Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-r6qrq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T07:11:57.434Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 August 2017

Timothy Longman
Affiliation:
Boston University
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adam, Heribert. “Trading Justice for Truth.” The World Today, January 1998: 1113.Google Scholar
Aegis Trust – Rwanda. “10 Years After: Shaping the Memory of the Rwandan Genocide.” Kigali, April 7, 2004.Google Scholar
Africa Watch, Fédération Internationale des Droits de l’Homme (FIDH), Union Inter-africaine des Droits de l’Homme et des Peuples (UIDH), et al. “Rapport de la Commission Internationale d’Enquête sur les Violations des Droits de l’Homme au Rwanda depuis le 1er Octobre 1990 (7–21 Janvier 1993).” Paris: FIDH, March 1993.Google Scholar
Agbénonci, Aurélien A.Introductory Remarks.” Delivering as One: Annual Report 2009. Kigali: United Nations Rwanda, 2010.Google Scholar
Akhavan, Payam. “Beyond Impunity: Can International Criminal Justice Prevent Future Atrocities?American Journal of International Law, 95, 7, 2001: 731.Google Scholar
Akhavan, Payam. “The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: The Politics and Pragmatics of Punishment.” American Journal of International Law, 90, 3, 1996: 501510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amnesty International. “Amnesty International Report 1996.” London: Amnesty International, January 1, 1996.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. “Pre-Election Attacks on Rwandan Politicians and Journalists Condemned.” London: Amnesty International, August 4, 2010.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. “Rwanda: 23 Public Executions Will Harm Hope of Reconciliation.” London, Amnesty International, April 23, 1998.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. “Rwanda Abolishes the Death Penalty.” London: Amnesty International, August 2, 2007.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. “Rwanda: Civilians Trapped in Armed Conflict, ‘The Dead Can No Longer Be Counted.’” AFR 47/043/1997, London: Amnesty International, December 19, 1997.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. “Rwanda: Deeper into the Abyss – Waging War on Civil Society.” AFR 47/013/2004, London: Amnesty International, July 6, 2004.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. “Rwanda: Ending the Silence.” AFR 47/32/97, London: Amnesty International, September 25, 1997.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. “Rwanda: Escalating Repression against Political Opposition.” AFR 47/004/2003, London: Amnesty International, April 22, 2003.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. “Rwanda: The Hidden Violence: ‘Disappearances’ and Killings Continue.” London: Amnesty International, June 22, 1998.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. “Rwanda: Human Rights May Be the Main Casualty of Tensions in the Rwandese Government.” AFR 47/18/95, London: Amnesty International, August 30, 1995.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. “Rwanda: Human Rights Overlooked in Mass Repatriation.” AFR 47/02/97, London: Amnesty International, January 1997.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. “Rwanda: Independent Forensic Inquiry and Urgent Protection Needed for Internally Displaced Persons Following the Massacre of Several Thousands.” AFR 47/09/95, London: Amnesty International, April 24, 1995.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. “Rwanda: Jean RUBADUKA, Magistrate and Human Rights Activist Abbé André SIBOMANA, Acting Bishop and Human Rights Activist and Other Human Rights Activists.” AFR 47/23/95, London: Amnesty International, November 30, 1995.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. “Rwanda: Official Interference in Affairs of Human Rights NGO Places Independent Human Rights Work in Peril.” London: Amnesty International, August 16, 2013.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. “Rwanda: Reports of Killings and Abductions by Rwandese Patriotic Army, April–August 1994.” AFR 47/16/94, London: Amnesty International, October 19, 1994.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. “Rwanda, Two Years After the Genocide: An Open Letter to President Pasteur Bizimungu.” AFR 47/42/96, London: Amnesty International, April 4, 1996.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. “Safer to Stay Silent: The Chilling Effects of Rwanda’s Laws on ‘Genocide Ideology’ and ‘Sectarianism.’” AFR 47/005/2010, London: Amnesty International, August 2010.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso, 1983.Google Scholar
André, Catherine, and Platteau, Jean-Philippe. “Land Relations Under Unbearable Stress: Rwanda Caught in the Malthusian Trap.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 34, 1, 1998: 147.Google Scholar
Ansoms, An. “Striving for Growth, Bypassing the Poor: A Critical Review of Rwanda’s Rural Sector Policies.” Journal of Modern African Studies, 46, 1, 2008: 132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansoms, An. “Re-engineering Rural Society: The Visions and Ambitions of the Rwandan Elite.” African Affairs, 108, 431, 2009: 289309.Google Scholar
Ansoms, An. “Views from Below on the Pro-Poor Growth Challenge: The Case of Rural Rwanda.” African Studies Review, September, 2010: 102.Google Scholar
Ansoms, An, Cioffo, Giuseppe, Huggins, Chris, and Murison, Jude. “The Reorganization of Rural Space in Rwanda: Habitat Concentration, Land Consolidation and Collective Marshland Cultivation.” In Ansoms, An and Hilhorst, Thea, eds. Losing Your Land: Dispossession in the Great Lakes. Suffolk: James Currey, 2014: 163185.Google Scholar
Ansoms, An, and Marysse, Stefaan, eds. Natural Resources and Local Livelihoods in the Great Lakes Region in Africa: A Political Economy Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.Google Scholar
Ansoms, An, and Murison, Jude. “De ‘Saoudi’ au ‘Darfur’: L’Histoire d’un Marais au Rwanda.” In Reyntjens, Filip, Vandeginste, Stef, and , M. Verpoorten, , eds. L’Afrique des Grands Lacs: Annuaire 2011–2012. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2012: 375396.Google Scholar
Ansoms, An, and Rostagno, Donatella. “Rwanda’s Vision 2020 Halfway Through: What the Eye Does Not See.” Review of African Political Economy, 39, 133, September 2012: 427450, 441442.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. Eichman in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. New York: Penguin, 1991, 1992: 253.Google Scholar
Arthur, Paige. “How ‘Transitions’ Reshaped Human Rights: A Conceptual History of Transitional Justice.” Human Rights Quarterly, 31, 2009: 321367.Google Scholar
Association Rwandaise Pour la Defense des Droits de la Personne et des Libertés Publiques (ADL). “Rapport sur les Droits de l’Homme au Rwanda.” Kigali: ADL, December 1992.Google Scholar
Autesserre, Séverine. The Trouble with the Congo: Local Violence and the Failure of International Peacebuilding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Bal, Mieke, Crewe, Jonathan, and Spitzer, Leo, eds. Acts of Memory: Cultural Recall in the Present. Hanover, NH: Dartmouth University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Barahona De Brito, Alexandra, Aquilar, Paloma, and Gonzalez Enriquez, Carmen, eds. Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Begley, Larissa. “‘Resolved to Fight the Ideology of Genocide and all of its Manifestations’: The Rwandan Patriotic Front, Violence and Ethnic Marginalisation in Post-Genocide Rwanda and Eastern Congo.” PhD diss., University of Sussex, March 2011.Google Scholar
