Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-2pzkn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-02T02:24:09.795Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 47 - Microscopic Polyangiitis and Polyarteritis Nodosa

from Section 6 - Systemic Disorders That Also Involve the Cerebrovascular System

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 June 2018

By
Pamela N. Correia  and
Patrik Michel
Edited by
Louis Caplan  and
José Biller
Louis Caplan
Affiliation:
Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center, Boston
José Biller
Affiliation:
Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Chicago
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Uncommon Causes of Stroke , pp. 359 - 377
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adu, D., Howie, A. J., Scott, D. G., et al. 1987. Polyarteritis and the kidney. Q J Med 62, 221–37.Google ScholarPubMed
Agard, C., Mouthon, L., Mahr, A., Guillevin, L. 2003. Microscopic polyangiitis and polyarteritis nodosa: How and when do they start? Arthritis Rheum 49, 709–15.Google Scholar
Albert, D. A., Rimon, D., Silverstein, M. D. 1988. The diagnosis of polyarteritis nodosa. I. A literature-based decision analysis approach. Arthritis Rheum 31, 1117–27.Google Scholar
Ara, J., Mirapeix, E., Rodriguez, R., Saurina, A., Darnell, A. 1999. Relationship between ANCA and disease activity in small vessel vasculitis patients with anti-MPO ANCA. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14, 1667–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baggenstoss, A. H., Shick, R. M., Polley, H. F. 1951. The effect of cortisone on the lesions of periarteritis nodosa. Am J Pathol 27, 537.Google Scholar
Balow, J. E. 1985. Renal vasculitis. Kidney Int 27, 954–64.Google Scholar
Bansal, P. J., Tobin, M. C. 2004. Neonatal microscopic polyangiitis secondary to transfer of maternal myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody resulting in neonatal pulmonary hemorrhage and renal involvement. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 93, 398–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, L., Bomback, A. S., Choi, M. J., et al. 2013. KDOQI US commentary on the 2012 KDIGO clinical practice guideline for glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 62, 403–41.Google Scholar
Begier, E. M., Langford, C. A., Sneller, M. C., Wise, R. P., Ball, R. 2004. Polyarteritis nodosa reports to the vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS): Implications for assessment of suspected vaccine-provoked vasculitis. J Rheumatol, 31, 2181–8.Google Scholar
Bendo, E., Gilbert, M., Chavis, P., Mistr, S. 2009. Sherlock Holmes in the ER (the case of red and the head). Surv Ophthalmol 54, 128–34.Google Scholar
Bonsib, S. M. 2001. Polyarteritis nodosa. Semin Diagn Pathol 18, 14–23.Google Scholar
Bourgarit, A., Le Toumelin, P., Pagnoux, C., et al. 2005. Deaths occurring during the first year after treatment onset for polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, and Churg–Strauss syndrome: A retrospective analysis of causes and factors predictive of mortality based on 595 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 84, 323–30.Google Scholar
Bouvard, B., Lavigne, C., Marc, G., et al. 2007. Two consecutive episodes of intracerebral hemorrhage as the presenting feature of polyarteritis nodosa. Rev Med Interne 28, 651–4.Google Scholar
Brown, M. M., Swash, M. 1989. Polyarteritis nodosa and other systemic vasculitides. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 11, 353–67.Google Scholar
Caldeira, T., Meireles, C., Cunha, F., et al. 2007. Systemic polyarteritis nodosa associated with acute Epstein–Barr virus infection. Clin Rheumatol 26, 1733–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carpenter, M. T., West, S. G. 1994. Polyarteritis nodosa in hairy cell leukemia: Treatment with interferon-alpha. J Rheumatol 21, 1150–2.Google Scholar
