Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-25wd4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T23:40:01.962Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2017

Roseanne W. McManus
Affiliation:
Baruch College, City University of New York
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Statements of Resolve
Achieving Coercive Credibility in International Conflict
, pp. 220 - 232
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aldrich, John, Gelpi, Christopher, Feaver, Peter, Reifler, Jason, and Sharp, Kristin Thompson. 2006. “Foreign Policy and the Electoral Connection.” Annual Review of Political Science 9:477502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allison, Graham T. 1969. “Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis.” American Political Science Review 63(3):689718.Google Scholar
Anderson, Martin, and Anderson, Annelise. 2009. Reagan’s Secret War: The Untold Story of His Fight to Save the World from Nuclear Disaster. New York: Crown Publishers.Google Scholar
Ang, Cheng Guan. 2002. The Vietnam War from the Other Side: The Vietnamese Communists’ Perspective. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ang, Cheng Guan. 2004. Ending the Vietnam War: The Vietnamese Communists’ Perspective. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Arena, Philip, and Palmer, Glenn. 2009. “Politics or the Economy: Domestic Correlates of Dispute Involvement in Developed Democracies.” International Studies Quarterly 53 (4):955975.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asselin, Pierre. 2002. A Bitter Peace: Washington, Hanoi, and the Making of the Paris Agreement. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Asselin, Pierre. 2011. “Revisionism Triumphant: Hanoi’s Diplomatic Strategy in the Nixon Era.” Journal of Cold War Studies 13(4):101137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asselin, Pierre. 2012. “‘We Don’t Want a Munich’: Hanoi’s Diplomatic Strategy, 1965–1968.” Diplomatic History 36(3):547581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baum, Matthew A. 2004. “Going Private: Public Opinion, Presidential Rhetoric, and the Domestic Politics of Audience Costs in U.S. Foreign Policy Crises.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 48(5):603631.Google Scholar
BBC. 2014. “Islamic State: ‘Baghdadi Message’ Issued by Jihadists.” November 13. www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30041257 (April 26, 2016).Google Scholar
Belasco, Amy, Cunningham, Lynn J., Fischer, Hannah, and Niksch, Larry A.. 2007. “Congressional Restrictions on U.S. Military Operations in Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Somalia, and Kosovo: Funding and Non-Funding Approaches.” Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, January 16. www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL33803.pdf (December 11, 2013).Google Scholar
Beschloss, Michael R. 1991. The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev 1960–1963. New York: Edward Burlingame Books.Google Scholar
Besheer, Margaret. 2014. “Ukraine Fears Russian Invasion.” Voice of America, April 25. www.voanews.com/content/ukraine-fears-russian-invasion-/1901612.html (November 24, 2014).Google Scholar
Blake, Aaron, and Sullivan, Sean. 2013. “Syria Resolution Is No Sure Thing in the Senate. Here’s Why.” Washington Post, September 10. www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/09/10/syria-resolution-is-no-cinch-in-the-senate/ (June 10, 2015).Google Scholar
Brace, Paul, and Hinckley, Barbara. 1992. Follow the Leader: Opinion Polls and the Modern Presidents. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Braumoeller, Bear F. 2004. “Hypothesis Testing and Multiplicative Interaction Terms.” International Organization 58(4):807820.Google Scholar
Brooks, Stephen G., and Wohlforth, William C.. 2000/2001. “Power, Globalization, and the End of the Cold War: Reevaluating a Landmark Case for Ideas.” International Security 25(3):552.Google Scholar
Brown, Archie. 1996. The Gorbachev Factor. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brumfield, Ben. 2014. “Ukraine’s President Vows to Defend Territory ‘No Matter What.’” CNN, June 7. www.cnn.com/2014/06/07/world/europe/ukraine-president-inauguration/ (November 24, 2014).Google Scholar
Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Morrow, James D., Siverson, Randolph M., and Smith, Alastair. 1999. “An Institutional Explanation of the Democratic Peace.” American Political Science Review 93(4):791807.Google Scholar
Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, and Siverson, Randolph M.. 1995. “War and the Survival of Political Leaders: A Comparative Study of Regime Types and Political Accountability.” American Political Science Review 89(4):841855.Google Scholar
Bui, Tin. 2002. From Enemy to Friend: A North Vietnamese Perspective on the War. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.Google Scholar
Byman, Daniel. 2013. “Mr. Obama, Don’t Draw That Red Line.” New York Times, May 4. www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/opinion/sunday/dont-draw-that-red-line.html?pagewanted=all (June 2, 2013).Google Scholar
Campagna, Anthony S. 1994. The Economy in the Reagan Years: The Economic Consequences of the Reagan Administrations. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Canes-Wrone, Brandice, and de Marchi, Scott. 2002. “Presidential Approval and Legislative Success.” Journal of Politics 64(2):491509.Google Scholar