Bloxham, Donald. Genocide on Trial: The War Crimes Trials and the Formation of Holocaust History and Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Booth, David, and Golooba-Mutebi, Frederick. “Developmental Patrimonialism? The Case of Rwanda.” African Affairs, 111, 444, May 2012: 379403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bornkamm, Christoph. Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts: Between Retribution and Reparation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Brazemore, Gordon. “Restorative Justice and Earned Redemption: Communities, Victims, and Offender Reintegration.” American Behavioral Scientist, 41, 6, 1998: 768814.Google Scholar
Brehm, Hollie Nyseth, Uggen, Christopher, and Gasanabo, Jean-Damascène. “Genocide, Justice, and Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts,” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 30, 3, 2014: 333352Google Scholar
Brown, Eric. “Rwandan Genocide: Is Rwanda Gearing up for Another Genocide.” New York: Human Rights First, February 23, 2010.Google Scholar
Brownlee, Jason. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Brody, Reed. “Justice: The First Casualty of Truth? The Global Movement to End Impunity for Human Rights Abuses Faces a Daunting Question.” The Nation, April 30, 2001.Google Scholar
Broneus, Karen. “Truth-Telling as Talking Cure: Insecurity and Retraumatization in Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts.” Security Dialogue, 39, 1, 2008: 5576.Google Scholar
Buckley-Zistel, Susanne. “Remembering to Forget: Chosen Amnesia as a Strategy for Local Coexistence in Post-Genocide Rwanda.” Africa, 76, 2, 2006: 131150.Google Scholar
Buckley-Zistel, Susanne. “Between Past and Future: An Assessment of the Transition from Conflict to Peace in Post-genocide Rwanda.” Osnabrück: Deutsche Stiftung Friedensforschung, 2008.Google Scholar
Burnet, Jennie E.Gender Balance and the Meanings of Women in Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda.” African Affairs, 107, 428, May 2008: 361386.Google Scholar
Burnet, Jennie E.The Injustice of Local Justice: Truth, Reconciliation, and Revenge in Rwanda.” Genocide Studies and Prevention, August 2008: 173193.Google Scholar
Burnet, Jennie E.Women Have Found Respect: Gender Quotas, Symbolic Representation, and Female Empowerment in Rwanda.” Politics and Gender, 7, 3, September 2011: 303334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnet, Jennie E. Genocide Lives in Us: Women, Memory, and Silence in Rwanda, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2012, 216.Google Scholar
Burris, Beverly H. Technocracy at Work. Albany: SUNY Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Byanafashe, Dèogratias. “La famille comme principe de coherence de la société rwandaise traditionnelle.” Cahiers Lumière et Société, 6, August 1997: 326.Google Scholar
Call, Charles T.Is Transitional Justice Really Just?Brown Journal of International Affairs, Summer/Fall 2004: 101111.Google Scholar
Call, Charles T. ed., Building States to Build Peace. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2008.Google Scholar
Cardozo, B. Lopes, Vergara, A., Agani, F., and Gotway, CA.Mental Health, Social Functioning, and Attitudes of Kosovar Albanians following the War in Kosovo.” Journal of the American Medical Association, 286, 2001: 555562Google Scholar
Carothers, Thomas. “The End of the Transition Paradigm,” Journal of Democracy, 13, 1, 2002: 521.Google Scholar
Caryl, Christina. “Africa’s Singapore Dream: Why Rwanda’s Leader Styles Himself as the Heir to Lee Kuan Yew.” Foreign Policy, April 2, 2015.Google Scholar
Cassese, Antonio. “Reflections on International Criminal Justice.” Modern Law Review, January 1998: 110.Google Scholar
Cazenave, Odile, and Célérier, Patricia. Contemporary Francophone African Writers and the Burden of Commitment. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Centre de Documentation et d’Information sur les Procès de Génocide (CDIPG). Quatre Ans de Proccés de Genocide: Quelle Base pour les “Juridictions Gacaca?” Kigali: LIPRODHOR, July 2001: 3638.Google Scholar
Cepl, Vojitech, and Gillis, Mark, “Making Amends After Communism.” Journal of Democracy, October 1996: 118124.Google Scholar
Chakravarty, Anuradha. Investing in Authoritarian Rule: Punishment and Patronage in Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts for Genocide Crimes, New York: Cambrdge University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Chakravarty, Anuradha. “Navigating the Middle Ground: The Political Values of Ordinary Hutu in Post-Genocide Rwanda.” African Affairs, 113, 451, 2014: 232253.Google Scholar
Chalk, Frank, and Jonassohn, Kurt. The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Chrétien, Jean-Pierre, ed. Rwanda: Les Medias du Genocide. Paris: Karthala, 1995.Google Scholar
Chrétien, Jean-Pierre, Le Défie de l’Ethnisme: Rwanda et Burundi: 1990–1996. Paris: Karthala, 1997.Google Scholar
Clark, John F., ed. The African Stakes of the Congo War. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2002.Google Scholar
Clark, John F. and Gardinier, David E., eds. Political Reform in Francophone Africa, Boulder: Westview Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Clark, Phil. The Gacaca Courts, Post-Genocide Justice and Reconciliation in Rwanda: Justice without Lawyers. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Cole, Elizabeth. “Transitional Justice and the Reform of History Education.” The International Journal of Transitional Justice, 1, 2007: 115137.Google Scholar
Cole, Elizabeth, and Barsalou, Judy. Unite or Divide? The Challenges of Teaching History in Societies Emerging from Violent Conflict. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, Special Report, 2006.Google Scholar
“Conclusion Generale.” Cahiers Lumière et Société, December 1999: 73–76.Google Scholar
Corey, Allison, and Joireman, Sandra F.Retributive Justice: The Gacaca Courts in Rwanda.” African Affairs 103, 2004:7389.Google Scholar
Costy, Alexander. “The Peace Dividend in Mozambique, 1987–1997,” in Ali, Taisier M. and Matthews, Robert O., eds., Durable Peace: Challenges for Peacebuilding in Africa. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004: 42182.Google Scholar
Cruvellier, Thierry. Court of Remorse: Inside the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 2006.Google Scholar
François, D., and Maurice, M. “The Ones that Got Left Behind in Kigali’s Demolished Shantytown.” Les Observateurs, March 12, 2010.Google Scholar
Davenport, Christian, and Stam, Allan. “What Really Happened in Rwanda.” Truthout, 6, October 2009.Google Scholar
David, Roman, and Yuk-ping, Susanne Choi, “Victims on Transitional Justice: Lessons from the Reparation of Human Rights Abuses in the Czech Republic.” Human Rights Quarterly, May 2005: 392435.Google Scholar
“Debats des Deputés sur le Rapport de la Commission Parlementaire de Controle sur les Divisions au Sein du Parti MDR.” April 14, 2003.Google Scholar
de Lacger, Louis. Le Ruanda: Aperçu Historique, Kabgayi, 1939 and 1959.Google Scholar
de Lame, Danielle. A Hill Among a Thousand: Transformations and Ruptures in Rural Rwanda. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2005.Google Scholar
de Soto, Hernando. The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else. New York: Basic Books, 2000.Google Scholar
Des Forges, Alison. “The Ideology of Genocide.” Issue: A Journal of Opinion, 23, 2, 1995: 4447.Google Scholar
Des Forges, Alison. Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, New York: Human Rights Watch, 1999.Google Scholar
Des Forges, Alison, and Gillet, Eric. “Rwanda: The Crisis Continues.” New York: Human Rights Watch, 7, 1, April 1995.Google Scholar
Des Forges, Alison, and Longman, Timothy. “Legal Responses to Genocide in Rwanda.” In Weinstein, Harvey and Stover, Eric, eds. My Neighbor, My Enemy: Justice and Social Reconstruction in Rwanda and the Former Yugoslavia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Deutsch, Karl W. Nationalism and Social Communication: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Nationality. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1953: 163.Google Scholar
