Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-7drxs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-16T17:40:54.776Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 3 - Imaging Biomarkers of Acquired Epilepsies

from Part I - Imaging the Development and Early Phase of the Disease

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 January 2019

By
Marian Galovic  and
Matthias Koepp
Edited by
Andrea Bernasconi ,
Neda Bernasconi  and
Matthias Koepp
Andrea Bernasconi
Affiliation:
Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University
Neda Bernasconi
Affiliation:
Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University
Matthias Koepp
Affiliation:
Institute of Neurology, University College London
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Imaging Biomarkers in Epilepsy , pp. 18 - 30
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Forsgren, L. Prospective incidence study and clinical characterization of seizures in newly referred adults. Epilepsia. 1990;31:292–301.Google Scholar
Hauser, WA, Annegers, JF, Rocca, WA. Descriptive epidemiology of epilepsy: contributions of population-based studies from Rochester, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996;71:576–86. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)64115–3.Google Scholar
Beghi, E, Carpio, A, Forsgren, L, et al. Recommendation for a definition of acute symptomatic seizure. Epilepsia. 2010;51:671–5. doi:10.1111/j.1528–1167.2009.02285.x.Google Scholar
Hesdorffer, DC, Benn, EKT, Cascino, GD, Hauser, WA. Is a first acute symptomatic seizure epilepsy? Mortality and risk for recurrent seizure. Epilepsia. 2009;50:1102–8. doi:10.1111/j.1528–1167.2008.01945.x.Google Scholar
Haltiner, AM, Temkin, NR, Dikmen, SS. Risk of seizure recurrence after the first late posttraumatic seizure. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78:835–40.Google Scholar
So, EL, Annegers, JF, Hauser, WA, O’Brien, PC, Whisnant, JP. Population-based study of seizure disorders after cerebral infarction. Neurology. 1996;46:350–5.Google Scholar
Hart, YM, Sander, JW, Johnson, AL, Shorvon, SD. National General Practice Study of Epilepsy: recurrence after a first seizure. Lancet. 1990;336:1271–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Annegers, JF, Shirts, SB, Hauser, WA, Kurland, LT. Risk of recurrence after an initial unprovoked seizure. Epilepsia. 1986;27:43–50.Google Scholar
Fisher, RS, Acevedo, C, Arzimanoglou, A, et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014;55:475–82. doi:10.1111/epi.12550.Google Scholar
Temkin, NR. Antiepileptogenesis and seizure prevention trials with antiepileptic drugs: meta-analysis of controlled trials. Epilepsia. 2001;42:515–24.Google Scholar
Lühdorf, K, Jensen, LK, Plesner, AM. Etiology of seizures in the elderly. Epilepsia. 1986;27:458–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Camilo, O, Goldstein, LB. Seizures and epilepsy after ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2004;35:1769–75. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000130989.17100.96.Google Scholar
Hsu, C-J, Weng, W-C, Peng, SS-F, Lee, W-T. Early-onset seizures are correlated with late-onset seizures in children with arterial ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2014;45:1161–3. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.004015.Google Scholar
Chen, T-C, Chen, Y-Y, Cheng, P-Y, Lai, C-H. The incidence rate of post-stroke epilepsy: a 5-year follow-up study in Taiwan. Epilepsy Res. 2012;102:188–94. doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.06.003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beghi, E, D’Alessandro, R, Beretta, S, et al. Incidence and predictors of acute symptomatic seizures after stroke. Neurology. 2011;77:1785–93. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182364878.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benbir, G, Ince, B, Bozluolcay, M. The epidemiology of post-stroke epilepsy according to stroke subtypes. Acta Neurol Scand. 2006;114:8–12. doi:10.1111/j.1600–0404.2006.00642.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bladin, CF, Alexandrov, AV, Bellavance, A, et al. Seizures after stroke: a prospective multicenter study. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:1617–22. doi:10–1001/pubs.Arch Neurol.-ISSN-0003–9942-57–11-noc90169.Google Scholar