Carroll, Royce, Lewis, Jeff, Lo, James, McCarty, Nolan, Poole, Keith, and Rosenthal, Howard. 2011. “DW-NOMINATE Scores with Bootstrapped Standard Errors.” http://voteview.com/dwnominate.asp (November 15, 2012).Google Scholar
Charles, Elizabeth C. 2015. “Gorbachev and the Decision to Decouple the Arms Control Package: How the Breakdown of the Reykjavik Summit Led to the Elimination of the Euromissiles.” In The Euromissile Crisis and the End of the Cold War, ed. Nuti, Leopoldo, Bozo, Frederic, Rey, Marie-Pierre, and Rother, Bernd. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 6684.Google Scholar
Carter, Bill. 1994. “Networks Held Back the News That Invasion Planes Were Headed for Haiti.” New York Times, September 20, A12.Google Scholar
Chaudoin, Stephen. 2014. “Promises or Policies? An Experimental Analysis of International Agreements and Audience Reactions.” International Organization 68(1):235256.Google Scholar
Chernyaev, Anatoly S. [1993] 2000. My Six Years with Gorbachev. Trans. English, Robert D. and Tucker, Elizabeth. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Chiozza, Giacomo. 2017. “Presidents on the Cycle: Elections, Audience Costs, and Coercive Diplomacy.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 34(1):326.Google Scholar
Chiozza, Giacomo, and Goemans, H. E.. 2004. “International Conflict and the Tenure of Leaders: Is War Still Ex Post Inefficient?American Journal of Political Science 48(3):604619.Google Scholar
Clare, Joe. 2014. “Hawks, Doves, and International Cooperation.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 58(7):13111337.Google Scholar
CNN. 2012. “America’s Choice 2012 Races and Results: Exit Polls.” www.cnn.com/election/2012/results/race/president (May 25, 2013).Google Scholar
Communist Party of Vietnam Central Committee. 1968. “Report Presented to the 15 Plenum of the Communist Party of Vietnam Central Committee.” August 29. History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Archive of the Party Central Committee, Hanoi. Translated for WIHP by Merle Pribbenow. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113979 (May 15, 2015).Google Scholar
Croco, Sarah E. 2011. “The Decider’s Dilemma: Leader Culpability, War Outcomes, and Domestic Punishment.” American Political Science Review 103(3):457477.Google Scholar
Croco, Sarah E., and Weeks, Jessica L.P.. 2015. “Willing and Able: Culpability, Vulnerability and Leaders’ Sensitivity to War Outcomes.” Working paper.Google Scholar
Dafoe, Allan, Renshon, Jonathan, and Huth, Paul. 2014. “Reputation and Status as Motives for War.” Annual Review of Political Science 17:371393.Google Scholar
Danilovic, Vesna. 2002. When the Stakes Are High: Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Groot, Michael. 2011. “Ronald Reagan’s 10 Best Quotes.” Deseret News, February 7. www.deseretnews.com/top/103/5/We-begin-bombing-in-five-minutes-Ronald-Reagans-10-best-quotes.html (December 23, 2013).Google Scholar
Debs, Alexandre, and Goemans, H.E.. 2010. “Regime Type, the Fate of Leaders, and War.” American Political Science Review 104:430445.Google Scholar
Debs, Alexandre, and Weiss, Jessica Chen. 2015. “Circumstances, Domestic Audiences, and Reputational Incentives in International Crisis Bargaining.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 60(30):403433.Google Scholar
Department of State. 1962. Department of State Bulletin XLVII(1213):450. https://ia700506.us.archive.org/5/items/departmentofstat471962unit/departmentofstat471962unit.pdf (July 1, 2015).Google Scholar
Diamond, Jeremy. 2017. “Trump: Defense Secretary Mattis Can ‘Override’ Me on Torture.” CNN. www.cnn.com/2017/01/27/politics/donald-trump-defense-secretary-override-on-torture/ (March 19, 2017).Google Scholar
Dobbs, Michael. 2008. One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War. New York: Vintage Books. Paperback edition.Google Scholar
Dobrynin, Anatoly. 1995. In Confidence: Moscow’s Ambassador to America’s Six Cold War Presidents. New York: Times Books. Paperback edition.Google Scholar
Downs, George W., and Rocke, David M.. 1994. “Conflict, Agency, and Gambling for Resurrection: The Principal-Agent Problem Goes to War.” American Journal of Political Science 38(2):362380.Google Scholar
Downes, Alexander B., and Sechser, Todd S.. 2012. “The Illusion of Democratic Credibility.” International Organization 66(3):457489.Google Scholar
Doyle, Michael. 1983. “Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs, Part I.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 12(3):205235.Google Scholar
Drew, Elizabeth. 2007. Richard M. Nixon: The American Presidents Series: The 37th President, 1969–1974. New York: Times Books.Google Scholar
Dueck, Colin. 2010. Hard Line: The Republican Party and US Foreign Policy since World War II. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Duiker, William J. 1996. The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam: Second Edition. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Edwards, George C. III. 2003. On Deaf Ears: The Limits of the Bully Pulpit. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
English, Robert D. 2000. Russia and the Idea of the West. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Eyerman, Joe, and Hart, Robert A. Jr. 1996. “An Empirical Test of the Audience Cost Proposition: Democracy Speaks Louder than Words.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 40(4):597616.Google Scholar