Diop, Boubacar Boris. Murambi: The Book of Bones. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
“‘Disturbing Events’ Marred Rwandan Leader’s Re-Election, US Says.” New York Times, August 15, 2010.Google Scholar
Dobson, William J. The Dictator’s Learning Curve: Inside the Global Battle for Democracy. New York: Random House, 2012.Google Scholar
Domeniconi, Marco. “Gacaca Takes off Slowly.” Foundation Hirondelle, 14, October 2002.Google Scholar
Dyregrov, A., Gupta, LRG, et al. “Trauma Exposure and Psychological Reactions to Genocide Among Rwandan Children.” Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 2000: 321.Google Scholar
Easterly, William. Tyranny of Experts: Economists, Dictators, and the Forgotten Rights of the Poor. New York: Basic Books, 2015.Google Scholar
Eaton, Kent. “Decentralization’s Undemocratic Roots: Authoritarianism and Subnational Reform in Latin America.” Latin American Politics and Society, 48, 1, 2006: 126.Google Scholar
Eaton, Kent. “Risky Business: Decentralization from Above in Chile and Uruguay.” Comparative Politics, 37, 1, October 2004: 122.Google Scholar
Eaton, Kent, Kaiser, Kai, and Smoke, Paul. The Political Economy of Decentralization Reforms: Implications for Aid Effectiveness. Washington: World Bank, 2010.Google Scholar
Edelman, Murray. The Symbolic Uses of Politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964.Google Scholar
Elster, Jon, ed. Retribution and Reparation in the Transition to Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Eltringham, Nigel. Accounting for Horror: Post-Genocide Debates in Rwanda. London: Pluto Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Emerson, Ralph Waldo. “History.” The Essays of Emerson, vol. 1, London: Arthur L. Humphries, 1899: 8.Google Scholar
Ensign, Margee. “Rwanda at 50: Reflections, Reconstruction, and Recovery.” Huffington Post, July 3, 2012.Google Scholar
Epp, Marlene. “The Memory of Violence: Soviet and East European Mennonite Refugees and Rape in the Second World War.” Journal of Women’s History, 9, 1, Spring, 1997: 5888.Google Scholar
Esbenshade, Richard S.Remembering to Forget: Memory, History, National Identity in Postwar East-Central Europe.” Representations, 49, Winter 1995: 7279.Google Scholar
European Union Election Observation Mission. Rwanda: Élection Presidentielle 25 Aôut 2003; Élections Legislatives 29 et 30 Septembre, 2 Octobre 2003 (final report). Brussels: European Union, 2003.Google Scholar
European Union Election Observation Mission. “Final Report: Legislative Elections to the Chamber of Deputies, 15–18 September 2008.” Brussels: European Union, September 2008. www.euromrwanda.org/EN/Final_Report.html.Google Scholar
Fairbanks, Michael. “Nothing Good Comes Out of Africa.” Huffington Post, May 3, 2010.Google Scholar
Farmer, Paul et al. “Reduced Premature Mortality in Rwanda: Lessons from Success.” BMJ. January 2013.Google Scholar
Farrar, Margaret E.Amnesia, Nostalgia, and the Politics of Place Memory.” Political Research Quarterly, 46, 4, December 2011: 723735.Google Scholar
Fein, Helen. Genocide: A Sociological Perspective. London and Newbury Park: SAGE, 1993.Google Scholar
Fierens, Jacques. “Gacaca Courts: Between Fantasy and Reality,” Journal of International Criminal Justice, 3, 2005: 896919.Google Scholar
First Trial in Rwanda of Suspects of ‘94 Killing,” New York Times, December 28, 1996.Google Scholar
Fletcher, Laurel E, and Weinstein, Harvey M. “Violence and Social Repair: Rethinking the Contribution of Justice to Reconciliation.” Human Rights Quarterly, 2002: 573–639.Google Scholar
Ford, Jenny. “Rethinking Relocation in Rwanda.” The Chronicles, May 30, 2012.Google Scholar
Forest, Benjamin, and Johnson, Juliet. “Unraveling the Threads of History: Soviet-Era Monuments and Post-Soviet National Identity in Moscow.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 92, 3, 2002: 534547.Google Scholar
“France Issues Rwanda Warrants,” BBC News, November 23, 2006.Google Scholar
Freedman, Jim. Nyabingi: The Social History of an African Divinity. Butare: Institute National de Recherche Scientifique, 1984.Google Scholar
Freedman, Sarah Warshauer, Kambanda, Déo, Samuelson, Beth Lewis, et al. “Confronting the Past in Rwandan Schools.” In Stover, Eric and Weinstein, Harvey, eds. My Neighbor, My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004: 248264.Google Scholar
Freedman, Sarah Warshauer, Weinstein, Harvey M., Murphy, Karen, et al. “Teaching History after Identity-Based Conflicts: The Rwanda Experience,” Comparative Education Review, 52, 4, 2008: 663–69.Google Scholar
French, Howard. “U.N. Report on Congo Offers New View of Genocide Era.” New York Times, August 28, 2010.Google Scholar
Fritz, Nicole, and Smith, Alison. “Current Apathy for Coming Anarchy: Building the Special Court for Sierra Leone.” Fordham International Law Journal, 25, December 2001: 391.Google Scholar
Fujii, Lee Ann. Killing Neighbors: Webs of Violence in Rwanda. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Gahiji, Innocent. “Rwanda: Districts Need Decentralization of Budgets for Sectors, Cell Levels.” Africa News, July 5, 2012.Google Scholar
Gahima, Gerald. Transitional Justice in Rwanda: Accountability for Atrocity. New York: Routledge, 2013.Google Scholar
Gakuba, Alexis. “Le Kinyarwanda: Instrument de l’Unité Nationale.” Les Cahiers Evangile et Société, 3, June 1996, 5967.Google Scholar
Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah. Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New York: Vintage Books, 1997.Google Scholar
Gourevitch, Philip. We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will be Killed Along with our Families: Stories from Rwanda. Picador, 1999.Google Scholar
Gourevitch, Philip. “The Life After: 15 Years after the Genocide in Rwanda, the Reconciliation Defies Expectations.” The New Yorker, May 4, 2009.Google Scholar
Government of Rwanda. Organic Law No 16/2004 of 19/6/2004 Establishing the Organisation, Competence and Functioning of Gacaca Courts, Kigali, 19, June 2004.Google Scholar
Government of Rwanda. “Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda.” June 4, 2003.Google Scholar
Government of Rwanda. Organic Law No 10/2007 of 1/03/2007 Modifying and Complementing Organic Law No 16/2004 of 19/6/2004 Establishing the Organisation, Competence and Functioning of Gacaca Courts, Kigali, 1, March 2007.Google Scholar
Government of Rwanda. “Organic Law 13/2008 of 19/05/2008 modifying and complementing Organic Law 16/2004 of 19/06/2004, Establishing the Organization, Competence and Functioning of Gacaca Courts Charged with Prosecuting and Trying the Perpetrators of the Crime of Genocide and other Crimes Against Humanity Committed between October 1, 1990 and December 31, 1994 as Modified and Complemented to Date.” Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, 47, 1, June 2008.Google Scholar
Government of Rwanda. “National Itorero Commission (Strategy),” Kigali, November 2011.Google Scholar
Graybill, Lyn S. Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: Miracle or Model?. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002.Google Scholar
Guichaoua, André. Les Crises Politiques au Burundi et au Rwanda (1993–1994). Lille: Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 1995.Google Scholar
Guichaoua, André. From War to Genocide: Criminal Politics in Rwanda 1990–1994, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Guichaoua, André. Rwanda 1994: Les Politiques du Genocide à Butare. Paris: Karthala, 2005.Google Scholar
Gunther, Marc. “Why CEOs Love Rwanda: As a Small African Nation Recovers from Genocide, Google, Starbucks, and Costco Lend a Hand.” CNNMoney.com, April 3, 2007.Google Scholar
Gurr, Ted Robert. Why Men Rebel. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971.Google Scholar
