Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-4hhp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-08T15:09:43.849Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

9 - Polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiovascular risk

from Section 2 - The scientific essentials

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2015

Leo Plouffe, Jr
Affiliation:
Bayer Healthcare, Wayne, New Jersey
Botros R. M. B. Rizk
Affiliation:
University of South Alabama
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Zawadski, JK, Dunaif, A. Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: towards a rational approach. In: Dunaif, A, Givens, JR, Haseltine, FP, Merriam, GR, eds. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Boston, MA: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992:377–84.Google Scholar
2.Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2004;81(1):1925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Azziz, R, Carmina, E, Dewailly, D, et al. The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report. Fertil Steril 2009;91(2):456–88.Google Scholar
4.Yilmaz, M, Isaoglu, U, Delibas, IB, Kadanali, S. Anthropometric, clinical and laboratory comparison of four phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome based on Rotterdam criteria. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011;37(8):1020–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Wild, RA, Carmina, E, Diamanti-Kandarakis, E, et al. Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women with the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Consensus Statement by the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (AE-PCOS) Society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95(5):2038–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Palmert, MR, Gordon, CM, Kartashov, AI, et al. Screening for abnormal glucose tolerance in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87(3):1017–23.Google Scholar
7.Legro, RS, Gnatuk, CL, Kunselman, AR, Dunaif, A. Changes in glucose tolerance over time in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jun;90(6):3236–42.Google Scholar
8.Norman, RJ, Masters, L, Milner, CR, et al. Relative risk of conversion from normoglycaemia to impaired glucose tolerance or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Hum Reprod 2001;16(9):1995–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Boudreaux, MY, Talbott, EO, Kip, KE, et al. Risk of T2DM and impaired fasting glucose among PCOS subjects: results of an 8-year follow-up. Curr Diab Rep 2006;6(1):7783.Google Scholar
10.Barber, TM, Golding, SJ, Alvey, C, et al. Global adiposity rather than abnormal regional fat distribution characterizes women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93(3):9991004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Kumarapeli, V, Seneviratne, RA, Wijeyaratne, CN, et al. A simple screening approach for assessing community prevalence and phenotype of polycystic ovary syndrome in a semiurban population in Sri Lanka. Am J Epidemiol 2008;168:321–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Tehrani, FR, Rashidi, H, Azizi, F. The prevalence of idiopathic hirsutism and polycystic ovary syndrome in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011;9:144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Legro, RS, Kunselman, AR, Dodson, WC, Dunaif, A. Prevalence and predictors of risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective, controlled study in 254 affected women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84(1):165–9.Google Scholar
14.Panidis, D, Tziomalos, K, Chatzis, P, et al. Association between menstrual cycle irregularities and endocrine and metabolic characteristics of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2013;168(2):145–52.Google Scholar
15.National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002;106(25):3143–421.Google Scholar
16.Alberti, KG, Zimmet, P, Shaw, J; IDF Epidemiology Task Force Consensus Group. The metabolic syndrome–a new worldwide definition. Lancet 2005;366(9261):1059–62.Google Scholar
17.Grundy, SM, Cleeman, JI, Daniels, SR, et al.; American Heart Association; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005;112(17):2735–52.Google Scholar
18.Alberti, KG, Eckel, RH, Grundy, SM, et al.; International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; International Association for the Study of Obesity. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009;120(16):1640–5.Google Scholar
19.Hudecova, M, Holte, J, Olovsson, M, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in women with a previous diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome: long-term follow-up. Fertil Steril 2011;96(5):1271–4.Google Scholar