Fearon, James D. 1994a. “Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes.” American Political Science Review 88(3):577592.Google Scholar
Fearon, James D. 1994b. “Signaling versus the Balance of Power and Interests: An Empirical Test of a Crisis Bargaining Model.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 38(2):236269.Google Scholar
Fearon, James D. 1995. “Rationalist Explanations for War.” International Organization 49(3): 379414.Google Scholar
Fearon, James D. 1997. “Signaling Foreign Policy Interests: Tying Hands versus Sinking Costs.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1):6890.Google Scholar
Fischer, Beth A. 1997. The Reagan Reversal: Foreign Policy and the End of the Cold War. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press.Google Scholar
Frankel, Max. 2004. High Noon in the Cold War: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Ballantine Books.Google Scholar
Fursenko, Aleksandr, and Naftali, Timothy. 1997. One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958–1964. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. Paperback edition.Google Scholar
Fursenko, Aleksandr, and Naftali, Timothy. 2006. Khrushchev’s Cold War: The Inside Story of an American Adversary. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. Paperback edition.Google Scholar
Garthoff, Raymond L. 1994. The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Gartzke, Erik. 2006. “The Affinity of Nations Index, 1946–2002.” Version 4. http://dss.ucsd.edu/~egartzke/datasets.htm (November 9, 2011).Google Scholar
Gearan, Anne. 2012. “Netanyahu Calls for a ‘Red Line’ to Stop Iran from Developing Weapon.” Washington Post, September 28, A4.Google Scholar
Gearan, Anne, O’Keefe, Ed, and Branigin, William. 2013. “Senate Committee Approves Resolution Authorizing U.S. Strike on Syria.” Washington Post, September 4. www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/officials-press-lawmakers-to-approve-syria-strike-obama-invokes-congresss-credibility/2013/09/04/4c93a858-155c-11e3-804b-d3a1a3a18f2c_story.html (June 10, 2015).Google Scholar
Gelpi, Christopher F. 1997. “Crime and Punishment: The Role of Norms in Crisis Bargaining.” American Political Science Review 91(2):339360.Google Scholar
Gelpi, Christopher F., and Griesdorf, Michael. 2001. “Winners or Losers? Democracies in International Crisis, 1918–94.” American Political Science Review 95:633647.Google Scholar
George, Lloyd. 1911. “Speech on the International Situation Delivered at the Mansion House, July 21, 1911.” In Life of David Lloyd George: Volume IV Speechs, ed. Du Parcq, Herbert. London: Caxton Publishing Company, 789792. Available https://archive.org/details/lifeofdavidlloyd04dupauoft (May 30, 2015).Google Scholar
Gibler, Douglas M. 2009. International Military Alliances, 1648–2008. Washington, DC: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Gillespie, Mark. 2010. “Americans Look Back at Vietnam War.” Gallup Polls, November 17. www.gallup.com/poll/2299/americans-look-back-vietnam-war.aspx. (May 27, 2015).Google Scholar
Goemans, H.E. 2000. War and Punishment: the Causes of War Termination and the First World War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Golby, James Thomas. 2011. Duty, Honor … Party? Ideology, Institutions, and the Use of Military Force. Dissertation, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Joshua S. 1992. “A Conflict-Cooperation Scale for WEIS Events Data.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 36(2):369385.Google Scholar
Gorbachev, Mikhail. [1995] 1997. Memoirs. Trans. Peronansky, Georges and Varsavsky, Tatjana. New York: Bantam Books.Google Scholar
Gottfried, Matthew S., and Trager, Robert F.. 2016. “A Preference for War: How Fairness and Rhetoric Influence Leadership Incentives in Crises.” International Studies Quarterly 60(2):243257.Google Scholar
Grachev, Andrei. 2008. Gorbachev’s Gamble: Soviet Foreign Policy and the End of the Cold War. Malden, MA: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Graebner, Norman A., Burns, Richard Dean, and Siracusa, Joseph M.. 2008. Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the End of the Cold War. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International.Google Scholar
Granger, C. W. J. 1969. “Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-spectral Methods.” Econometrica 37(3):424438.Google Scholar
Grimmer, Justin, and Stewart, Brandon M.. 2013. “Text as Data: The Promise and Pitfalls of Automatic Content Analysis Methods for Political Texts.” Political Analysis 21:267297.Google Scholar
Gromyko, Andrei. 1984. “Information of Comrade A. A. Gromyko on International Questions.” March 28, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Mongolian Foreign Ministry Archive: fond 2, dans 1, kh/n 489, khuu 46–49. Obtained and translated by Sergey Radchenko. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/119908 (April 4, 2015).Google Scholar
Gromyko, Andrei. 1989. Memories. Trans. Shukman, Harold. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Guisinger, Alexandra, and Smith, Alastair. 2002. “Honest Threats: The Interaction of Reputation and Political Institutions in International Crises.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46(2):75200.Google Scholar
Gwertzman, Bernard. 1972. “No U.S. Comment on Thieu’s Speech; But Officials Make it Clear White House Is Annoyed.” New York Times, December 13. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C05E5DA1631E63BBC4B52DFB4678389669EDE (May 27, 2015).Google Scholar