Hakizimana, Emmanuel, and Gasana, Gallican. “Le Président Kagame Veint de Révéler sa Plus Grand Peur,” L’Aut’ Journal, April 17, 2014.Google Scholar
Halbwachs, Maurice. On Collective Memory. Edited and translated by Coser, Lewis A.. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Hasselskog, Malin, and Schierenbeck, Isabell. “National Policy in Local Practice: the Case of Rwanda.” Third World Quarterly, 36, 5, 2015, 950966.Google Scholar
Haveman, Roelof, and Muleefu, Alphonse. “The Fairness of Gacaca.” In Rothe, Dawn and Mullins, Christopher, eds. State Crime, Current Perspectives, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press: 219244.Google Scholar
Hayner, Priscilla B. Unspeakable Truths: Confronting State Terror and Atrocity: How Truth Commissions Around the World are Challenging the Past and Shaping the Future. New York and London: Routledge, 2001.Google Scholar
Hayward, Fred M., ed. Elections in Independent Africa. Boulder: Westview Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Hehir, Aidan, and Robinson, Neil, eds. State Building: Theory and Practice. New York: Routledge, 2007.Google Scholar
Hewart, , Lord Chief Justice Gordon. Rex v. Sussex Justices ex parte McCarthy. 1924.Google Scholar
Hintjens, Helen. “Post-Genocide Identity Politics in Rwanda.” Ethnicities, 8, 1, 2008.Google Scholar
Hite, Katherine. “‘The Eye that Cries’: The Politics of Representing Victims in Contemporary Peru.” A Contra Coriente, Fall 2007: 108–124.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric. J. Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Hodgkin, Katharine, and Rodstone, Susannah. “Introduction: Contested Pasts.” In Hodgkin, Katharine and Radstone, Susannah, eds. Contested Pasts: The Politics of Memory. London and New York: Routledge: 121.Google Scholar
Hoepken, Wolfgang. “War, Memory, and Education in a Fragmented Society: The Case of Yugoslavia.” East European Politics and Societies, 13, 1, 1999:190227Google Scholar
Holland, Emily. “Dispatches from a Humanitarian Journalist: Dispatch I: Kibuye, Rwanda.” McSweeney’s, September 4, 2007.Google Scholar
Holmquist, Frank. “Kenya’s Antipolitics,” Current History. May 2005: 209–215.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Donald L. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Huggins, Christopher. “Seeing Like a Neoliberal State? Authoritarian High Modernism, Commercialization and Governmentality in Rwanda’s Agricultural Reform.” PhD Dissertation, Carleton University, 2013.Google Scholar
Huggins, Christopher. “‘Control Grabbing’ and Small Scale Agricultural Intensification: Emerging Patterns of State-facilitated ‘Agricultural Investment’ in Rwanda.” The Journal of Peasant Studies, May 14, 2014.Google Scholar
Huggins, Christopher. “Land Grabbing and Land Tenure Security in Post-Genocide Rwanda.” In Ansoms, An and Hilhorst, Thea, eds. Losing Your Land: Dispossession in the Great Lakes. Suffolk: James Currey, 2014: 141162.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. “Human Rights Watch and FIDH Commend Peaceful End to Kibeho Crisis but Warn Rwandan Judicial System Needs Immediate Action.” New York: Human Rights Watch, May 11, 1995.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. “No Contest in Rwandan Elections: Many Local Officials Run Unopposed.” Press Release, New York: Human Rights Watch, 9, March 2001.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. “Preparing for Elections: Tightening Control in the Name of Unity.” New York: Human Rights Watch, May 8, 2003.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. “Rwanda.” World Report 1996, New York: Human Rights Watch, December 1995.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. “Rwanda.” World Report 1997, New York: Human Rights Watch, December 1996.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. “Rwanda.” World Report 1998, New York: Human Rights Watch, December 1997.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. “Rwanda.” World Report 1999, New York: Human Rights Watch, December 1998.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. “Rwanda: The Crisis Continues.” New York: Human Rights Watch, 7, 1, April 1995.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. “Rwanda: Deliver Justice for Victims of Both Sides.” New York: Human Rights Watch, August 2002.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. “Rwanda: The Search for Security and Human Rights Abuses.” New York: Human Rights Watch, April 1, 2000.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. “Rwanda: Uprooting the Rural Poor.” New York: Human Rights Watch, May 1, 2001.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. “Zaire: Transition, War and Human Rights.” New York: Human Rights Watch/Africa, April 1997.Google Scholar
Hyden, Goran. Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Ingelaere, Bert. “Do We Understand Life After Genocide? Center and Periphery in the Construction of Knowledge on Rwanda.” African Studies Review, 53, 1, April 2010: 4159.Google Scholar
Ingelaere, Bert. “Does the Truth Pass across the Fire without Burning? Locating the Short Circuit in Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts.” Journal of Modern African Studies, 2009.Google Scholar
Ingelaere, Bert. “From Model to Practice: Researching and Representing Rwanda’s ‘Modernized’ Gacaca Courts.” Critique of Anthropology, 32, 4, 2012.Google Scholar
Ingelaere, Bert. “Living the Transition: A Bottom Up Perspective on Rwanda’s Political Transition.” Discussion Paper 2007.06, Institute of Development Policy and Management, University of Antwerp, November 2007: 37.Google Scholar
Ingelaere, Bert. “Peasants, Power and Ethnicity: A Bottom-up Perspective on Rwanda’s Political Transition.” African Affairs 109, 435, 2010: 228289, 273-292.Google Scholar
Integrated Regional Information Networks. “Jury Still Out on Effectiveness of ‘Gacaca’ Courts.” United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), 23, June 2009.Google Scholar
Integrated Regional Information Networks. “Rwanda: Focus on UN Tribunal,” OCHA, Dar es Salaam, February 3, 2004.Google Scholar
Integrated Regional Information Networks. “Rwanda: Government Implements Low Cost Housing for Returnees.” OCHA 5, October 2004.Google Scholar
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. The Prosecutor vs. Aloys Simba, Case No. ICTR-01-76-T. Judgement and Sentence. Arusha, December 13, 2005.Google Scholar
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. “Bagilishema, Ignace (ICTR-95-1A)”, available at www.unictr.org/en/cases/ictr-95-1a.Google Scholar
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. “Kayishema et al. (ICTR-95-1) available at www.unictr.org/en/cases/ictr-95-1.Google Scholar
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. “Nyiramasuhuko et al. (Butare) (ICTR-98-42), available at www.unictr.org/en/cases/ictr-98-42Google Scholar
International Crisis Group. “International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Justice Delayed.” Brussels: International Crisis Group, 7, June 2001.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group. “‘Consensual Democracy’ in Post-Genocide Rwanda: Evaluating the March 2001 District Elections.” Africa Report 34, Nairobi and Brussels: International Crisis Group, 9, October 2001.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group. “Rwanda at the End of Transition: A Necessary Political Liberalization.” Brussels: International Crisis Group, November 13, 2002.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group. “Tribunal Penal International pour le Rwanda: Pragmatisme de Rigueur.” Brussels: International Crisis Group, 26, September 2003.Google Scholar
International Justice Tribune. “Questions Pile up for Swamped Gacaca.” Radio Netherlands Worldwide, 23, October 2005.Google Scholar