20.Wijeyaratne, CN, Seneviratne, RA, Dahanayake, S, et al. Phenotype and metabolic profile of South Asian women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): results of a large database from a specialist Endocrine Clinic. Hum Reprod 2011;26(1):202–13.Google Scholar
21.Zhang, J, Fan, P, Liu, H, et al. Apolipoprotein A-I and B levels, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome in south-west Chinese women with PCOS. Hum Reprod 2010;27(8):2484–93.Google Scholar
22.Guo, M, Chen, ZJ, Eijkemans, MJE, et al. Comparison of the phenotype of Chinese versus Dutch Caucasian women presenting with polycystic ovary syndrome and oligo/amenorrhoea. Hum Reprod 2012;27(5):1481–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23.Hosseinpanah, F, Barzin, M, Tehrani, FR, Azizi, F. The lack of association between polycystic ovary syndrome and metabolic syndrome: Iranian PCOS prevalence study. Clin Endocrinol 2011;75:692–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24.Anaforoglu, I, Algun, E, Incecayir, O, Ersoy, K. Higher metabolic risk with National Institutes of Health versus Rotterdam diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovarian syndrome in Turkish women. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2011;9(5):375–80.Google Scholar
25.Yildiz, BO, Bozdag, G, Yapici, Z, et al. Prevalence, phenotype and cardiometabolic risk of polycystic ovary syndrome under different diagnostic criteria. Hum Reprod 2012;27(10):3067–73.Google Scholar
26.Panidis, D, Macut, D, Tziomalos, K, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013;78(4):586–92.Google Scholar
27.Rossi, B, Sukalich, S, Droz, J, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and related characteristics in obese adolescents with and without polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93(12):4780–6.Google Scholar
28.Rocha, MP, Marcondes, JAM, Barcellos, CRG, et al. Dyslipidemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: incidence, pattern and predictors. Gynecol Endocrinol 2011;27(10):814–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29.Elting, MW, Korsen, TJ, Bezemer, PD, Schoemaker, J. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiac complaints in a follow-up study of a Dutch PCOS population. Hum Reprod 2001;16(3):556–60.Google Scholar
30.Vrbíková, J, Cífková, R, Jirkovská, A, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in young Czech females with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2003;18(5):980–4.Google Scholar
31.Zachurzok-Buczynska, A, Szydlowski, L, Gawlik, A, et al. Blood pressure regulation and resting heart rate abnormalities in adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2011;96(6):1519–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Gutierrez-Grobe, Y, Ponciano-Rodríguez, G, Ramos, MH, et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in premenopausal, postmenopausal, and polycystic ovary syndrome women. The role of estrogens. Ann Hepatol 2010;9(4):402–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33.Zueff, LF, Martins, WP, Vieira, CS, Ferriani, RA. Ultrasonographic and laboratory markers of metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;39(3):341–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34.Jones, H, Sprung, VS, Pugh, CJA, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome with hyperandrogenism is characterized by an increased risk of hepatic steatosis compared to nonhyperandrogenic PCOS phenotypes and healthy controls, independent of obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:3709–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35.Cerda, C, Pérez-Ayuso, RM, Riquelme, A, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Hepatol 2007;47(3):412–17.Google Scholar
36.Brzozowska, MM, Ostapowicz, G, Weltman, MD. An association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and polycystic ovarian syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;24(2):243–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37.Setji, TL, Holland, ND, Sanders, LL, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91(5):1741–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38.Randeva, HS, Tan, BK, Weickert, MO, et al. Cardiometabolic aspects of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr Rev 2012;33(5):812–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39.Fogel, RB, Malhotra, A, Pillar, G, et al. Increased prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86(3):1175–80.Google Scholar
40.Gopal, M, Duntley, S, Uhles, M, Attarian, H. The role of obesity in the increased prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Sleep Med 2002;3(5):401–4.Google Scholar