Haig, Alexander. 1981. Quoted in “Major Points from Appearance by Haig before Senate Committee.” New York Times, January 10. www.nytimes.com/1981/01/10/us/major-points-from-appearance-by-haig-before-senate-committee.html (July 4, 2015).Google Scholar
Haldeman, H.R. 1994. The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House. New York: Berkley Books.Google Scholar
Haldeman, H.R., with DiMona, Joseph. 1978. The Ends of Power. New York: Times Books.Google Scholar
Hanmer, Michael J., and Kalkan, Kerem Ozan. 2013. “Behind the Curve: Clarifying the Best Approach to Calculating Predicted Probabilities and Marginal Effects from Limited Dependent Variable Models.” American Journal of Political Science 57(1):263277.Google Scholar
Survey, Harris. 1973. January 14–17. Retrieved December 12, 2013 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut.Google Scholar
Survey, Harris. 1983. April. Retrieved December 27, 2013 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut.Google Scholar
Survey, Harris. 1983–1984. Polls between December 1983 and November 1984. Retrieved December 27, 2013 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut.Google Scholar
Haslam, Jonathan. 2011. Russia’s Cold War: From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Holloway, David. 2015. “The Dynamics of the Euromissile Crisis, 1977–1983.” In The Euromissile Crisis and the End of the Cold War, ed. Nuti, Leopoldo, Bozo, Frederic, Rey, Marie-Pierre, and Rother, Bernd. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1130.Google Scholar
Hook, Steven W., and Spanier, John. 2013. American Foreign Policy since World War II. 19th ed. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Michael C., Stam, Allan C., and Ellis, Cali M.. 2015. Why Leaders Fight. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Howell, William G., and Pevehouse, Jon C.. 2007. While Dangers Gather: Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hunt, Michael H. 1996. Lyndon Johnson’s War: America’s Cold War Crusade in Vietnam, 1945–1968. New York: Hill and Wang.Google Scholar
Huth, Paul, and Russett, Bruce. 1984. “What Makes Deterrence Work? Cases from 1900 to 1980.” World Politics 36(4):496526.Google Scholar
Huth, Paul K. 1988. Extended Deterrence and the Prevention of War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Huth, Paul K. 1997. “Reputations and Deterrence: A Theoretical and Empirical Assessment.” Security Studies 7(1):7299.Google Scholar
Huth, Paul K., and Allee, Todd L.. 2002. The Democratic Peace and Territorial Conflict in the Twentieth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Iacus, Stefano M., King, Gary, and Porro, Giuseppe. 2012. “Causal Inference without Balance Checking: Coarsened Exact Matching. Political Analysis 20(1):124.Google Scholar
Ignatius, David. 2012. “The ‘Red Line’ Herring.” Washington Post, September 16, A23.Google Scholar
James, Patrick, and Rioux, Jean Sébastien. 1998. “International Crises and Linkage Politics: The Experiences of the United States, 1953–1994.” Political Research Quarterly 51(3):781812.Google Scholar
Johns, Andrew L. 2010. Vietnam’s Second Front: Domestic Politics, the Republican Party, and the War. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.Google Scholar
Johnson, Jesse C., Leeds, Brett Ashley, and Wu, Ahra. 2015. “Capability, Credibility, and Extended General Deterrence.” International Interactions 41(2):309336.Google Scholar
Karnow, Stanley. 1997. Vietnam: A History. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Kearns, Doris. 1976. Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Kershner, Isabel. 2009. “Israel’s Labor Party Votes to Join Netanyahu Coalition.” New York Times, March 24. www.nytimes.com/2009/03/25/world/middleeast/25mideast.html?_r=0 (May 30, 2016).Google Scholar
Kertzer, Joshua D., and Brutger, Ryan. 2015. “Decomposing Audience Costs: Bringing the Audience Back into Audience Cost Theory.” American Journal of Political Science 60(1):234249.Google Scholar
Khrushchev, Nikita. 2007. Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, Volume 3: Statesman 1953–1964. ed. Khrushchev, Sergei. Trans. Shriver, George. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Khrushchev, Sergei N. 2000. Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower. Trans. Benson, Shirley. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Kimball, Daryl G. 2004. “Looking Back: The Nuclear Arms Control Legacy of Ronald Reagan.” Arms Control Today, July/August. www.armscontrol.org/act/2004_07–08/Reagan (December 22, 2013).Google Scholar
Kimball, Jeffrey. 1998. Nixon’s Vietnam War. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar
King, Gary, and Lowe, Will. 2003. “An Automated Information Extraction Tool for International Conflict Data with Performance as Good as Human Coders: A Rare Events Evaluation Design.” International Organization 57:617642.Google Scholar
Koch, Michael T., and Sullivan, Patricia. 2010. “Partisanship, Approval, and the Duration of Major Power Democratic Military Interventions.” Journal of Politics 72(3):616629.Google Scholar
Krebs, Ronald R. 2015. Narrative and the Making of US National Security. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kurizaki, Shuhei. 2007. “Efficient Secrecy: Public versus Private Threats in Crisis Diplomacy.” American Political Science Review 101(3):543558.Google Scholar
