., & Chan, W. Y. (2010). Multiple identities of Jewish immigrant adolescents from the former Soviet Union: an exploration of salience and impact of ethnic identity. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 34, 193205, doi:10.1177/0165025409350948.Google Scholar
Bourhis, R., Moise, C., Perreault, S. and Senecal, S. (1997). Towards an interactive acculturation model: a social psychological approach. International Journal of Psychology, 32, 369386.Google Scholar
Camilleri, C. and Malewska-Peyre, H. (1997). Socialisation and identity strategies. In Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology, vol. 2, Basic Processes and Human Development, ed. Berry, J. W., Dasen, P. R. and Saraswathi, T. S.. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, pp. 4168.Google Scholar
Endler, N. and Parker, J. (1990). Multidimensional assessment of coping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 844854.Google Scholar
Georgas, J. and Papastylianou, D. (1998). Acculturation and ethnic identity: the remigration of ethnic Greeks to Greece. In Key Issues in Cross-Cultural Psychology, ed. Grad, H., Blanco, A. and Georgas, J.. Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger, pp. 114127.Google Scholar
Graves, T. (1967). Psychological acculturation in a tri-ethnic community. South-Western Journal of Anthropology, 23, 337350.Google Scholar
Kalin, R. and Berry, J. W. (1995). Ethnic and civic self-identity in Canada: analyses of the 1974 and 1991 national surveys. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 27, 115.Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S. and Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal and Coping. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Liebkind, K., Mähönen, T. A., Varjonen, S. and Jasinskaja-Lahti, I. (2016). Acculturation and identity. In Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology, 2nd edn, ed. Sam, D. L. and Berry, J. W.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3049.Google Scholar
Motti-Stefanidi, F., Berry, J. W., Chryssochoou, X., Sam, D. L. and Phinney, J. (2012). Positive immigrant youth adaptation in context: developmental, acculturation, and social psychological perspectives. In Capitalizing on Migration: The Potential of Immigrant Youth, ed. Masten, A., Liebkind, K. and Hernandez, D.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 117158.Google Scholar
Phinney, J. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 499514.Google Scholar
Phinney, J. S. and Baldelomar, O. A. (2011). Identity development in multiple cultural contexts. In Bridging Cultural and Developmental Approaches to Psychology: New Syntheses in Theory, Research and Policy, ed. Arnett Jensen, L.. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 161186.Google Scholar
Phinney, J., Chavira, V. and Williamson, L. (1992). Acculturation attitudes and self-esteem among school and college students. Youth and Society, 23, 299312.Google Scholar
Redfield, R., Linton, R. and Herskovits, M. (1936). Memorandum on the study of acculturation. American Anthropologist, 38, 149152.Google Scholar
Ryder, A., Alden, L. and Paulhus, D. (2000). Is acculturation unidimensional or bidimensional? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 4965.Google Scholar
Sam, D. L. and Berry, J. W. (eds) (2016). Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sam, D. L., Jasinskaj-Lahti, I., Ryder, A. and Hassan, G. (2016). Acculturation and health. In Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology, 2nd edn, ed. Sam, D. L. and Berry, J. W.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 504524.Google Scholar
Schmitz, P. (1992). Acculturation styles and health. In Innovations in Cross-Cultural Psychology, ed. lwawaki, S., Kashima, V. and Leung, K.. Amsterdam: Swets and Zeitlinger, pp. 360370.Google Scholar
Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Quintana, S. M., Lee, R. M., Cross, W. E., Rivas-Drake, D., Schwartz, S. J., Syed, M., Yip, T., Seaton, E. and Ethnic and Racial Identity in the 21st Century Study Group (2014). Ethnic and racial identity during adolescence and into young adulthood: an integrated conceptualization. Child Development, 85, 2139.Google Scholar
Van de Vijver, F., Berry, J.W. and Celenk, O. (2016). Assessment of acculturation. In Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology, 2nd edn, ed. Sam, D. L. and Berry, J. W.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 93114.Google Scholar
Ward, C. (1996). Acculturation. In Handbook of Intercultural Training, ed. Landis, D. and Bhagat, R., 2nd edn. Newbury Park: Sage, pp. 124147.Google Scholar
Ward, C., Bochner, S. and Funham, A. (2001). The Psychology of Culture Shock. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

References