Lamy, C, Domigo, V, Semah, F, et al. Early and late seizures after cryptogenic ischemic stroke in young adults. Neurology. 2003;60:400–4. doi:10.1212/WNL.60.3.400.Google Scholar
Zhang, C, Wang, X, Wang, Y, et al. Risk factors for post-stroke seizures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Res. 2014;108:1806–16. doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.030.Google Scholar
Leone, MA, Tonini, MC, Bogliun, G, et al. Risk factors for a first epileptic seizure after stroke: a case control study. J Neurol Sci. 2009;277:138–42. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2008.11.004.Google Scholar
Rossi, C, De Herdt, V, Dequatre-Ponchelle, N, Hénon, H, Leys, D, Cordonnier, C. Incidence and predictors of late seizures in intracerebral hemorrhages. Stroke. 2013;44:1723–5. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000232.Google Scholar
Giroud, M, Gras, P, Fayolle, H, André, N, Soichot, P, Dumas, R. Early seizures after acute stroke: a study of 1,640 cases. Epilepsia. 1994;35:959–64.Google Scholar
Burn, J, Dennis, M, Bamford, J, Sandercock, P, Wade, D, Warlow, C. Epileptic seizures after a first stroke: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. BMJ. 1997;315:1582–7.Google Scholar
Avrahami, E, Drory, VE, Rabey, MJ, Cohn, DF. Generalized epileptic seizures as the presenting symptom of lacunar infarction in the brain. J Neurol. 1988;235:472–4.Google Scholar
Bentes, C, Pimentel, J, Ferro, JM. Epileptic seizures following subcortical infarcts. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;12:331–4.Google Scholar
Kilpatrick, CJ, Davis, SM, Tress, BM, Rossiter, SC, Hopper, JL, Vandendriesen, ML. Epileptic seizures in acute stroke. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:157–60.Google Scholar
De Reuck, J, Nagy, E, Van Maele, G. Seizures and epilepsy in patients with lacunar strokes. J Neurol Sci. 2007;263:75–8. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2007.06.004.Google Scholar
Lo, YK, Yiu, CH, Hu, HH, Su, MS, Laeuchli, SC. Frequency and characteristics of early seizures in Chinese acute stroke. Acta Neurol Scand. 1994;90:83–5.Google Scholar
Okuda, S, Takano, S, Ueno, M, Hamaguchi, H, Kanda, F. Clinical features of late-onset poststroke seizures. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;21:583–6. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2011.01.006.Google Scholar
De Reuck, J, Claeys, I, Martens, S, et al. Computed tomographic changes of the brain and clinical outcome of patients with seizures and epilepsy after an ischaemic hemispheric stroke. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13:402–7. doi:10.1111/j.1468–1331.2006.01253.x.Google Scholar
Arboix, A, Comes, E, Massons, J, García, L, Oliveres, M. Relevance of early seizures for in-hospital mortality in acute cerebrovascular disease. Neurology. 1996;47:1429–35.Google Scholar
Heuts-van Raak, L, Lodder, J, Kessels, F. Late seizures following a first symptomatic brain infarct are related to large infarcts involving the posterior area around the lateral sulcus. Seizure. 1996;5:185–94.Google Scholar
Szaflarski, JP, Rackley, AY, Kleindorfer, DO, et al. Incidence of seizures in the acute phase of stroke: a population-based study. Epilepsia. 2008;49:974–81. doi:10.1111/j.1528–1167.2007.01513.x.Google Scholar
Wagner, F, Erdelyi, B, Siebel, P, Weber, J, Tettenborn, B, Felbecker, A. Post-stroke epilepsy: Does stroke volume matter? Eur J Neurol. 2011;18(suppl 2):20–65.Google Scholar
De Reuck, J, Decoo, D, Algoed, L, et al. Epileptic Seizures after Thromboembolic Cerebral Infarcts: A Positron Emission Tomographic Study. Cerebrovasc Dis. 1995;5:328–33. doi:10.1159/000107877.Google Scholar
Reuck J, De, Algoed, L, Decoo, D, et al. Positron emission tomographic study of postinfarction seizures. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 1994;4:262–6. doi:10.1016/S1052-3057(10)80104–1.Google Scholar
De Reuck, J, Vonck, K, Santens, P, et al. Cobalt-55 positron emission tomography in late-onset epileptic seizures after thrombo-embolic middle cerebral artery infarction. J Neurol Sci. 2000;181:13–8.Google Scholar