Kydd, Andrew H. 2015. International Relations Theory: The Game Theoretic Approach. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
LaFeber, Walter. 1994. The American Age: U.S. Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad, 1750 to the Present. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.Google Scholar
Levendusky, Matthew S., and Horowitz, Michael C.. 2012. “When Backing Down Is the Right Decision: Partisanship, New Information, and Audience Costs.” Journal of Politics 74(2):323338.Google Scholar
Leventoglu, Bahar, and Tarar, Ahmer. 2005. “Prenegotiation Public Commitment in Domestic and International Bargaining.” American Political Science Review 99(3):419433.Google Scholar
Levy, Jack S. 1989. “The Diversionary Theory of War.” In The Handbook of War Studies, ed. Midlarksy, Manus. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 259288.Google Scholar
Levy, Jack S., and Mabe, William F. Jr. 2004. “Politically Motivated Opposition to War.” International Studies Review 6(4):6583.Google Scholar
Luthi, Lorenz M. 2009. “Beyond Betrayal: Beijing, Moscow, and the Paris Negotiations, 1971–1973.” Journal of Cold War Studies 11(1):57107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacAskill, Ewen. 2013. “US Warns North Korea of Increased Isolation if Threats Escalate Further.” The Guardian, March 29. www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/29/us-condemns-north-korea-threats (November 24, 2014).Google Scholar
Maoz, Zeev. 2005. Dyadic MID Dataset (Version 2.0). http://psfaculty.ucdavis.edu/zmaoz/dyadmid.html (June 15, 2011).Google Scholar
Marshall, Monty G., Jaggers, Keith, and Gurr, Ted Robert. 2010. “Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2010.” www.systemicpeace.org/inscr/inscr.htm (September 6, 2011).Google Scholar
Mastny, Vojtech. 2009. “How Able Was ‘Able Archer’? Nuclear Trigger and Intelligence in Perspective.” Journal of Cold War Studies 11(1):108123.Google Scholar
Matlock, Jack F Jr. 1995. Autopsy on an Empire: The American Ambassador’s Account of the Collapse of the Soviet Union. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Matlock, Jack F Jr. 2004. Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Matray, James I. 2002. “Dean Acheson’s Press Club Speech Reexamined.” Journal of Conflict Studies 22(1). http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/366/578 (June 2, 2013).Google Scholar
McClelland, Charles A. 1978. World Event/Interaction Survey (WEIS) Project, 1966–1978. Third ICPSR Edition. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research.Google Scholar
Mearsheimer, John J. 1983. Conventional Deterrence. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Memorandum of Conversation Between Secretary of the Interior Udall and Chairman Khrushchev.” September 6, 1962. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963. Volume XV, Berlin Crisis, 1962–1963, Document 112.Google Scholar
Mercer, Jonathan 1996. Reputation and International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Milenkoski, Mile, and Talevski, Jove. 2001. “Delineation of the State Border between the Republic of Macedonia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.” IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin 9(2):9398.Google Scholar
Military History Institute of Vietnam. 2002. Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People’s Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975. Trans. Pribbenow, Merle L.. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar
Miller, Gregory D. 2011. The Shadow of the Past: Reputation and Military Alliances before the First World War. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Ross A. 2015. “You’ve Got to Know When to Fold ‘Em: International and Domestic Consequences of Capitulation, 1919–1999.” International Interactions 41(4):674698.Google Scholar
Morgan, Clifton T., Bapat, Navin A., and Kobayashi, Yoshiharu. 2013. Threat and Imposition of Sanctions (TIES) Data 4.0 Users Manual. www.unc.edu/~bapat/TIES.htm (January 21, 2014).Google Scholar
Naughton, James M. 1973a. “Congress Critics of War Threaten to Fight Funding.” New York Times, January 3. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9504E6DE133BE53ABC4B53DFB7668388669EDE (May 27, 2015).Google Scholar
Naughton, James M. 1973b. “Pullout Sought.” New York Times, January 4. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9906E2DF1531EF34BC4C53DFB7668388669EDE (May 27, 2015).Google Scholar
Netanyahu, Benjamin. 2012. Speech to the United Nations General Assembly, September 27. Quoted in Reuters, “Key Portions of Israeli PM Netanyahu’s U.N. Speech on Iran.” www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/27/us-un-assembly-israel-text-idUSBRE88Q1RR20120927 (October 4, 2012).Google Scholar
Neuendorf, Kimberly A. 2002. The Content Analysis Guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Neustadt, Richard E. 1976. Presidential Power: The Politics of Leadership with Reflections on Johnson and Nixon. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Nguyen, Lien-Hang T. 2012. Hanoi’s War: An International History of the War for Peace in Vietnam. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Nixon, Richard. 1978. RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Nixon, Richard. 1986. “Memorandum on Conversation with General Secretary Gorbachev at the Kremlin, July 18, 1986.” Richard Nixon Library and Museum, Ronald Reagan Post-Presidential Correspondence Collection.Google Scholar