Antonovsky, A. (1979). Health, Stress, and Coping. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Balieiro, M. C., dos Santos, M. A., dos Santos, J. E. and Dressler, W. W. (2011). Does perceived stress mediate the effect of cultural consonance on depression? Transcultural Psychiatry, 48(5), 519538.Google Scholar
Bhugra, D. (2004). Cultural identities and cultural congruency: a new model for evaluating mental distress in immigrants. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 111, 8493.Google Scholar
Borgatti, S. P. (1999). Elicitation techniques for cultural domain analysis. In Ethnographer’s Toolkit: Enhanced Ethnographic Methods, vol. 3, ed. Schensul, J. J., et al. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press, pp. 115151.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P. (1990). In Other Words: Essays Toward a Reflexive Sociology, ed. Adamson, M. (trans.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Caspi, A., Hariri, A. R., Holmes, A., Uher, R. and Moffitt, T. E. (2010). Genetic sensitivity to the environment: the case of the serotonin transporter gene and its implications for studying complex diseases and traits. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 509527.Google Scholar
Cassel, J. C., Patrick, R. and Jenkins, C. D. (1960). Epidemiological analysis of the health implications of culture change. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 84, 938949.Google Scholar
D’Andrade, R. G. (1995). The Development of Cognitive Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
DaMatta, R. (1985). A Casa e a Rua. São Paulo, Brasil: Editora Brasiliense.Google Scholar
Dengah, H. J. F. (2013). The contract with God: patterns of cultural consensus across two Brazilian religious communities. Journal of Anthropological Research, 69, 347372.Google Scholar
Dengah, H. J. F. (2014). How religious status shapes psychological well-being: cultural consonance as a measure of subcultural status among Brazilian Pentecostals. Social Science and Medicine, 114, 1825.Google Scholar
Dressler, W. W. (2005). What’s cultural about biocultural research? Ethos, 33, 2045.Google Scholar
Dressler, W. W. (2010). Culture and the stress process. In A Companion to Medical Anthropology, ed. Singer, M. and Erickson, P.. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 119134.Google Scholar
Dressler, W. W. and Bindon, J. R. (2000). The health consequences of cultural consonance: cultural dimensions of lifestyle, social support and arterial blood pressure in an African American community. American Anthropologist, 102, 244260.Google Scholar
Dressler, W. W. and Oths, K. S. (2014). Social survey methods. In Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology, 2nd edn, ed. Bernard, H. R. and Gravlee, C. C.. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, pp. 497515.Google Scholar
Dressler, W. W., Balieiro, M. C. and dos Santos, J. E. (1997). The cultural construction of social support in Brazil: associations with health outcomes. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 21, 303335.Google Scholar
Dressler, W. W., Balieiro, M. C. and dos Santos, J. E. (1998). Culture, socio-economic status and physical and mental health in Brazil. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 12, 424446.Google Scholar
Dressler, W. W., Balieiro, M. C. and dos Santos, J. E. (2002). Cultural consonance and psychological distress. Paidéia: Cadernos de Psicologia e Educação, 12, 518.Google Scholar
Dressler, W. W., Ribeiro, R. P., Balieiro, M. C., Oths, K. S. and dos Santos, J. E. (2004). Eating, drinking and being depressed: the social, cultural and psychological context of alcohol consumption and nutrition in a Brazilian community. Social Science and Medicine, 59, 709720.Google Scholar
Dressler, W. W., Borges, C. D., Balieiro, M. C. and dos Santos, J. E. (2005a). Measuring cultural consonance: examples with special reference to measurement theory in anthropology. Field Methods, 17, 531555.Google Scholar
Dressler, W. W., Balieiro, M. C., Ribeiro, R. P. and dos Santos, J. E. (2005b). Cultural consonance and arterial blood pressure in urban Brazil. Social Science and Medicine, 61, 527540.Google Scholar
Dressler, W., Balieiro, M., Ribeiro, R., and dos Santos, J. (2007a). Cultural consonance and psychological distress: examining the associations in multiple cultural domains. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 31, 195224.Google Scholar
Dressler, W., Balleiro, M., Ribeiro, R. and dos Santos, J. (2007b). A prospective study of cultural consonance and depressive symptoms in urban Brazil. Social Science and Medicine, 65, 20582069.Google Scholar
Dressler, W. W., Oths, K. S., Balieiro, M. C., Ribeiro, R. P. and dos Santos, J. E. (2012). How culture shapes the body: cultural consonance and body mass in urban brazil. American Journal of Human Biology, 24, 325331.Google Scholar