Chanseaud, Y., García de la Peña-Lefebvre, P., Guilpain, P., et al. 2003. IgM and IgG autoantibodies from microscopic polyangiitis patients but not those with other small- and medium-sized vessel vasculitides recognize multiple endothelial cell antigens. Clin Immunol 109, 165–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, N. C., Lai, P. H., Fang, H. C., Chou, K. J., Chen, C. L. 2012. Microscopic polyangiitis with an initial presentation of pontine infarction. Am J Med Sci 344, 163–5.Google Scholar
Chetty, R. 2001. Vasculitides associated with HIV infection. J Clin Pathol 54, 275–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chin, R. L., Latov, N. 2005. Central nervous system manifestations of rheumatologic diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol 17, 91–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Cohen, R. D., Conn, D. L., Ilstrup, D. M. 1980. Clinical features, prognosis, and response to treatment in polyarteritis. Mayo Clin Proc 55, 146–55.Google ScholarPubMed
Coll-Vinent, B., Grau, J. M., López-Soto, A., et al. 1997. Circulating soluble adhesion molecules in patients with classical polyarteritis nodosa. Br J Rheumatol 36, 1178–83.Google Scholar
Colmegna, I., Maldonado-Cocco, J. A. 2005. Polyarteritis nodosa revisited. Curr Rheumatol Rep 7, 288–96.Google Scholar
Conn, D. L. 1990. Polyarteritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 16, 341–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daoud, M. S., Gibson, L. E., DeRemee, R. A., et al. 1994. Cutaneous Wegener’s granulomatosis: Clinical, histopathologic, and immunopathologic features of thirty patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 31, 605–12.Google Scholar
Das, C. J., Pangtey, G. S. 2006. Images in clinical medicine. Arterial microaneurysms in polyarteritis nodosa. N Engl J Med 355, 2574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deshpande, P. V., Gilbert, R., Alton, H., Milford, D. V. 2000. Microscopic polyarteritis with renal and cerebral involvement. Pediatr Nephrol 15, 134–5.Google Scholar
Fauci, A. S., Doppman, J. L., Wolff, S. M. 1978. Cyclophosphamide-induced remissions in advanced polyarteritis nodosa. Am J Med 64, 890–4.Google Scholar
Fechner, F. P., Faquin, W. C., Pilch, B. Z. 2002. Wegener’s granulomatosis of the orbit: A clinicopathological study of 15 patients. Laryngoscope 112, 1945–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Filer, A. D., Gardner-Medwin, J. M., Thambyrajah, J., et al. 2003. Diffuse endothelial dysfunction is common to ANCA associated systemic vasculitis and polyarteritis nodosa. Ann Rheum Dis 62, 162–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ford, R. G., Siekert, R. G. 1965. Central nervous system manifestations of periarteritis nodosa. Neurology 15, 114–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freire, A. L., Bertolo, M. B., de Pinho, A. J., Samara, A. M., Fernandes, S. R. 2004. Increased serum levels of interleukin-8 in polyarteritis nodosa and Behçet’s disease. Clin Rheumatol 23, 203–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Frohnert, P. P., Sheps, S. G. 1967. Long-term follow-up study of periarteritis nodosa. Am J Med 43, 8–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gayraud, M., Guillevin, L., le Toumelin, P., et al. 2001. Long-term followup of polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, and Churg–Strauss syndrome: Analysis of four prospective trials including 278 patients. Arthritis Rheum 44, 666–75.3.0.CO;2-A>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gherardi, R., Belec, L., Mhiri, C., et al. 1993. The spectrum of vasculitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. A clinicopathologic evaluation. Arthritis Rheum 36, 1164–74.Google Scholar
Gocke, D. J., Hsu, K., Morgan, C., et al. 1970. Association between polyarteritis and Australia antigen. Lancet 2, 1149–53.Google Scholar
Gordon, M., Luqmani, R. A., Adu, D., et al. 1993. Relapses in patients with a systemic vasculitis. Q J Med 86, 779–89.Google Scholar
De Groot, K., Rasmussen, N., Bacon, P. A., et al. 2005. Randomized trial of cyclophosphamide versus methotrexate for induction of remission in early systemic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 52, 2461–9.Google Scholar