41.Mokhlesi, B, Scoccia, B, Mazzone, T, Sam, S. Risk of obstructive sleep apnea in obese and nonobese women with polycystic ovary syndrome and healthy reproductively normal women. Fertil Steril 2012;97(3):786–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42.Liang, SJ, Liou, TH, Lin, HW, et al. Obesity is the predominant predictor of impaired glucose tolerance and metabolic disturbance in polycystic ovary syndrome. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012; 91:1167–72.Google Scholar
43.Ahima, RS, Flier, JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2000;11(8):327–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44.Pusalkar, M, Meherji, P, Gokral, J, et al. Obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome: association with androgens, leptin and its genotypes. Gynecol Endocrinol 2010;26(12):874–82.Google Scholar
45.Yildizhan, R, Ilhan, GA, Yildizhan, B, et al. Serum retinol-binding protein 4, leptin, and plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine levels in obese and nonobese young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2011;96(1):246–50.Google Scholar
46.Lecke, SB, Morsch, DM, Spritzer, PM. Association between adipose tissue expression and serum levels of leptin and adiponectin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Genet Mol Res 2013;12(4):4292–6.Google Scholar
47.Pirwany, IR, Fleming, R, Sattar, N, et al. Circulating leptin concentrations and ovarian function in polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2001;145(3):289–94.Google Scholar
48.Telli, MH, Yildirim, M, Noyan, V. Serum leptin levels in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2002;77(5):932–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49.Bobbert, T, Rochlitz, H, Wegewitz, U, et al. Changes of adiponectin oligomer composition by moderate weight reduction. Diabetes 2005;54(9):2712–19.Google Scholar
50.Panidis, D, Kourtis, A, Farmakiotis, D, et al. Serum adiponectin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2003;18(9):1790–6.Google Scholar
51.Toulis, KA, Goulis, DG, Farmakiotis, D, et al. Adiponectin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2009;15(3):297307.Google Scholar
52.Samal, B, Sun, Y, Stearns, G, et al. Cloning and characterization of the cDNA encoding a novel human pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor. Mol Cell Biol 1994;14(2):1431–7.Google Scholar
53.Chan, TF, Chen, YL, Chen, HH, et al. Increased plasma visfatin concentrations in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2007;88(2):401–5.Google Scholar
54.Jongwutiwes, T, Lertvikool, S, Leelaphiwat, S, et al. Serum visfatin in Asian women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2009;25(8):536–42.Google Scholar
55.Tan, BK, Chen, J, Digby, JE, et al. Increased visfatin messenger ribonucleic acid and protein levels in adipose tissue and adipocytes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: parallel increase in plasma visfatin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91(12):5022–8.Google Scholar
56.Yildiz, BO, Bozdag, G, Otegen, U, et al. Visfatin and retinol-binding protein 4 concentrations in lean, glucose-tolerant women with PCOS. Reprod Biomed Online 2010;20(1):150–5.Google Scholar
57.Roh, SG, Song, SH, Choi, KC, et al. Chemerin–a new adipokine that modulates adipogenesis via its own receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007;362(4):1013–18.Google Scholar
58.Takahashi, M, Takahashi, Y, Takahashi, K, et al. Chemerin enhances insulin signaling and potentiates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. FEBS Lett 2008;582(5):573–8.Google Scholar
59.Shaw, LJ, Bairey Merz, CN, Azziz, R, et al. Postmenopausal women with a history of irregular menses and elevated androgen measurements at high risk for worsening cardiovascular event-free survival: results from the National Institutes of Health–National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93(4):1276–84.Google Scholar
60.Dilbaz, B, Ozkaya, E, Cinar, M, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk characteristics of the main polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes. Endocrine 2011;39(3):272–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61.Yilmaz, M, Isaoglu, U, Delibas, IB, Kadanali, S. Anthropometric, clinical and laboratory comparison of four phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome based on Rotterdam criteria. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011;37(8):1020–6.Google Scholar
62.Morgan, CL, Jenkins-Jones, S, Currie, CJ, Rees, DA. Evaluation of adverse outcome in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome versus matched, reference controls: a retrospective, observational study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97(9):3251–60.Google Scholar