Jefermovas, Villia. Brickyards to Graveyards in Rwanda: From Production to Genocide in Rwanda. Albany: SUNY Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Jelin, Elizabeth. State Repression and the Labors of Memory. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003: 18.Google Scholar
Jenkins, Kate, and Plowden, William. Governance and Nationbuilding: The Failure of International Intervention. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2006.Google Scholar
Kagame, Alexis. La Poésie Dynastique au Rwanda. Brussels: Institute Royal du Congo Belge (IRCB), 1951.Google Scholar
Kagame, Alexis. Le Code des Institutions Politiques du Rwanda Precolonial. Brussels: IRCB, 1952.Google Scholar
Kagame, Alexis. L’histoire des Armées Bovines dans l’Ancien Rwanda. Brussels: ARSOM, 1963.Google Scholar
Kagame, Paul. Speech on the Occasion of the Day of Patriotism. Radio Rwanda, October 1, 2002.Google Scholar
Kagame, Paul. “Discourse of the President of the Republic on the 8th Anniversary in the Memory of the Genocide and the Massacres of 1994.” Nyakibanda, 7, April 2002.Google Scholar
Kagame, Paul. “Speech on the Day of Heroes.” Nyange, Kibuye. Radio Rwanda, February 1, 2003.Google Scholar
Kagame, Paul. “Beyond Absolute Terror: Post-Genocide Reconstruction in Rwanda.” Speech to the Commonwealth Club of California, San Francisco, March 7, 2003.Google Scholar
Kagame, Paul. “Speech Given at the National Commemoration of the Ninth Anniversary of the 1994 Genocide,” Mwurire, Rwangana, Kibungo, Broadcast on Radio Rwanda, April 7, 2003.Google Scholar
Kagame, Paul. “Speech to the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.” Washington, DC, 21, April 2004.Google Scholar
Kagame, Paul. “Preface.” In Clark, Phil and Kaufman, Zachary D., eds. After Genocide: Transitional Justice, Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Reconciliation in Rwanda and Beyond. London: Hurst, 2008.Google Scholar
Kagire, Edmund. “Kagame Drops Last Two RPF ‘historicals.’” The East African, June 1, 2013.Google Scholar
Kalimba, Célestin. “Rwanda: Les Frontiers.” In Rapport de Synthese du Seminaire sur l’Histoire du Rwanda. Butare, December 14–18, 1998.Google Scholar
Kalisa, Armstrong Gatete. “Kiyovu Residents Decry Demolitions.” The Rwanda Focus, July 29, 2008.Google Scholar
Kamanzi, Pierre. “Révolution ou Régression?Cahiers Lumière et Société, 16, December 1999: 6172.Google Scholar
Kanimba, Misago. “Le Peuplement du Territoire Rwandais: a la Lumière Archéologiques.” Les Cahiers Lumière et Société, 5, May 1997: 6879.Google Scholar
Kanimba, Misago. “Peuplement Ancien du Rwanda: à la Lumière de Récentes Recherches.” Cahiers du Centre de Gestion des Conflits, 5, 2003: 844.Google Scholar
Karekezi, Alice. “Juridictions Gacaca: Lutte contre l’Impunité et Promotion de la Réconciliation Nationale.” Cahiers du Centre de Gestion des Conflits, 3, May 2001: 996.Google Scholar
Karimi, Faith. “Rwandan Genocide Survivor Finds Solace in Gacacas.” CNN.com, July 2009.Google Scholar
Kayihura, Michaël. “Composantes et Relations Socials au Rwanda Pre-colonial, Colonial, et Post-colonial: Hutu, Tutsi, Twa, Lignages et Clans.” In Rapport de Synthèse du Seminaire sur l’Histoire du Rwanda, Butare, December 14–18, 1998.Google Scholar
Kayoboke, Ferdinand. “Le M.D.R. Parmehutu et la 1ère République.” In Rapport de Synthèse du Seminaire sur l’Histoire du Rwanda, Butare, December 14–18, 1998.Google Scholar
Keep Looking Ahead Rwanda.” The Economist, January 13, 2007.Google Scholar
Kimanuka, Oscar. “Rwanda: Giving Power to the People.” The East African, January 10, 2006Google Scholar
Kimonyo, Jean-Paul. Rwanda’s Popular Genocide: A Perfect Storm. Boulder: Lynne Reinner, 2016.Google Scholar
Kimonyo, Jean-Paul; Twagiramungu, Noël; and Kayumba, Christophe. “Supporting the Post-Genocide Transition in Rwanda: The Role of the International Community.” Democratic Transitions in Post-Conflict Societies Project, Working Paper 32, The Hague: The Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael, December 2004.Google Scholar
King, Elisabeth. From Classrooms to Conflict in Rwanda. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Kinzer, Stephen. A Thousand Hills: Rwanda’s Rebirth and the Man Who Dreamed It. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2008: 12, 336.Google Scholar
Koonz, Claudia. “Between Memory and Oblivion: Concentration Camps in German Memory.” In Gillis, John R. ed. Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity, Princeton: Princeton UP, 1994.Google Scholar
Kritz, Neil J. ed. Transitional Justice: How emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes. Volume II: Country Studies, Washington, USIP, 1995.Google Scholar
Kron, Josh. “Rwanda Joins British Commonwealth.” New York Times, November 29, 2009.Google Scholar
Kundera, Milan. The Book of Laughter and Forgetting. New York: Perennial Classics, 1996.Google Scholar
Kuperman, Alan J.Provoking Genocide: A Revised History of the Rwandan Patriotic Front,” Journal of Genocide Research, 6, 1, 2004.Google Scholar
Lawyers Committee for Human Rights. “Prosecuting Genocide in Rwanda: A Lawyers Committee report on the ICTR and National Trials.” New York, 1997.Google Scholar
LDGL. Dynamique du Paix et Logiques de Guerre: Rapport Annuel sur la Situation des Droits de l’Homme au Rwanda. May 2003.Google Scholar
Leebaw, Bronwyn Anne. “The Irreconcilable Goals of Transitional Justice.” Human Rights Quarterly, January 2008: 95–118.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, René. “Bearing Witness to Mass Murder.” African Studies Review, 48, 3, December 2005: 93101.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, René. The Dynamics of Violence in Central Africa. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, René. “Genocide in the Great Lakes: Which Genocide? Whose Genocide?African Studies Review, 41, 1, April 1998: 316.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, René. Rwanda and Burundi. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1970.Google Scholar
Lenin, V.I. “Report on the Unity Congress of the R.S.D.L.P.” 1906. www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1906/rucong/viii.htm.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, and Way, Lucan A. Competitive Authoritarianism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Lijphard, Arend. Thinking About Democracy: Power Sharing and Majority Rule in Theory and Practice. New York: Routledge, 2008.Google Scholar
Linden, Ian, and Linden, Jane. Church and Revolution in Rwanda. New York: Africana Publishing Company, 1977.Google Scholar
Longman, Timothy. Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Longman, Timothy. “The Complex Reasons for Rwanda’s Engagement in Congo.” In Clark, John F., ed. The Continental Stakes in the Congo War. New York: Palgrave, 2002: 129144.Google Scholar
Longman, Timothy. “Eastern Congo Ravaged.” New York: Human Rights Watch, May 2000.Google Scholar
Longman, Timothy. “Forced to Flee: Violence Against the Tutsi in Zaire.” New York: Human Rights Watch/Africa, July 1, 1996.Google Scholar
Longman, Timothy. “Justice at the Grassroots? Gacaca Trials in Rwanda.” In Roht-Arriaza, Naomi and Mariezcurrena, Javier, eds. Beyond Truth Versus Justice: Transitional Justice in the New Millenium, Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Longman, Timothy. “Nation, Race, or Class? Defining the Hutu and Tutsi of East Africa.” In Feagin, Joseph and Batur-Vanderlippe, Pinar, eds. The Global Color Line: Racial and Ethnic Inequality and Struggle from a Global Perspective. JAI Press, Bingley, UK, 1999: 103130.Google Scholar
Longman, Timothy. “Rwanda: Achieving Equality or Serving an Authoritarian State?” In Bauer, Gretchen and Britton, Hannah, eds. Women in African Parliaments. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2005.Google Scholar
Longman, Timothy. “Rwanda: Chaos from Above.” In Villalon, Leonardo A. and Huxtable, Phillip A., eds. The African State at a Critical Juncture: Between Disintegration and Reform, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1998: 7591.Google Scholar