Labovitz, DL, Hauser, WA, Sacco, RL. Prevalence and predictors of early seizure and status epilepticus after first stroke. Neurology. 2001;57:200–6. doi:10.1212/WNL.57.2.200.Google Scholar
So, EL, Annegers, JF, Hauser, WA, O’Brien, PC, Whisnant, JP. Population-based study of seizure disorders after cerebral infarction. Neurology. 1996;46:350–5. doi:10.1212/WNL.46.2.350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Misirli, H, Özge, A, Somay, G, Erdogan, N, Erkal, H, Erenoglu, NY. Seizure development after stroke. Int J Clin Pract. 2006;60:1536–41. doi:10.1111/j.1742–1241.2005.00782.x.Google Scholar
Winkler, DT, Fluri, F, Fuhr, P, et al. Thrombolysis in stroke mimics: frequency, clinical characteristics, and outcome. Stroke. 2009;40:1522–5. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.530352.Google Scholar
Masterson, K, Vargas, MI, Delavelle, J. Postictal deficit mimicking stroke: role of perfusion CT. J Neuroradiol. 2009;36:48–51. doi:10.1016/j.neurad.2008.08.006.Google Scholar
Gelfand, JM, Wintermark, M, Josephson, SA. Cerebral perfusion-CT patterns following seizure. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:594–601. doi:10.1111/j.1468–1331.2009.02869.x.Google Scholar
Salmenpera, TM, Symms, MR, Boulby, PA, Barker, GJ, Duncan, JS. Postictal diffusion weighted imaging. Epilepsy Res. 2006;70:133–43. doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2006.03.010.Google Scholar
Miyaji, Y, Yokoyama, M, Kawabata, Y, et al. Arterial spin-labeling magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis of late seizure after stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2014;339:87–90. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2014.01.026.Google Scholar
Chalela, JA, Alsop, DC, Gonzalez-Atavales, JB, Maldjian, JA, Kasner, SE, Detre, JA. Magnetic resonance perfusion imaging in acute ischemic stroke using continuous arterial spin labeling. Stroke. 2000;31:680–7.Google Scholar
Hauser, WA, Annegers, JF, Kurland, LT. Incidence of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures in Rochester, Minnesota: 1935–1984. Epilepsia. 1993;34:453–8. doi:10.1111/j.1528–1157.1993.tb02586.x.Google Scholar
Sander, JW, Hart, YM, Johnson, AL, Shorvon, SD. National General Practice Study of Epilepsy: newly diagnosed epileptic seizures in a general population. Lancet. 1990;336:1267–71.Google Scholar
King, MA, Newton, MR, Jackson, GD, et al. Epileptology of the first-seizure presentation: a clinical, electroencephalographic, and magnetic resonance imaging study of 300 consecutive patients. Lancet. 1998;352:1007–11. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)03543–0.Google Scholar
Chadwick, D. Seizures and epilepsy after traumatic brain injury. Lancet. 2000;355:334–6. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)00452–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Annegers, JF, Hauser, WA, Coan, SP, Rocca, WA. A population-based study of seizures after traumatic brain injuries. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:20–4. doi:10.1056/NEJM199801013380104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salazar, AM, Jabbari, B, Vance, SC, Grafman, J, Amin, D, Dillon, JD. Epilepsy after penetrating head injury. I. Clinical correlates: a report of the Vietnam Head Injury Study. Neurology. 1985;35:1406–14.Google Scholar
Christensen, J, Pedersen, MG, Pedersen, CB, Sidenius, P, Olsen, J, Vestergaard, M. Long-term risk of epilepsy after traumatic brain injury in children and young adults: a population-based cohort study. Lancet. 2009;373:1105–10. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60214–2.Google Scholar
Vespa, PM, McArthur, DL, Xu, Y, et al. Nonconvulsive seizures after traumatic brain injury are associated with hippocampal atrophy. Neurology. 2010;75:792–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f07334.Google Scholar
D’Alessandro, R, Tinuper, P, Ferrara, R, et al. CT scan prediction of late post-traumatic epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1982;45:1153–5.Google Scholar