63.Schmidt, J, Landin-Wilhelmsen, K, Brännström, M, Dahlgren, E. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in PCOS women of postmenopausal age: a 21-year controlled follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96(12):3794–803.Google Scholar
64.Guzick, DS, Talbott, EO, Sutton-Tyrrell, K, et al. Carotid atherosclerosis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: initial results from a case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174(4):1224–9; discussion 1229–32.Google Scholar
65.Talbott, EO, Guzick, DS, Sutton-Tyrrell, K, et al. Evidence for association between polycystic ovary syndrome and premature carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20(11):2414–21.Google Scholar
66.Meyer, ML, Malek, AM, Wild, RA, et al. Carotid artery intima-media thickness in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2012;18(2):112–26.Google Scholar
67.Aydogdu, A, Uckaya, G, Tasci, I, et al. The relationship of epicardial adipose tissue thickness to clinical and biochemical features in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr J 2012;59(6):509–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68.Cakir, E, Doğan, M, Topaloglu, O, et al. Subclinical atherosclerosis and hyperandrogenemia are independent risk factors for increased epicardial fat thickness in patients with PCOS and idiopathic hirsutism. Atherosclerosis 2013;226(1):291–5.Google Scholar
69.Orio, F Jr, Palomba, S, Spinelli, L, et al. The cardiovascular risk of young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: an observational, analytical, prospective case-control study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89(8):3696–701.Google Scholar
70.Celik, O, Sahin, I, Celik, N, et al. Diagnostic potential of serum N-terminal pro-B-type brain natriuretic peptide level in detection of cardiac wall stress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a cross-sectional comparison study. Hum Reprod 2007;22(11):2992–8.Google Scholar
71.Yarali, H, Yildirir, A, Aybar, F, et al. Diastolic dysfunction and increased serum homocysteine concentrations may contribute to increased cardiovascular risk in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2001;76(3):511–16.Google Scholar
72.Christian, RC, Dumesic, DA, Behrenbeck, T, et al. Prevalence and predictors of coronary artery calcification in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88(6):2562–8.Google Scholar
73.Talbott, EO, Zborowski, JV, Rager, JR, et al. Evidence for an association between metabolic cardiovascular syndrome and coronary and aortic calcification among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89(11):5454–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74.Shroff, R, Kerchner, A, Maifeld, M, et al. Young obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome have evidence of early coronary atherosclerosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92(12):4609–14.Google Scholar
75.Sirmans, SM, Weidman-Evans, E, Everton, V, Thompson, D. Polycystic ovary syndrome and chronic inflammation: pharmacotherapeutic implications. Ann Pharmacother 2012;46(3):403–18.Google Scholar
76.Toulis, KA, Goulis, DG, Mintziori, G, et al. Meta-analysis of cardiovascular disease risk markers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod Update 2011;17(6):741–60.Google Scholar
77.Rassi, A, Veras, AB, dos Reis, M, Pastore, DL, et al. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Compr Psychiatry 2010;51:599602.Google Scholar
78.Dokras, A. Mood and anxiety disorders in women with PCOS. Steroids 2012;77:338–41.Google Scholar
79.Dokras, A, Clifton, S, Futterweit, W, Wild, R. Increased risk for abnormal depression scores in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2011;117(1):145–52.Google Scholar
80.Dokras, A, Clifton, S, Futterweit, W, Wild, R. Increased prevalence of anxiety symptoms in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2012;97(1):225–30.Google Scholar
81.Cipkala-Gaffin, J, Talbott, EO, Song, MK, et al. Associations between psychologic symptoms and life satisfaction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Womens Health 2012;21(2):179–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
82.Cinar, N, Kizilarslanoglu, MC, Harmanci, A, et al. Depression, anxiety and cardiometabolic risk in polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2011;26(12):3339–45.Google Scholar
83.Deeks, AA, Gibson-Helm, ME, Paul, E, Teede, HJ. Is having polycystic ovary syndrome a predictor of poor psychological function including anxiety and depression? Hum Reprod 2011;26(6):1399–407.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×