Guillevin, L. 1999. Treatment of classic polyarteritis nodosa in 1999. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14, 2077–9.Google Scholar
Guillevin, L. 2004. Virus-induced systemic vasculitides: New therapeutic approaches. Clin Dev Immunol 11, 227–31.Google Scholar
Guillevin, L., Cohen, P., Mahr, A., et al. 2003. Treatment of polyarteritis nodosa and microscopic polyangiitis with poor prognosis factors: A prospective trial comparing glucocorticoids and six or twelve cyclophosphamide pulses in sixty-five patients. Arthritis Rheum 49, 93–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guillevin, L., Lhote, F. 1998. Treatment of polyarteritis nodosa and microscopic polyangiitis. Arthritis Rheum 41, 2100–5.Google Scholar
Guillevin, L., Lhote, F., Cohen, P., et al. 1995. Corticosteroids plus pulse cyclophosphamide and plasma exchanges versus corticosteroids plus pulse cyclophosphamide alone in the treatment of polyarteritis nodosa and Churg–Strauss syndrome patients with factors predicting poor prognosis. A prospective, randomized trial in sixty-two patients. Arthritis Rheum 38, 1638–45.Google Scholar
Guillevin, L., Lhote, F., Amouroux, J., et al. 1996. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, abnormal angiograms and pathologic findings in polyarteritis nodosa and Churg–Strauss syndrome: Indications for the classification of vasculitides of the polyarteritis nodosa group. Br J Rheumatol 35, 958–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guillevin, L., Lhote, F., Gherardi, R. 1997. Polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, and Churg–Strauss syndrome: Clinical aspects, neurologic manifestations, and treatment. Neurol Clin 15, 865–86.Google Scholar
Guillevin, L., Lhote, F., Jarrousse, B., Fain, O. 1992. Treatment of polyarteritis nodosa and Churg–Strauss syndrome. A meta-analysis of 3 prospective controlled trials including 182 patients over 12 years. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 143, 405–16.Google Scholar
Guillevin, L., Mahr, A., Callard, P., et al. 2005. Hepatitis B virus-associated polyarteritis nodosa: Clinical characteristics, outcome, and impact of treatment in 115 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 84, 313–22.Google Scholar
Guillevin, L., Pagnoux, C., Karras, A., et al. 2014. Rituximab versus azathioprine for maintenance in ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 371, 1771–80.Google Scholar
Guillevin, L., Pagnoux, C., Seror, R., et al. 2011. The Five-Factor Score revisited: assessment of prognoses of systemic necrotizing vasculitides based on the French Vasculitis Study Group (FVSG) cohort. Medicine (Baltimore) 90, 19–27.Google Scholar
Gupta, V., Chinchure, S. D., Goe, G., et al. 2013. Coil embolization of intracranial aneurysm in polyarteritis nodosa. A case report and review of the literature. Interv Neuroradiol 19, 203–8.Google Scholar
Han, S., Rehman, H. U., Jayaratne, P. S., Carty, J. E. 2006. Microscopic polyangiitis complicated by cerebral haemorrhage. Rheumatol Int 26, 1057–60.Google Scholar
Harlé, J. R., Disdier, P., Ali Cherif, A., et al. 1991. Curable dementia and panarteritis nodosa. Rev Neurol (Paris) 147, 148–50.Google Scholar
Harper, S. L., Letko, E., Samson, C. M., et al. 2001. Wegener’s granulomatosis: The relationship between ocular and systemic disease. J Rheumatol 28, 1025–32.Google Scholar
Hasler, P., Kistler, H., Gerber, H. 1995. Vasculitides in hairy cell leukemia. Semin Arthritis Rheum 25, 134–42.Google Scholar
Haugeberg, G., Bie, R., Bendvold, A., Larsen, A. S., Johnsen, V. 1998. Primary vasculitis in a Norwegian community hospital: A retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol 17, 364–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hekali, P., Kajander, H., Pajari, R., Stenman, S., Somer, T. 1991. Diagnostic significance of angiographically observed visceral aneurysms with regard to polyarteritis nodosa. Acta Radiol 32, 143–8.Google Scholar