De Santis, A, Sganzerla, E, Spagnoli, D, Bello, L, Tiberio, F. Risk factors for late posttraumatic epilepsy. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1992;55:64–7.Google Scholar
Pohlmann-Eden, B, Bruckmeir, J. Predictors and dynamics of posttraumatic epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand. 1997;95:257–62.Google Scholar
Englander, J, Bushnik, T, Duong, TT, et al. Analyzing risk factors for late posttraumatic seizures: a prospective, multicenter investigation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84:365–73. doi:10.1053/apmr.2003.50022.Google Scholar
Temkin, NR. Risk factors for posttraumatic seizures in adults. Epilepsia. 2003;44(suppl 10):18–20.Google Scholar
Mazzini, L, Cossa, FM, Angelino, E, Campini, R, Pastore, I, Monaco, F. Posttraumatic epilepsy: neuroradiologic and neuropsychological assessment of long-term outcome. Epilepsia. 2003;44:569–74.Google Scholar
Kumar, R, Gupta, RK, Husain, M, et al. Magnetization transfer MR imaging in patients with posttraumatic epilepsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24:218–24.Google Scholar
Messori, A, Polonara, G, Carle, F, Gesuita, R, Salvolini, U. Predicting posttraumatic epilepsy with MRI: prospective longitudinal morphologic study in adults. Epilepsia. 2005;46:1472–81. doi:10.1111/j.1528–1167.2005.34004.x.Google Scholar
Willmore, LJ, Sypert, GW, Munson, JB. Recurrent seizures induced by cortical iron injection: a model of posttraumatic epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 1978;4:329–36. doi:10.1002/ana.410040408.Google Scholar
Angeleri, F, Majkowski, J, Cacchiò, G, et al. Posttraumatic epilepsy risk factors: one-year prospective study after head injury. Epilepsia. 1999;40:1222–30.Google Scholar
Asikainen, I, Kaste, M, Sarna, S. Early and late posttraumatic seizures in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation patients: brain injury factors causing late seizures and influence of seizures on long-term outcome. Epilepsia. 1999;40:584–9.Google Scholar
Diaz-Arrastia, R, Agostini, MA, Frol, AB, et al. Neurophysiologic and neuroradiologic features of intractable epilepsy after traumatic brain injury in adults. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:1611–6.Google Scholar
Shlosberg, D, Benifla, M, Kaufer, D, Friedman, A. Blood-brain barrier breakdown as a therapeutic target in traumatic brain injury. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010;6:393–403. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.74.Google Scholar
Ivens, S, Kaufer, D, Flores, LP, et al. TGF-beta receptor-mediated albumin uptake into astrocytes is involved in neocortical epileptogenesis. Brain. 2007;130:535–47. doi:10.1093/brain/awl317.Google Scholar
Seiffert, E, Dreier, JP, Ivens, S, et al. Lasting blood-brain barrier disruption induces epileptic focus in the rat somatosensory cortex. J Neurosci. 2004;24:7829–36. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1751–04.2004.Google Scholar
Prager, O, Chassidim, Y, Klein, C, Levi, H, Shelef, I, Friedman, A. Dynamic in vivo imaging of cerebral blood flow and blood-brain barrier permeability. NeuroImage. 2010;49:337–44. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.08.009.Google Scholar
Tomkins, O, Kaufer, D, Korn, A, et al. Frequent blood-brain barrier disruption in the human cerebral cortex. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2001;21:675–91. doi:10.1023/A:1015147920283.Google Scholar
Tomkins, O, Shelef, I, Kaizerman, I, et al. Blood-brain barrier disruption in post-traumatic epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 2008;79:774–7. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.126425.Google Scholar
Tomkins, O, Feintuch, A, Benifla, M, Cohen, A, Friedman, A, Shelef, I. Blood-brain barrier breakdown following traumatic brain injury: a possible role in posttraumatic epilepsy. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol. 2011;2011:765923. doi:10.1155/2011/765923.Google Scholar
Lynam, LM, Lyons, MK, Drazkowski, JF, et al. Frequency of seizures in patients with newly diagnosed brain tumors: a retrospective review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2007;109:634–8. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2007.05.017.Google Scholar