Nixon, Richard, and Kissinger, Henry. 1972. “Nixon, Kissinger, and the ‘Decent Interval,’” August 3. Audio transcript available from the Miller Center. http://millercenter.org/presidentialclassroom/exhibits/nixon-kissinger-and-the-decent-interval (May 13, 2015).Google Scholar
Obama, Barack. 2012. “Obama to Iran and Israel: ‘As President of the United States, I Don’t Bluff.’” Interview by Jeffrey Goldberg. Atlantic, March 2. www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/03/obama-to-iran-and-israel-as-president-of-the-united-states-i-dont-bluff/253875/ (October 5, 2012).Google Scholar
Ostrom, Charles W. Jr., and Simon, Dennis M.. 1985. “Promise and Performance: A Dynamic Model of Presidential Popularity.” American Political Science Review 79(2):334358.Google Scholar
Palmer, Glenn, D’Orazio, Vito, Kenwick, Michael, and Lane, Matthew. 2015. “The MID4 Dataset, 2002–2010: Procedures, Coding Rules and Description.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 32(2):222242.Google Scholar
Palmer, Glenn, London, Tamar R., and Regan, Patrick M.. 2004. “What’s Stopping You?: The Sources of Political Constraints on International Conflict Behavior in Parliamentary Democracies.” International Interactions 30(1):124.Google Scholar
Parent, Joseph M., and MacDonald, Paul K.. 2011. “The Wisdom of Retrenchment: America Must Cut Back to Move Forward.” Foreign Affairs 90(6):3247.Google Scholar
Partell, Peter J., and Palmer, Glenn. 1999. “Audience Costs and Interstate Crises: An Empirical Assessment of Fearon’s Model of Dispute Outcomes.” International Studies Quarterly 43(2):389405.Google Scholar
Paterson, Thomas G., and Brophy, William J.. 1986. “October Missiles and November Elections: The Cuban Missile Crisis and American Politics, 1962.” Journal of American History 73(1):87119.Google Scholar
Peters, Gerhard, and Woolley, John. 2016. American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara. www.presidency.ucsb.edu (June 18, 2011–April 26, 2016).Google Scholar
Peters, Jeremy. 2014. “Senate Panel Approves Limited Fight Against ISIS, Reopening War Powers Debate.” New York Times, December 11. www.nytimes.com/2014/12/12/us/politics/senate-panel-approves-limited-fight-against-isis-reopening-war-powers-debate.html (June 20, 2015).Google Scholar
Pipes, Richard. 1977. “Why the Soviet Union Thinks It Could Fight and Win a Nuclear War.” Commentary 64(1):2134.Google Scholar
Politburo. 1962. “Minutes # 60a of October 22, 1962.” Kremlin Decision-Making Project, Miller Center of Public Affairs. http://web1.millercenter.org/kremlin/62_10_22.pdf (June 20, 2015).Google Scholar
Politburo. 1968. “Secret North Vietnam Politburo Cable.” April 8. History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Archive of the Party Central Committee, Hanoi. Translated for CWIHP by Merle Pribbenow. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113978 (May 15, 2015).Google Scholar
Politburo. 1983. “Meeting Minutes of the Politburo of the CC CPSU, Regarding Western Plans for Deployment of New Nuclear Weapons in Europe.” May 31. History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, TsKhSD, F. 89, Op. 42, D. 53, Ll. 1–14. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/115981 (April 4, 2015).Google Scholar
Politburo. 1986a. “Meeting Minutes of the Politburo of the CC CPSU, Regarding the Aftermath of the Reykjavik US Soviet summit.” October 22. History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, TsKhSD, F. 89, Op. 42, D. 53, Ll. 1–14. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/115984 (May 1, 2015).Google Scholar
Politburo. 1986b. “USSR CC CPSU Politburo Session on Results of the Reykjavik Summit, October 14, 1986.” In The Reykjavik File: Previously Secret Documents from U.S. and Soviet Archives on the 1986 Reagan-Gorbachev Summit, ed. Savranskaya, Svetlana and Blanton, Thomas. The National Security Archive, George Washington University, Washington DC. http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB203/ (July 4, 2015).Google Scholar
Porter, Gareth. 1975. A Peace Denied: The United States, Vietnam, and the Paris Agreement. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Powell, Robert. 2004. “Bargaining and Learning while Fighting.” American Journal of Political Science 48(2):344361.Google Scholar
Press, Daryl G. 2005. Calculating Credibility: How Leaders Assess Military Threats. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Ramsay, Kristopher W. 2004. “Politics at the Water’s Edge: Crisis Bargaining and Electoral Competition.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 48(4):459486.Google Scholar
Reiter, Dan, and Stam, Allan C. III. 1998. “Democracy, War Initiation, and Victory.” American Political Science Review 92(2):377389.Google Scholar
Renshon, Jonathan, Dafoe, Allan, and Huth, Paul. 2015. “To Whom Do Reputations Adhere? Experimental Evidence on Influence-Specific Reputations.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Reston, James. 1972. “President Nixon’s Trump Cards.” New York Times, December 3. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9904E3DD143DE53ABC4B53DFB4678389669EDE (May 27, 2015).Google Scholar
Risse-Kappen, Thomas. 1991. “Did ‘Peace through Strength’ End the Cold War? Lessons from INF.” International Security 16(1):162188.Google Scholar
Rivers, Douglas, and Rose, Nancy L.. 1985. “Passing the President’s Program: Public Opinion and Presidential Influence in Congress.” American Journal of Political Science 29(2):183196Google Scholar