Longman, Timothy. “The Uses and Abuses of the Media: Rwanda Before and After the Genocide.” In Ramirez-Barat, Clara, ed. Transitional Justice, Culture, and Society: Beyond Outreach. New York: Social Science Research Council, 2014.Google Scholar
Longman, Timothy, and Des Forges, Alison. “Attacked by All Sides: Civilians and the War in Eastern Zaire.” 9, 1(A), New York: Human Rights Watch, March 1997.Google Scholar
Longman, Timothy, Pham, Phuong, and Weinstein, Harvey, “Connecting Justice to Human Experience: Attitudes Toward Accountability and Reconciliation in Rwanda.” In Stover, Eric and Weinstein, Harvey, eds. My Neighbor, My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, 206225.Google Scholar
Lyons, Beth. “Between Nuremberg and Amnesia: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa.” Monthly Review, 49, September 1997: 523.Google Scholar
Maja-Pearce, Adeale. “Binding the Wounds: Resentment, Anger and the Desire for Revenge Threaten to Undermine the Truth Commission’s Attempt to Reconcile Victims and Oppressors.” Index on Censorship, 5, 1996: 4853.Google Scholar
Maindron, Gabriel. Des Apparitions à Kibeho: Annonce de Marie au Coeur de l’Afrique. Paris: O.E.I.L., 1984.Google Scholar
Malkki, Liisa. Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory and Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Mamdani, Mahmoud. When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Manirakazi, Vincent, and Ansoms, An. “‘Modernizing Kigali:’ The Struggle for Space, in the Rwandan Urban Context.” In Ansoms, An and Hilhorst, Thea, eds. Losing Your Land: Dispossession in the Great Lakes. Suffolk: James Currey, 2014.Google Scholar
Manor, James. The Political Economy of Democratic Decentralization. Washington: World Bank, 1999.Google Scholar
Maquet, Jacques J. The Premise of Inequality in Ruanda: A Study of Political Relations in a Central African Kingdom. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.Google Scholar
Marschall, Sabine. “Gestures of Compensation: Post-Apartheid Monuments and Memorials.” Transformation 2004: 7895.Google Scholar
Master Plan Team, The (OZ Architecture, EDAW, Tetra Tech, ERA, and Engineers without Borders). “Kigali Conceptual Master Plan,” prepared for the Rwanda Ministry of Infrastructure. November 2007.Google Scholar
Mayr, Otto. “The Enola Gay Fiasco: History, Politics, and the Museum.” Technology and Culture 39, 3, July 1998: 462473.Google Scholar
Mbonimana, Gamaliel. “Ethnies et Eglise Catholique: Le Remodelage de la Société par l’École Missionaire (1900–1931).” Cahiers Centre Saint-Dominique, 1, August 8, 1995: 5267.Google Scholar
Mbonimana, Gamaliel. “Le Rwanda État-Nation au XIXe siècle.” In Rapport de Synthese du Seminaire sur l’Histoire du Rwanda. Butare, December 14–18, 1998.Google Scholar
McAdams, A. James, ed. Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in New Democracies. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1997.Google Scholar
McGreal, Chris. “Rwanda to Switch from French to English Schools,” The Guardian, October 13, 2008.Google Scholar
McGreal, Chris. “Survivors Condemn Tribute to Top Hutus: Rwanda’s Government ‘Wants to Forget the Genocide.’” The Guardian, April 5, 1995.Google Scholar
McKinley, James C.76,000 Still in Jail in Rwanda Awaiting Trial in ‘94 Slayings.” New York Times, 24, June 1996.Google Scholar
McVeigh, Tracy. “Rwanda Votes to Give President Kagame Right to Rule until 2034.” The Guardian, December 19, 2015Google Scholar
Medecins Sans Frontiers. “Report on Events in Kibeho Camp, April 1995.” Paris: MSF, May 25, 1995.Google Scholar
Meierhenrich, Jens. Lawfare: Gacaca Jurisdictions in Rwanda. Unpublished Manuscript.Google Scholar
Meierhenrich, Jens, and Lagace, Martha. “Photo Essay: Tropes of Memory.” Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, 4, 2, Summer 2013: 289312.Google Scholar
Meldrum, Andrew. “One Million Rwandans to Face Killing Charges in Village Courts.” The Manchester Guardian, 15, January 2005.Google Scholar
Mendez, Juan. “Accountability for Past Abuses.” Human Rights Quarterly, 19, 2, 1997: 255282.Google Scholar
Meredith, Martin. Coming to Terms: South Africa’s Search for Truth. Washington: Public Affairs: 19.Google Scholar
Mgbako, Chi. “Ingando Solidarity Camps: Reconciliation and Political Indoctrination in Post-Genocide Rwanda.” Harvard Human Rights Journal, 201, 2005: 201224.Google Scholar
Michnik, Adam. “Reflections on the Collapse of Communism.” Journal of Democracy, January 2000: 119126.Google Scholar
Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning. “Rwanda Vision 2020.” Kigali: Government of Rwanda, July 2000: 11–19.Google Scholar
Minow, Martha. Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History after Geonocide and Mass Violence. Boston: Beacon Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Misago, Augustin. Les Apparitions de Kibeho au Rwanda. Kinshasa: Faculté Catholique de Kinshasa, 1991.Google Scholar
Morrill, Constance. “Show Business and ‘Lawfare’ in Rwanda: Twelve Years after the Genocide.” Dissent, Summer 2006: 14–20.Google Scholar
Morris, Madeleine H.The Trials of Concurrent Jurisdiction: The Case of Rwanda.” Special Symposium Justice in Cataclysm: Criminal Trials in the Wake of Mass Violence. Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, Spring 1997: 349374.Google Scholar
Mudoola, Dan M.Institution Building: The Case of the NRM and the Military in Uganda, 1986–9.” In Hansen, Holger Bernt and Twaddle, Michael, eds. Changing Uganda. Athens. OH: Ohio University Press, 1991: 230246.Google Scholar
Mugisha, Alex and Rwema, Frances. “In Rwanda, Rapid Urbanization Chases the Poor Out of Town.” Inyenyeri News, March 6, 2012.Google Scholar
Mulimbiri, Jean. “Remise en Cause et Reprise en Mains de Notre Histoire.” Cahiers Centre Saint-Dominique, 1, May 8, 1995: 718.Google Scholar
Müller, Jan-Werner. “Introduction: The Power of Memory, the Memory of Power, and the Power over Memory.” In Müller, Jan-Werner, ed. Memory and Power in Post-War Europe: Studies in the Presence of the Past. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, 135: 18.Google Scholar
Mungarulire, Pierre. “Le Revolution de 1959 au Rwanda.” In Rapport de Synthèse du Seminaire sur l’Histoire du Rwanda. Butare, December 14–18, 1998.Google Scholar
Munyaneza, James. “City authorities need to review strategy on ‘illegal’ houses.” The New Times, January 10, 2011.Google Scholar
Munyura, Pierre. “Rwanda Decentralization Assessment.” Kigali: Strategies 2000 SARL, for USAID, July 2002.Google Scholar
Musahara, Herman, and Huggins, Chris. “Land Reform, Land Scarcity, and Post-Conflict Reconstruction: A Case Study of Rwanda.” In Huggins, Chris and Clover, Jenny, eds. From the Ground Up: Land Rights, Conflict, and Peace in Sub-Saharan Africa. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, June 2005.Google Scholar
Mutakaganzwa, Domatilla. “Byuma Francois Xavier’s Case.” Kigali: National Service of Gacaca Jurisdictions, 12, June 2007.Google Scholar
Muzungu, Bernardin. “Ethnies et Clans.” Cahiers Centre Saint-Dominique, 1, August 8, 1995.Google Scholar
Muzungu, Bernardin. “Le Prejugé de Race.” Les Cahiers Evangile et Société, 4, December 1996: 2029.Google Scholar
Muzungu, Bernardin. “Les Mythes.” Cahiers Lumière et Société, 5, Mayu 1997, 2336: Citation 34.Google Scholar
Muzungu, Bernardin. “Un Mensonge Politique.” Cahiers Lumière et Société, 10, May 1998: 2646.Google Scholar
Muzungu, Bernardin. “Les Signes d’Espoir.” Cahiers Lumière et Société, 11, August 1998: 720.Google Scholar
Muzungu, Bernardin. “A qui Profitent nos Malheurs?” Cahiers Lumière et Société, March 1999: 35–54.Google Scholar
Nantulya, Paul, Alexander, Karin, Kanyugu, Didace, et al. “Evaluation and Impact Assessment of the National Unity and Reconciliation Commission (NURC).” Kigali: Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, November 2005.Google Scholar