Herman, ST. Epilepsy after brain insult: targeting epileptogenesis. Neurology. 2002;59:S21–6. doi:10.1212/WNL.59.9_suppl_5.S21.Google Scholar
Klein, M, Engelberts, NHJ, van der Ploeg, HM, et al. Epilepsy in low-grade gliomas: the impact on cognitive function and quality of life. Ann Neurol. 2003;54:514–20. doi:10.1002/ana.10712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sperling, MR, Ko, J. Seizures and brain tumors. Semin Oncol. 2006;33:333–41. doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2006.03.009.Google Scholar
van Breemen, MSM, Wilms, EB, Vecht, CJ. Epilepsy in patients with brain tumours: epidemiology, mechanisms, and management. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:421–30. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70103–5.Google Scholar
Lote, K, Stenwig, AE, Skullerud, K, Hirschberg, H. Prevalence and prognostic significance of epilepsy in patients with gliomas. Eur J Cancer. 1998;34:98–102.Google Scholar
Liigant, A, Haldre, S, Oun, A, et al. Seizure disorders in patients with brain tumors. Eur Neurol. 2001;45:46–51.Google Scholar
Hildebrand, J, Lecaille, C, Perennes, J, Delattre, J-Y. Epileptic seizures during follow-up of patients treated for primary brain tumors. Neurology. 2005;65:212–5. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000168903.09277.8 f.Google Scholar
Whittle, IR, Beaumont, A. Seizures in patients with supratentorial oligodendroglial tumours. Clinicopathological features and management considerations. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1995;135:19–24.Google Scholar
Moots, PL, Maciunas, RJ, Eisert, DR, Parker, RA, Laporte, K, Abou-Khalil, B. The course of seizure disorders in patients with malignant gliomas. Arch Neurol. 1995;52:717–24.Google Scholar
Roelcke, U, Boxheimer, L, Fathi, AR, et al. Cortical hemosiderin is associated with seizures in patients with newly diagnosed malignant brain tumors. J Neurooncol. 2013;115:463–8. doi:10.1007/s11060-013–1247-7.Google Scholar
Chugani, DC, Chugani, HT, Muzik, O, et al. Imaging epileptogenic tubers in children with tuberous sclerosis complex using alpha-[11C]methyl-L-tryptophan positron emission tomography. Ann Neurol. 1998;44:858–66. doi:10.1002/ana.410440603.Google Scholar
Asano, E, Chugani, DC, Muzik, O, et al. Multimodality imaging for improved detection of epileptogenic foci in tuberous sclerosis complex. Neurology. 2000;54:1976–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kagawa, K, Chugani, DC, Asano, E, et al. Epilepsy surgery outcome in children with tuberous sclerosis complex evaluated with alpha-[11C]methyl-L-tryptophan positron emission tomography (PET). J Child Neurol. 2005;20:429–38.Google Scholar
Juhász, C, Chugani, DC, Muzik, O, et al. Alpha-methyl-L-tryptophan PET detects epileptogenic cortex in children with intractable epilepsy. Neurology. 2003;60:960–8.Google Scholar
Jacobs, J, Rohr, A, Moeller, F, et al. Evaluation of epileptogenic networks in children with tuberous sclerosis complex using EEG-fMRI. Epilepsia. 2008;49:816–25. doi:10.1111/j.1528–1167.2007.01486.x.Google Scholar
Koch, M, Uyttenboogaart, M, Polman, S, De Keyser, J. Seizures in multiple sclerosis. Epilepsia. 2008;49:948–53. doi:10.1111/j.1528–1167.2008.01565.x.Google Scholar
Marrie, RA, Reider, N, Cohen, J, et al. A systematic review of the incidence and prevalence of sleep disorders and seizure disorders in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2015;21:342–9. doi:10.1177/1352458514564486.Google Scholar
Durmus, H, Kurtuncu, M, Tuzun, E, et al. Comparative clinical characteristics of early- and adult-onset multiple sclerosis patients with seizures. Acta Neurol Belg. 2013;113:421–6. doi:10.1007/s13760-013–0210-x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Catenoix, H, Marignier, R, Ritleng, C, et al. Multiple sclerosis and epileptic seizures. Mult Scler. 2011;17:96–102. doi:10.1177/1352458510382246.Google Scholar
van Munster, CEP. Gray matter damage in multiple sclerosis: Impact on clinical symptoms. Neuroscience. 2015;303:446–61. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.006.Google Scholar
Calabrese, M, Filippi, M, Gallo, P. Cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010;6:438–44. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.93.Google Scholar