Hiemstra, T. F., Walsh, M., Mahr, A., et al. 2010. Mycophenolate mofetil vs azathioprine for remission maintenance in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 304, 2381–8.Google Scholar
Hirohata, S., Tanimoto, K., Ito, K. 1993. Elevation of cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 activity in patients with vasculitides and central nervous system involvement. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 66, 225–9.Google Scholar
Hogan, S. L., Falk, R. J., Chin, H., et al. 2005. Predictors of relapse and treatment resistance in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated small-vessel vasculitis. Ann Intern Med 143, 621–31.Google Scholar
Hogan, S. L., Nachman, P. H., Wilkman, A. S., Jennette, J. C., Falk, R. J. 1996. Prognostic markers in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated microscopic polyangiitis and glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 7, 23–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Honda, H., Hasegawa, T., Morokawa, N., Kato, N., Inoue, K. 1996. A case of MPO-ANCA related vasculitis with transient leukoencephalopathy and multiple cerebral hemorrhage. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 36, 1089–94.Google Scholar
Iaconetta, G., Benvenuti, D., Lamaida, E., et al. 1994. Cerebral hemorrhagic complication in polyarteritis nodosa. Case report and review of the literature. Acta Neurol (Napoli) 16, 64–9.Google Scholar
Ito, Y., Suzuki, K., Yamazaki, T., et al. 2006. ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) causing bilateral cerebral infarction and subsequent intracerebral hemorrhage without renal and respiratory dysfunction. J Neurol Sci 240, 99–101.Google Scholar
Jayne, D. 2009. The diagnosis of vasculitis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 23, 445–53.Google Scholar
Jayne, D., Rasmussen, N., Andrassy, K., et al. 2003. A randomized trial of maintenance therapy for vasculitis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. N Engl J Med 349, 36–44.Google Scholar
Jayne, D. R., Gaskin, G., Pusey, C. D., Lockwood, C. M. 1995. ANCA and predicting relapse in systemic vasculitis. QJM 88, 127–33.Google Scholar
Jayne, D. R., Gaskin, G., Rasmussen, N., et al. 2007. Randomized trial of plasma exchange or high-dosage methylprednisolone as adjunctive therapy for severe renal vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol 18, 2180–8.Google Scholar
Jennette, J. C., Falk, R. J. 1997. Small-vessel vasculitis. N Engl J Med 337, 1512–23.Google Scholar
Jennette, J. C., Falk, R. J., Andrassy, K., et al. 1994. Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an international consensus conference. Arthritis Rheum 37, 187–92.Google Scholar
Jennette, J. C., Falk, R. J., Bacon, P. A., et al. 2013. 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference nomenclature of vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum 65, 1–11.Google Scholar
Jennette, J. C., Thomas, D. B., Falk, R. J. 2001. Microscopic polyangiitis (microscopic polyarteritis). Semin Diagn Pathol 18, 3–13.Google Scholar
Jones, R. B., Tervaert, J. W., Hauser, T., et al. 2010. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide in ANCA-associated renal vasculitis. N Engl J Med 363, 211–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kallenberg, C. G. 2007. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated small-vessel vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 19, 17–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kallenberg, C. G., Heeringa, P., Stegeman, C. A. 2006. Mechanisms of disease: Pathogenesis and treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitides. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2, 661–70.Google Scholar
Kamimura, T., Hatakeyama, M., Torigoe, K., et al. 2005. Muscular polyarteritis nodosa as a cause of fever of undetermined origin: A case report and review of the literature. Rheumatol Int 25, 394–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, A. A. 2003. The use of apheresis in immune renal disorders. Ther Apher Dial 7, 165–72.Google Scholar