National Census Service. “The General Census of Population and Housing, Rwanda: 16–30 August 2002: Report on the Preliminary Results.” Kigali: Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, February 2003.Google Scholar
National Service of Gacaca Jurisdictions. “Summary of the Report Presented at the Closing of Gacaca Court Activities.” Kigali, Rwanda, 2012.Google Scholar
National Service of Gacaca Jurisdictions. “Gacaca Jurisdictions: Achievements, Problems, and Future Prospects,” www.inkiko-gacaca.gov.rw/En/EnObjectives.htm, 2012.Google Scholar
National Unity and Reconciliation Commission. “Itorero Ry-Igihugu.” Kigali: NURC, January 12, 2010.Google Scholar
Ndayambaje, Jean-Damascène. “Le Genocide des Tutsi: Genese et Execution.” In Rapport de Synthèse du Seminaire sur l’Histoire du Rwanda, Butare, December 14–18, 1998.Google Scholar
Neier, Aryeh. War Crimes: Brutality, Genocide, Terror, and the Struggle for Justice. New York: Random House, 1998.Google Scholar
“New Rwandan Prosecutor Named,” London: BBC News, August 29, 2003.Google Scholar
Newbury, Catharine. The Cohesion of Oppression: Clientship and Ethnicity in Rwanda, 1860–1960. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Newbury, Catharine. “Ethnicity and the Politics of History in Rwanda.” Africa Today, 45, 1, January-March 1998: 724.Google Scholar
Newbury, Catharine. “High Modernism at the Ground Level: The Imidugudu Policy at the Ground Level.” In Straus, Scott and Waldorf, Lars, eds. Remaking Rwanda: State Building and Human Rights After Mass Violence. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2011: 223239.Google Scholar
Newbury, Catharine. “Rwanda: Recent Debates over Governance and Rural Development.” In Hyden, Goran and Bratton, Michael, Governance and Politics in Africa. Boulder: Lynne Reinner, 1992, 193219.Google Scholar
Newbury, David S.Canonical Conventions in Rwanda: Four Myths of Recent Historiography of Central Africa,” History in Africa, 39, 2012, 4176.Google Scholar
Newbury, David S.The Clans of Rwanda: An Historical Hypothesis.” Africa: Journal of the International Africa Institute, 50, 4, 1980: 389403.Google Scholar
Nora, Pierre, ed. Les Lieux de Mémoire. Paris: Gallimard, Vols 1–3, 1984–1992.Google Scholar
Norman, Wayne. Negotiating Nationalism: Nation-building, Federalism, and Secession in the Multinational State. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Nouvelle Strategie du ‘Double Genocide, La.’” Cahier Lumière et Société, 9, March 1998.Google Scholar
Nowrojee, Binaifer, and MacGaffey, Janet. Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence During the Rwandan Genocide and Its Aftermath, New York: Human Rights Watch, 1996.Google Scholar
Ntagungira, Godfrey. “Rwanda: KCC Evicts Kiyovu Kiosk Owners.” The New Times, June 21, 2008.Google Scholar
Ntagungira, Godfrey. “Demolished Kiosk Owners Drag KCC to Court.” The New Times, July 14, 2008.Google Scholar
Nyamwasa, Kayumba, Rudasingwa, Theogene, Karegeya, Patrick, et al. “Rwanda Briefing.” www.greatlakesdemocracy.blogspot.com/2010/09/rwanda-briefing-by-gen-kayumba-nyamwasa.html, August 2010.Google Scholar
Ntahombaye, Philemone, Ntabona, A, Gahama, Joseph, et al. L’Institution des Bashingantahe au Burundi: Etudes Pluridisciplinaire. Bujumbura, 1999.Google Scholar
Nyirimanzi, Gérard. “Les Solidaritiés Traditionneles.” Les Cahiers Lumière et Société, 14, June 1999.Google Scholar
Nyirubugara, Olivier. Complexities and Dangers of Remembering and Forgetting in Rwanda. Sidestone Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges. Congo: From Leopold to Kabila. London: Zed Books, 2002.Google Scholar
Oloku-Onyanga, J.The National Resistance Movement, ‘Grassroots Democracy,’ and Dictatorship in Uganda.” In Cohen, Robin and Goulbourne, Harry, eds. Democracy and Socialism in Africa. Boulder: Westview Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Olsen, Tricia D., Payne, Leigh A., and Reiter, Andrew G. Transitional Justice in Balance: Comparing Processes, Weighing Efficacy, Washington: United States Institute for Peace, 2010.Google Scholar
Olson, Jennifer M. “Land Degradation in Gikongoro Rwanda: Problems and Possibilities in the Integration of Household Survey Data and Environmental Data.” Rwanda Society Environment Project, working paper 5, East Lansing: Michigan State University, 1994.Google Scholar
Orwell, George. “As I Please.” February 4, 1944.Google Scholar
Osiel, Mark. Mass Atrocity, Collective Memory and the Law. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 1997.Google Scholar
Pagès, A. Un Royaume Hamite au Centre de l’Afrique: Au Rwanda sur les bos du Lac Kivu. Brussels: Van Campenhout, 1933.Google Scholar
Palmer, Nicola. Courts in Conflict: Interpreting the Layers of Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Parliament of Rwanda. “La où l’Idéologie Génocidaire se Fair Observer au Rwanda.” Kigali, June 2004.Google Scholar
Penal Reform International. “From Camp to Hill: The Reintegration of Released Prisoners.” Research Report on the Gacaca VI, Paris: May 2004.Google Scholar
Penal Reform International. “Monitoring and Research Report on the Gacaca Community Service, Areas of Reflection.” London: PRI, March 2007.Google Scholar
Peskin, Victor. “International Justice and Domestic Rebuilding: An Analysis of the Role of the International Tribunal for Rwanda.” The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, October 1999.Google Scholar
Pierre Celestin Rwigema, the Rwandan Exiled Prime Minister Returns as Revealed Before.” Umuvugizi, October 24, 2011.Google Scholar
Pitcher, M. Anne. “Forgetting from Above and Memory from Below: Strategies of Legitimation and Struggle in Postsocialist Mozambique.” Africa, Winter 2006: 88–112.Google Scholar
Plowden, William and Jenkins, Kate. Governance and Nationbuilding: The Failure of International Intervention. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2006.Google Scholar
Post, Robert C.A Narrative of Our Time: The Enola Gay ‘and after that, period.’” Technology and Culture, 45, 2, April 2004: 373395.Google Scholar
Pottier, Johan. Re-Imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Late Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Pouligny, Béatrice, Chesterman, Simon, and Schnabel, Albrecht, eds. After Mass Crime: Rebuilding States and Communities. New York: United Nations University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Power, Samantha. “The Stages of Justice.” The New Republic, March 2, 1998: 3238.Google Scholar
Power, Samantha. A Problem from Hell: The United States in the Age of Genocide. New York: Basic Books, 2002.Google Scholar
Press, Robert M.In Rwanda’s ‘Slave Ship’ Prisons, Life Is Grim for Suspected Killers.” The Christian Science Monitor, 18, November 1994.Google Scholar
“Prosecutor Loses Rwanda Role,” London: BBC News, August 28, 2003.Google Scholar
Pross, Christian. Paying for the Past: The Struggle over Reparations for Surviving Victims of the Nazi Terror. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Protests as Rwandan Government Frees Detainees.” Business Day, 12, February 1997.Google Scholar
Prunier, Gerard. Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Prunier, Gerard. The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide. New York: Columbia, 1995.Google Scholar
Purdeková, Andrea. “Even if I am not here, There are so Many Eyes.” Journal of Modern African Studies, 49, 3, September 2011: 475497.Google Scholar
Purdeková, Andrea. Making Ubumwe: Power, State, and Camps in Rwanda’s Unity-Building Project. New York: Berghan Books, 2015.Google Scholar
Purdeková, Andrea. “Repatriation and Reconciliation in Divided Societies: The Case of Rwanda’s ‘Ingando.’” RSC Working Paper No. 43, Working Paper Series, Queen Elizabeth House, Department of International Development, University of Oxford, January 2008.Google Scholar