Gambardella, A, Valentino, P, Labate, A, et al. Temporal lobe epilepsy as a unique manifestation of multiple sclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci. 2003;30:228–32.Google Scholar
Sokic, DV, Stojsavljevic, N, Drulovic, J, et al. Seizures in multiple sclerosis. Epilepsia. 2001;42:72–9.Google Scholar
Moreau, T, Sochurkova, D, Lemesle, M, et al. Epilepsy in patients with multiple sclerosis: radiological-clinical correlations. Epilepsia. 1998;39:893–6.Google Scholar
Thompson, AJ, Kermode, AG, Moseley, IF, MacManus, DG, McDonald, WI. Seizures due to multiple sclerosis: seven patients with MRI correlations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1993;56:1317–20.Google Scholar
Ghezzi, A, Montanini, R, Basso, PF, Zaffaroni, M, Massimo, E, Cazzullo, CL. Epilepsy in multiple sclerosis. Eur Neurol. 1990;30:218–23.Google Scholar
Büttner, T, Hornig, CR, Dorndorf, W. [Multiple sclerosis and epilepsy. An analysis of 14 case histories]. Der Nervenarzt. 1989;60:262–7.Google Scholar
Calabrese, M, De Stefano, N, Atzori, M, et al. Extensive cortical inflammation is associated with epilepsy in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2008;255:581–6. doi:10.1007/s00415-008–0752-7.Google Scholar
Calabrese, M, Grossi, P, Favaretto, A, et al. Cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis patients with epilepsy: a 3 year longitudinal study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 2012;83:49–54. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2011–300414.Google Scholar
Nicholas, R, Magliozzi, R, Campbell, G, Mahad, D, Reynolds, R. Temporal lobe cortical pathology and inhibitory GABA interneuron cell loss are associated with seizures in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2016;22:25–35. doi:10.1177/1352458515579445.Google Scholar
Imfeld, P, Bodmer, M, Schuerch, M, Jick, SS, Meier, CR. Seizures in patients with Alzheimer’s disease or vascular dementia: a population-based nested case-control analysis. Epilepsia. 2013;54:700–7. doi:10.1111/epi.12045.Google Scholar
Annegers, JF, Rocca, WA, Hauser, WA. Causes of epilepsy: contributions of the Rochester epidemiology project. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996;71:570–5. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)64114–1.Google Scholar
Amatniek, JC, Hauser, WA, DelCastillo-Castaneda, C, et al. Incidence and predictors of seizures in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Epilepsia. 2006;47:867–72. doi:10.1111/j.1528–1167.2006.00554.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scarmeas, N, Honig, LS, Choi, H, et al. Seizures in Alzheimer disease: who, when, and how common? Arch Neurol. 2009;66:992–7. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2009.130.Google Scholar
Vossel, KA, Beagle, AJ, Rabinovici, GD, et al. Seizures and epileptiform activity in the early stages of Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol. 2013;70:1158–66. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.136.Google Scholar
Noebels, J. A perfect storm: Converging paths of epilepsy and Alzheimer’s dementia intersect in the hippocampal formation. Epilepsia. 2011;52(suppl 1):39–46. doi:10.1111/j.1528–1167.2010.02909.x.Google Scholar
Irizarry, MC, Jin, S, He, F, et al. Incidence of new-onset seizures in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2012;69:368–72. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2011.830.Google Scholar
Dhikav, V, Anand, K. Hippocampal atrophy may be a predictor of seizures in Alzheimer’s disease. Med Hypotheses. 2007;69:234–5. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.11.031.Google Scholar
Chin, J, Scharfman, HE. Shared cognitive and behavioral impairments in epilepsy and Alzheimer’s disease and potential underlying mechanisms. Epilepsy Behav. 2013;26:343–51. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.11.040.Google Scholar
Palop, JJ, Mucke, L. Epilepsy and cognitive impairments in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2009;66:435–40. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2009.15.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×