Dressler, W. W., Balieiro, M. C. and dos Santos, J. E. (2015a). Finding culture change in the second factor: stability and change in cultural consensus and residual agreement. Field Methods, 27, 2238.Google Scholar
Dressler, W. W., Balieiro, M. C., Ribeiro, R. P. and dos Santos, J. E. (2015b). Culture as a mediator of health disparities: cultural consonance, social class, and health. Annals of Anthropological Practice, 39, 214231.Google Scholar
Dressler, W. W., Balieiro, M. C., Ferreira de Araújo, L., Silva, W. A. Jr and dos Santos, J. E. (2016a). Culture as a mediator of gene-environment interaction: cultural consonance, childhood adversity, a 2 A serotonin receptor polymorphism, and depression in urban Brazil. Social Science and Medicine, 160, 109117.Google Scholar
Dressler, W. W., Balieiro, M. C., Ribeiro, R. P. and dos Santos, J. E. (2016b). Culture and the immune system: cultural consonance in social support and C-reactive protein in urban Brazil. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 30, 259277.Google Scholar
Dressler, W. W., Balieiro, M. C. and dos Santos, J. E. (2016c). Cultural consonance in life goals and depressive symptoms in urban Brazil. Journal of Anthropological Research, 73(1), 4365.Google Scholar
Dressler, W. W., Balieiro, M. C., de Araújo, L. F., Silva, W. A. Jr and dos Santos, J. E. (2016d). The interaction of cultural consonance and a polymorphism in the 2 A serotonin receptor in relation to depression in Brazil: failure to replicate previous findings. American Journal of Human Biology, 28, 936940.Google Scholar
Durkheim, E. (1951). Suicide: A Study in Sociology. Simpson, G. (ed.), Spaulding, J. A. (trans.) Glencoe, IL: Free Press.Google Scholar
French, J. R. P., Rogers, W. and Cobb, S. (1974). Adjustment as person–environment fit. In Coping and Adaptation, ed. Coelho, G. V., Hamburg, D. A. and Adams, J. E.. New York: Basic Books, pp. 316333.Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1930). Civilization and its Discontents. Riviere, J. (trans.) London: Hogarth Press.Google Scholar
Gatewood, J. B. (2012). Cultural models, consensus analysis, and the social organization of knowledge. Topics in Cognitive Science, 4, 362371.Google Scholar
Goodenough, W. H. (1996). Culture. In Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, ed. Levinson, D. and Ember, M., New York: Henry Holt, pp. 291299.Google Scholar
Gorer, G. (1948). The American People: A Study in National Character. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Kronenfeld, D. B. (2011). Afterword: one cognitive view of culture. In A Companion to Cognitive Anthropology, ed. Kronenfeld, D. B., Bennardo, G., de Munck, V. C. and Fischer, M. D.. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 569583.Google Scholar
Oths, K. S., Carolo, A. and dos Santos, J. E. (2003). Social status and food preference in southern Brazil. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 42, 303324.Google Scholar
Reyes-García, V., Gravlee, C., McDade, T., Huanca, T., Leonard, W. and Tanner, S. (2010). Cultural consonance and psychological well-being. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 34, 186203.Google Scholar
Romney, A. K., Weller, S. C. and Batchelder, W. H. (1986). Culture as consensus: a theory of culture and informant accuracy. American Anthropologist, 88, 313338.Google Scholar
Sapir, E. (1927). The unconscious patterning of behaviour in society. In The Unconscious: A Symposium. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, pp. 114142.Google Scholar
Scheepers, D., Ellemers, N. and Sintemaartensdijk, N. (2009). Suffering from the possibility of status loss: physiological responses to social identity threat in high status groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 10751092.Google Scholar
Searle, J. (1995). The Construction of Social Reality. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, J. G., Dengah, H. J. F., Lacy, M. G. and Fagan, J. (2013). A formal anthropological view of motivation models of problematic MMO play: achievement, social, and immersion factors in the context of culture. Transcultural Psychiatry, 50, 235262.Google Scholar
Sperber, D. (1985). Anthropology and psychology: towards an epidemiology of representations. Man, 20, 7389.Google Scholar
Sweet, E. (2010). ‘If your shoes are raggedy you get talked about’: symbolic and material dimensions of adolescent social status and health. Social Science and Medicine, 70, 20292035.Google Scholar
Veblen, T. (1899). The Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Weller, S. C. (2007). Cultural consensus theory: applications and frequently asked questions. Field Methods, 19, 339368.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×