Kasantikul, V., Suwanwela, N., Pongsabutr, S. 1991. Magnetic resonance images of brain stem infarct in periarteritis nodosa. Surg Neurol 36, 133–6.Google Scholar
Kirkland, G. S., Savige, J., Wilson, D., et al. 1997. Classical polyarteritis nodosa and microscopic polyarteritis with medium vessel involvement: A comparison of the clinical and laboratory features. Clin Nephrol 47, 176–80.Google Scholar
Koppensteiner, R., Base, W., Bognar, H., et al. 1989. Course of cerebral lesions in a patient with periarteritis nodosa studied by magnetic resonance imaging. Klin Wochenschr 67, 398–401.Google Scholar
Kussmaul, A., Maier, R. 1866. Ueber eine bisher nicht beschriebene eigenthümliche Arterienerkrankung (Periarteritis nodosa), die mit Morbus Brightii und rapid fortschreitender allgemeiner Muskellähmung einhergeht. Dtsch Arch Klin Med 1, 484–518.Google Scholar
de la Fuente Fernandez, R., Graña Gil, J. 1994. Anticardiolipin antibodies and polyarteritis nodosa. Lupus 3, 523–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lane, S. E., Watts, R., Scott, D. G. 2005. Epidemiology of systemic vasculitis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 7, 270–5.Google Scholar
Laurino, S., Chaudhry, A., Booth, A., Conte, G., Jayne, D. 2010. Prospective study of TNFalpha blockade with adalimumab in ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis with renal involvement. Nephrol Dial Transplant 25, 3307–14.Google Scholar
Leib, E. S., Restivo, C., Paulus, H. E. 1979. Immunosuppressive and corticosteroid therapy of polyarteritis nodosa. Am J Med 67, 941–7.Google Scholar
Lhote, F., Cohen, P., Généreau, T., Gayraud, M., Guillevin, L. 1996. Microscopic polyangiitis: Clinical aspects and treatment. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 147, 165–77.Google Scholar
Lhote, F., Cohen, P., Guillevin, L. 1998. Polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis and Churg–Strauss syndrome. Lupus 7, 238–58.Google Scholar
Lhote, F., Guillevin, L. 1995. Polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, and Churg–Strauss syndrome. Clinical aspects and treatment. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 21, 911–47.Google Scholar
Lightfoot, R. W., Michel, B. A., Bloch, D. A., et al. 1990. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of polyarteritis nodosa. Arthritis Rheum 33, 1088–93.Google Scholar
Long, S. M., Dolin, P. 1994. Polyarteritis nodosa presenting as acute blindness. Ann Emerg Med 24, 523–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacLaren, K., Gillespie, J., Shrestha, S., Neary, D., Ballardie, F. W. 2005. Primary angiitis of the central nervous system: Emerging variants. QJM 98, 643–54.Google Scholar
Mahr, A., Guillevin, L., Poissonnet, M., Aymé, S. 2004. Prevalences of polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, Wegener’s granulomatosis, and Churg–Strauss syndrome in a French urban multiethnic population in 2000: A capture–recapture estimate. Arthritis Rheum 51, 92–9.Google Scholar
Mandell, B. F., Calabrese, L. H. 1998. Infections and systemic vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 10, 51–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marignier, R., Derex, L., Philippeau, F., et al. 2002. Anterior choroidal artery infarction revealing polyarteritis nodosa. Rev Neurol (Paris) 158, 221–4.Google Scholar
Mayo, J., Arias, M., Leno, C., Berciano, J. 1986. Vascular parkinsonism and periarteritis nodosa. Neurology 36, 874–5.Google Scholar
Moore, P. M. 1995. Neurologic manifestation of vasculitis: Update on immunopathogenic mechanisms and clinical features. Ann Neurol 37 Suppl 1, S131–41.Google Scholar
Moore, P. M., Cupps, T. R. 1983. Neurological complications of vasculitis. Ann Neurol 14, 155–67.Google Scholar
Moore, P. M., Fauci, A. S. 1981. Neurologic manifestations of systemic vasculitis. A retrospective and prospective study of the clinicopathologic features and responses to therapy in 25 patients. Am J Med 71, 517–24.Google Scholar
Mukhtyar, C., Guillevin, L., Cid, M. C., et al. 2009. EULAR recommendations for the management of primary small and medium vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 68, 310–7.Google Scholar