Roe, Patrick C. 2000. The Dragon Strikes: China and the Korean War, June–December 1950. New York: Presidio Press.Google Scholar
Roosevelt, Theodore. 1901. The Strenuous Life: Essays and Addresses by Theodore Roosevelt. New York: The Century Company.Google Scholar
Roper Report. 1984. Report 84–88, August. Retrieved December 27, 2013 from the iPOLL Databank, The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut.Google Scholar
Sanders, Jerry Wayne. 1983. Peddlers of Crisis: The Committee on the Present Danger and the Politics of Containment. Cambridge, MA: South End Press.Google Scholar
Sartori, Anne E. 2005. Deterrence by Diplomacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Saunders, Elizabeth N. 2015. “War and the Inner Circle: Democratic Elites and the Politics of Using Force.” Security Studies 24(3):466501.Google Scholar
Schelling, Thomas C. 1960. The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Schelling, Thomas C. 1966. Arms and Influence. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Schmemann, Serge. 1983. “Gromyko News Conference: A ‘Virtuoso Performance.’” New York Times, April 4. www.nytimes.com/1983/04/04/world/gromyko-news-conference-a-virtuoso-performance.html (July 21, 2015).Google Scholar
Schultz, Kenneth A. 1998. “Domestic Opposition and Signaling in International Crises.” American Political Science Review 92(4):829844.Google Scholar
Schultz, Kenneth A. 1999. “Do Democratic Institutions Constrain or Inform? Contrasting Two Institutional Perspectives on Democracy and War.” International Organization 53(2):233266.Google Scholar
Schultz, Kenneth A. 2001. “Looking for Audience Costs.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 40(1):1640.Google Scholar
Schultz, Kenneth A. 2005. “The Politics of Risking Peace: Do Hawks or Doves Deliver the Olive Branch?International Organization 59(1):138.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Andrew H., and Ungar, Lyle H.. 2015. “Content Analysis of Social Media: A Systematic Overview of Automated Methods.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 659(1):7894.Google Scholar
Sciutto, Jim, Starr, Barbara, and Liptak, Kevin. 2016. “ISIS Fighters in Libya Surge as Group Suffers Setbacks in Syria, Iraq.” CNN, February 4. www.cnn.com/2016/02/04/politics/isis-fighters-libya-syria-iraq/ (April 26, 2016).Google Scholar
Sechser, Todd S. 2011. “Militarized Compellent Threats, 1918–2001.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 28(4):377410.Google Scholar
Shea, Patrick, Teo, Terence K., and Levy, Jack S.. 2014. “Opposition Politics and International Crises: A Formal Model.” International Studies Quarterly 58:741751.Google Scholar
Shore, Zachary. 2014. A Sense of the Enemy: The High-Stakes History of Reading your Rival’s Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Simmons, Beth A., and Hopkins, Daniel J.. 2005. “The Constraining Power of International Treaties: Theory and Method.” American Political Science Review 99(4):623631.Google Scholar
Singer, David J., Bremer, Stuart, and Stuckey, John. 1972. “Capability Distribution, Uncertainty, and Major Power War, 1820–1965.” In Peace, War, and Numbers, ed. Bruce Russett. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1948. Version 4.0 used directly, Version 3.0 used by EUGene for weighting Alliance Similarity.Google Scholar
Slantchev, Branislav L. 2003. “The Principle of Convergence in Wartime Negotiations.” American Political Science Review 97(3):621632.Google Scholar
Slantchev, Branislav L. 2006. “Politicians, the Media, and Domestic Audience Costs.” International Studies Quarterly 50:445477.Google Scholar
Slantchev, Branislav L. 2010. “Feigning Weakness.” International Organization 64:357388.Google Scholar
Smith, Alastair. 1996. “International Crises and Domestic Politics.” American Political Science Review 92(3):623638.Google Scholar
Smith, Ralph B. 1991. An International History of the Vietnam War, Volume III: The Making of a Limited War, 1965–1966. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Snyder, Jack, and Borghard, Erica. 2011. “The Cost of Empty Threats: A Penny, Not a Pound.” American Political Science Review 105(3):437456.Google Scholar
Stern, Sheldon M. 2005. The Week the World Stood Still: Inside the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Taubman, William. 2003. Khrushchev: The Man and His Era. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.Google Scholar
Thies, Wallace J. 1980. When Governments Collide: Coercion and Diplomacy in the Vietnam Conflict 1964–1968. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Thompson, William R. 2001. “Identifying Rivals and Rivalries in World Politics.” International Studies Quarterly 45(4):557586.Google Scholar
Thucydides. 400 B.C.E. [2006]. The History of the Peloponnesian War. Trans. Crawley, Richard and revised by Lateiner, Donald. New York: Barnes and Noble Classics.Google Scholar
Thyne, Clayton L. 2010. “Supporter of Stability or Agent of Agitation? The Effect of US Foreign Policy on Coups in Latin America, 1960–1999.” Journal of Peace Research 47(4):449461. Online appendix. www.uky.edu/~clthyn2/ (May 12, 2012).Google Scholar
Tomlinson, Rodney G. 1993. “World Event/Interaction Survey (WEIS) Coding Manual.” Manuscript, United States Naval Academy.Google Scholar
Tomz, Michael. 2007. “Domestic Audience Costs in International Relations: An Experimental Approach.” International Organization 61:821840.Google Scholar