Nachman, P. H., Hogan, S. L., Jennette, J. C., Falk, R. J. 1996. Treatment response and relapse in antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated microscopic polyangiitis and glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 7, 33–9.Google Scholar
Navon Elkan, P., Pierce, S. B., Segel, R., et al. 2014. Mutant adenosine deaminase 2 in a polyarteritis nodosa vasculopathy. N Engl J Med 370, 921–31.Google Scholar
Niles, J. L., Böttinger, E. P., Saurina, G. R., et al. 1996. The syndrome of lung hemorrhage and nephritis is usually an ANCA-associated condition. Arch Intern Med 156, 440–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oran, I., Memis, A., Parildar, M., Yunten, N. 1999. Multiple intracranial aneurysms in polyarteritis nodosa: MRI and angiography. Neuroradiology 41, 436–9.Google Scholar
Ozkul, A., Tataroglu, C., Kiylioglu, N., Akyol, A., Tataroglu, C. 2011. Microscopic polyangiitis presenting with medullary infarct. J Neurol Sci 300, 173–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pagnoux, C., Cohen, P., Guillevin, L. 2006. Vasculitides secondary to infections. Clin Exp Rheumatol 24, S71–81.Google Scholar
Pagnoux, C., Mahr, A., Hamidou, M. A., et al. 2008. Azathioprine or methotrexate maintenance for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 359, 2790–803.Google Scholar
Pagnoux, C., Seror, R., Henegar, C., et al. 2010. Clinical features and outcomes in 348 patients with polyarteritis nodosa: A systematic retrospective study of patients diagnosed between 1963 and 2005 and entered into the French Vasculitis Study Group database. Arthritis Rheum 62, 616–26.Google Scholar
Pavone, L., Grasselli, C., Chierici, E., et al. 2006. Outcome and prognostic factors during the course of primary small-vessel vasculitides. J Rheumatol 33, 1299–306.Google Scholar
Ramos-Casals, M., Muñoz, S., Medina, F., et al. 2009. Systemic autoimmune diseases in patients with hepatitis C virus infection: Characterization of 1020 cases (The HISPAMEC Registry). J Rheumatol 36, 1442–8.Google Scholar
Reichart, M. D., Bogousslavsky, J., Janzer, R. C. 2000. Early lacunar strokes complicating polyarteritis nodosa: Thrombotic microangiopathy. Neurology 54, 883–9.Google Scholar
Reichart, M. D., Meuli, R., Bogousslavsky, J., 2008. Microscopic polyangiitis and polyarteritis nodosa. In Uncommon Causes of Stroke, 2nd edn, ed. Caplan, L. R.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 311–30.Google Scholar
Ribi, C., Cohen, P., Pagnoux, C., et al. 2010. Treatment of polyarteritis nodosa and microscopic polyangiitis without poor-prognosis factors: A prospective randomized study of one hundred twenty-four patients. Arthritis Rheum 62, 1186–97.Google Scholar
Rodgers, H., Guthrie, J. A., Brownjohn, A. M., Turney, J. H. 1989. Microscopic polyarteritis: Clinical features and treatment. Postgrad Med J 65, 515–8.Google Scholar
Rumboldt, Z., Kalousek, M., Castillo, M. 2003. Hyperacute subarachnoid hemorrhage on T2-weighted MR images. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24, 472–5.Google Scholar
Sack, M., Cassidy, J. T., Bole, G. G. 1975. Prognostic factors in polyarteritis. J Rheumatol 2, 411–20.Google Scholar
Sasaki, A., Hirato, J., Nakazato, Y., Tanaka, T., Takeuchi, H. 1998. An autopsy case of P-ANCA-positive microscopic polyangiitis with multiple cerebral hemorrhagic infarction. No To Shinkei 50, 56–60.Google Scholar
Savage, C. O., Winearls, C. G., Evans, D. J., Rees, A. J., Lockwood, C. M. 1985. Microscopic polyarteritis: Presentation, pathology and prognosis. Q J Med 56, 467–83.Google Scholar
Savige, J., Gillis, D., Benson, E., et al. 1999. International Group for Consensus Statement on Testing and Reporting of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA). Am J Clin Pathol 111, 507–51.Google Scholar
Segelmark, M., Selga, D. 2007. The challenge of managing patients with polyarteritis nodosa. Curr Opin Rheumatol 19, 33–8.Google Scholar
Specks, U. 2015. Accurate relapse prediction in ANCA-associated vasculitis: The search for the Holy Grail. J Am Soc Nephrol: JASN 26, 505–7.Google Scholar
Squire, I. B., Grosset, D. G., Lees, K. R. 1993. Immunosuppressive treatment in stroke and renal failure. Ann Rheumat Dis 52, 165.Google Scholar
Stahl, H., Mihatsch, M. J., Orantes, M., Lehmann, F. 1995. Pneumonia, biclonal gammopathy, paralysis of the fibular nerve and cerebrovascular insult. Praxis (Bern 1994) 84, 1071–8.Google Scholar
Stanson, A. W., Friese, J. L., Johnson, C. M., et al. 2001. Polyarteritis nodosa: Spectrum of angiographic findings. Radiographics 21, 151–9.Google Scholar
Stegeman, C. A. 2002. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) levels directed against proteinase-3 and myeloperoxidase are helpful in predicting disease relapse in ANCA-associated small-vessel vasculitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17, 2077–80.Google Scholar
Stone, J. H. 2002. Polyarteritis nodosa. JAMA 288, 1632–9.Google Scholar
Stone, J. H., Hoffman, G. S., Merkel, P. A., et al. 2001. A disease-specific activity index for Wegener’s granulomatosis: Modification of the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score. International Network for the Study of the Systemic Vasculitides (INSSYS). Arthritis Rheum 44, 912–20.Google Scholar
Stone, J. H., Merkel, P. A., Spiera, R., et al. 2010. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 363, 221–32.Google Scholar
Tang, C. W., Wang, P. N., Lin, K. P., et al. 2009. Microscopic polyangiitis presenting with capsular warning syndrome and subsequent stroke. J Neurol Sci 277, 174–5.Google Scholar
Tervaert, J. W., Kallenberg, C. 1993. Neurologic manifestations of systemic vasculitides. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 19, 913–40.Google Scholar
Trepo, C., Guillevin, L. 2001. Polyarteritis nodosa and extrahepatic manifestations of HBV infection: The case against autoimmune intervention in pathogenesis. J Autoimmun 16, 269–74.Google Scholar
Trepo, C., Thivolet, J. 1970. Hepatitis associated antigen and periarteritis nodosa (PAN). Vox Sang 19, 410–1.Google Scholar
Walton, E. W. 1958. Giant-cell granuloma of the respiratory tract (Wegener’s granulomatosis). Br Med J 2, 265.Google Scholar
Watts, R. A., Lane, S. E., Bentham, G., Scott, D. G. 2000. Epidemiology of systemic vasculitis: A ten-year study in the United Kingdom. Arthritis Rheum 43, 414–9.Google Scholar
Watts, R. A., Gonzalez-Gay, M. A., Lane, S. E., et al. 2001. Geoepidemiology of systemic vasculitis: Comparison of the incidence in two regions of Europe. Ann Rheum Dis 60, 170–2.Google Scholar
Watts, R. A., Suppiah, R., Merkel, P. A., Luqmani, R. 2011. Systemic vasculitis: is it time to reclassify? Rheumatology 50, 643–5.Google Scholar
Weidner, S., Geuss, S., Hafezi-Rachti, S., Wonka, A., Rupprecht, H. D. 2004. ANCA-associated vasculitis with renal involvement: An outcome analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19, 1403–11.Google Scholar
Westman, K. W., Bygren, P. G., Olsson, H., Ranstam, J., Wieslander, J. 1998. Relapse rate, renal survival, and cancer morbidity in patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis or microscopic polyangiitis with renal involvement. J Am Soc Nephrol 9, 842–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westman, K. W., Selga, D., Isberg, P. E., Bladström, A., Olsson, H. 2003. High proteinase 3–anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) level measured by the capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method is associated with decreased patient survival in ANCA-associated vasculitis with renal involvement. J Am Soc Nephrol 14, 2926–33.Google Scholar
Wildhagen, K., Stoppe, G., Meyer, G. J., et al. 1989. Imaging diagnosis of central nervous system involvement in panarteritis nodosa. Z Rheumatol 48, 323–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Younger, D. S. 2004. Vasculitis of the nervous system. Curr Opin Neurol 17, 317–36.Google Scholar
Zhou, Q., Yang, D., Ombrello, A. K., et al. 2014. Early-onset stroke and vasculopathy associated with mutations in ADA2. N Engl J Med 370, 911–20.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×