Trachtenberg, Marc. 2012. “Audience Costs: An Historical Analysis.” Security Studies 21(1):342.Google Scholar
Trager, Robert F. 2010. “Diplomatic Calculus in Anarchy: How Communication Matters.” American Political Science Review 104(2):347368.Google Scholar
Trager, Robert F. 2013. “How the Scope of a Demand Conveys Resolve.” International Theory 5(3):414445.Google Scholar
Trager, Robert F. 2015. “Diplomatic Signaling among Multiple States.” Journal of Politics 77(3):635647.Google Scholar
Trager, Robert F., and Vavreck, Lynn. 2011. “The Political Costs of Crisis Bargaining: Presidential Rhetoric and the Role of Party.” American Journal of Political Science 55(3):526545.Google Scholar
Trump, Donald. 2016. “Transcript: Donald Trump Expounds on His Foreign Policy Views.” New York Times, March 26. www.nytimes.com/2016/03/27/us/politics/donald-trump-transcript.html (May 29, 2016).Google Scholar
US House of Representatives Office of the Clerk. 2014. “Party Divisions of the House of Representatives (1789 to Present).” http://artandhistory.house.gov/house_history/partyDiv.aspx (March 1, 2014).Google Scholar
US Senate Historical Office. 2014. “Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present.” www.senate.gov/pagelayout/history/one_item_and_teasers/partydiv.htm (March 1, 2014).Google Scholar
Voeten, Erik, and Merdzanovic, Adis. 2009. “United Nations General Assembly Voting Data.” http://thedata.harvard.edu/dvn/dv/Voeten/faces/study/StudyPage.xhtml?studyId=38311&versionNumber=1 (February 25, 2014).Google Scholar
Wagner, R. Harrison. 2000. “Bargaining and War.” American Journal of Political Science 44(3):469484.Google Scholar
Walt, Stephen. 2011. “WikiLeaks, April Glaspie, and Saddam Hussein.” Foreign Policy, January 9. http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/01/09/wikileaks-april-glaspie-and-saddam-hussein/ (May 14, 2016).Google Scholar
Waltz, Kenneth N. 1979. Theory of International Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Washington Post Editorial Board. 2013. “Iran Heeds Israel’s Warning of Uranium ‘Red Line.’” April 8. http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013–04-08/opinions/38371492_1_uranium-red-line-iran-s (June 2, 2013).Google Scholar
Weaver, Wrren Jr. 1972. “Democrats Gain 2 Seats And Have 57–43 Majority.” New York Times, November 9. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E02E7D7113DEF34BC4153DFB7678389669EDE (May 27, 2015).Google Scholar
Weeks, Jessica L. 2008. “Autocratic Audience Costs: Regime Type and Signaling Resolve.” International Organization 62(1):3564.Google Scholar
Weeks, Jessica L. 2012. “Strongmen and Straw Men: Authoritarian Regimes and the Initiation of International Conflict.” American Political Science Review 106(2):326347.Google Scholar
Weeks, Jessica L. 2014. Dictators at War and Peace. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Weisbrot, Robert. 2001. Maximum Danger: Kennedy, the Missiles, and the Crisis of American Confidence. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee.Google Scholar
Weisiger, Alex, and Yarhi-Milo, Keren. 2015. “Revisiting Reputation: How Past Actions Matter in International Politics.” International Organization 69(2):473495.Google Scholar
Williams, Richard. 2006. “Generalized Ordered Logit/Partial Proportional Odds Models for Ordinal Dependent Variables.” Stata Journal 6(1):5882.Google Scholar
Wilson, James Graham. 2014. The Triumph of Improvisation: Gorbachev’s Adaptability, Reagan’s Engagement, and the End of the Cold War. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Wittner, Lawrence S. 2010. “The Nuclear Freeze and Its Impact.” Arms Control Association, December 5. www.armscontrol.org/act/2010_12/LookingBack (April 11, 2015).Google Scholar
Wood, B. Dan. 2012. Presidential Saber Rattling: Causes and Consequences. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wolford, Scott. 2012. “Incumbents, Successors, and Crisis Bargaining: Leadership Turnover as a Commitment Problem.” Journal of Peace Research 49(4):517530.Google Scholar
Woodward, Bob. 2004. Plan of Attack. New York: Simon and SchusterGoogle Scholar
Zagare, Frank C., and Kilgour, D. Marc. 2000. Perfect Deterrence. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zaitchik, Alexander. 2013. “Inescapable, Apocalyptic Dread: The Terrifying Nuclear Autumn of 1983.” Salon, September 29. www.salon.com/2013/09/29/inescapable_apocalyptic_dread_the_terrifying_nuclear_autumn_of_1983/ (April 11, 2015).Google Scholar
Zakaria, Fareed. 2012. “The Folly of a ‘Red Line.’” Washington Post, September 14, A19.Google Scholar
Zelizer, Julian. 2007. “How Congress Helped End the Vietnam War.” The American Prospect, February 6. http://prospect.org/article/how-congress-helped-end-vietnam-war (November 29, 2013).Google Scholar
Zubok, Vladislav M. 2007. A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Roseanne W. McManus
  • Book: Statements of Resolve
  • Online publication: 21 July 2017
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316756263.014
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Roseanne W. McManus
  • Book: Statements of Resolve
  • Online publication: 21 July 2017
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316756263.014
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Roseanne W. McManus
  • Book: Statements of Resolve
  • Online publication: 21 July 2017
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316756263.014
Available formats
×