Raghavan, Sudarsan. “Rwanda’s Success Story Fails to Silence Concerns about Rights: Slayings and Censorship Mar Campaign Season, Top Opponents Barred.” Washington Post, August 9, 2010.Google Scholar
Ratner, Steven R. and Abrahams, Jason S. Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law: Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Recker, Sterling. “Vision 2020: An Analysis of Policy Implementation and Agrarian Change in Rural Rwanda.” PhD Dissertation, University of Missouri-St. Louis, July 2014.Google Scholar
Reporters without Borders. “Rwanda, the Arrest of Father Guy Theunis: An Investigation of the Charges, the Legal Action, and Possible Reasons.” Brussels: Reporters without Borders, November 2005.Google Scholar
Republic of Rwanda, National Assembly. “Rapport de la Commission Parlementaire de Contrôle Mise en place le 27 décembre 2002 pour Enquêter sur les Problèmes du MDR.” Accepted by the National Transitional Assembly, April 14, 2003.Google Scholar
Republic of Rwanda. “Report on the Reflection Meetings Held in the Office of the President of the Republic from May 1998 to March 1999.” Kigali: Office of the President of the Republic, August 1999.Google Scholar
Republic of Rwanda, Office of the President of the Republic. The Unity of Rwandans: Before the Colonial Period and Under Colonial Rule; Under the First Republic. Kigali, August 1999.Google Scholar
République du Rwanda, Province du Nord, District de Rulindo. “Evaluation des Besoins en Renforcement des Capacités: District du Rulindo.” Kigali, April 2008.Google Scholar
Rettig, Max.Gacaca: Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation in Postconflict Rwanda?” African Studies Review, 51, 3, 2008: 2550.Google Scholar
Rever, Judi. “Rwanda’s Memory Hole,” Foreign Policy Journal, April 14, 2015.Google Scholar
Reyntjens, Filip. “Constructing the Truth, Dealing with Dissent, Domesticating the World: Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda.” African Affairs (2010): 1–34, Citation p. 2.Google Scholar
Reyntjens, Filip. “Le gacaca ou la Justice du Gazon au Rwanda.” Politique Africaine, 40, December 1990: 3141.Google Scholar
Reyntjens, Filip. The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Reyntjens, Filip. Political Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Reyntjens, Filip. “Reduction of Poverty and Inequality, the Rwandan Way. And the Aid Community Loves It,” Analysis and Policy Brief, No. 16, Institute of Development and Policy Analysis, University of Antwerp, December 2015.Google Scholar
Reyntjens, Filip. “Rwanda Ten Years On: From Genocide to Dictatorship,” African Affairs 103, 2004: 177210.Google Scholar
Reyntjens, Filip and Vandeginste, Steff. “Rwanda: An Atypical Transition.” In Skaar, Elin, Gloppen, Siri, and Suhrke, Astri, eds. Roads to Reconciliation. Lanham MD: Lexington Books, 2005.Google Scholar
Ricouer, Paul. Memory, History, Forgetting. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Robinson, Neil, and Hehir, Aidan. State Building: Theory and Practice. New York: Routledge, 2007.Google Scholar
Roht-Arriaza, Naomi. “Reparations in the Aftermath of Mass Violence.” In Stover, Eric and Weinstein, Harvey, eds. My Neighbor, My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004: 121139Google Scholar
Roht-Arriaza, Naomi. “State Responsibility to Investigate and Prosecute Grave Human Rights Violations in International Law.” California Law Review, March 1990: 449–513.Google Scholar
Roht Arriaza, Naomi, and Mariencurrena, Javier, eds. Transitional Justice in the Twenty-First Century: Beyond Truth versus Justice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Rosen, Jonathan W. “Dissident ‘Choirboy’: Rwandan Gospel Star on Trial.” Al Jazeera English, December 11, 2014.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Tina. “Recovering from Apartheid.” The New Yorker, 18, November 1996: 8695.Google Scholar
Roth, Brad R.Peaceful Transition and Retrospective Justice: Some Reservations: A Response to Juan Méndez.” Ethics and International Affairs, 15, 1, 2001: 4550.Google Scholar
Roth, Philip. “The Most Original Book of the Season.” Interview with Milan Kundera. The New York Times, November 30, 1980.Google Scholar
Rousso, Henry. The Vichy Syndrome. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Rugagi, Jean Nizurugero. “Decolonisation et Democratization du Rwanda.” Cahiers Lumière et Société, 7, October 1997, 4354.Google Scholar
Rugagi, Jean Nizurugero. “Les Factuers Favorables à l’Identité Citoyenne dans l’Histoire du Rwanda des Origins à 1900.” In Rapport de Synthèse du Seminaire sur l’Histoire du Rwanda, Butare, December 14–18, 1998.Google Scholar
Rusagara, Frank. “Gacaca as a Reconciliation and Nation-building Strategy in Post-genocide Rwanda.” Conflict Trends, 2, 2005: 2025.Google Scholar
Rusesabagina, Paul. “Compendium of RPF Crimes – October 1990 to Present: The Case for Overdue Prosecution.” Unpublished report, Brussels, November 2006.Google Scholar
Rutaremara, Tito and Muzungu, Bernardin. “Qui Liberera le Rwanda de l’Idéologie Divisionniste?Les Cahiers Evangile et Société, 3, June 1996: 4656, citation p. 49.Google Scholar
Rutayisire, Paul. “Le Catholicisme Rwandais en Process.” In Rapport de Synthèse du Seminaire sur l’Histoire du Rwanda, Butare, December 14–18, 1998.Google Scholar
Rutayisire, Paul and Muzumgu, Bernardin. “L’ethnisme au Coeur de la Guerre.” Cahiers Centre Saint-Dominique, 1, August 8, 1995: 6882.Google Scholar
Rutembesa, Faustin. “A propos de l’usage du concept ‘féodalité’ dans l’etude de la société rwandaise.” In Rapport de Synthese du Seminaire sur l’Histoire du Rwanda, Butare, December 14–18, 1998.Google Scholar
Rutijanwa, Médard. “Le MRND et la IIème République Rwandaise: Essai d’Analyse Critique du Système Politique et Idéologique du MRND.” In Rapport de Synthèse du Seminaire sur l’Histoire du Rwanda, Butare, December 14–18, 1998.Google Scholar
Rwanda Development Board. “Kigali Conceptual Master Plan,” brochure. www.kcps.gov.rw/index.php/?id=21#Master%20plan.Google Scholar
“Rwanda: Government Said Planning to Redraw Provincial Boundaries.” The East African, September 6, 2005.Google Scholar
“Rwanda Cuts Relations with France.” BBC News, November 24, 2006.Google Scholar
“Rwanda: Trying to Move On.” Public Radio International’s The World, Jeb Sharp, producer, 2007.Google Scholar
Rwandan Patriotic Front, “Gacaca Courts Genesis, Implementation, and Achievements,” www.rpfinkotanyi.org/en/?gacaca-courts-genesis.Google Scholar
“Rwandan Senate Votes to Allow Third Term for Kagame,” Aljazeera, November 17, 2015.Google Scholar
Samset, Ingrid and Dalby, Orrvar. “Rwanda: Presidential and Parliamentary Elections 2003.” Oslo: Norwegian Center for Human Rights, 2003.Google Scholar
Sanders, Edith R.The Hamitic Hypothesis: Its Origin and Functions in Time Perspective.” Journal of African History, 10, 4, 1969.Google Scholar
Santaro, Lara. “Terror as a Method: A Journalist’s Search for Truth in Rwanda,” Foreign Policy Journal, September 25, 2015.Google Scholar
Sarkin, Jeremy. “The Necessity and Challenges of Establishing a Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Rwanda.” Human Rights Quarterly, 21, 3. 1999: 767823.Google Scholar
Scalzo, Kristin. “The Rwandan Refugee Crisis: Before the Genocide.” National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 464, George Washington University, 31, March 2014.Google Scholar
Schabas, William. “Genocide Trials and Gacaca Courts.” Journal of International Criminal Justice, 3, 4, 2005: 896919.Google Scholar
Scharf, Michael P. “The Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic: An Appraisal of the First International War Crimes Trial Since Nuremberg.” Paper presented on the panel, “Conceptualizing Violence: Present and Future Developments in International Law.” Adjudicating Violence: Problems Confronting International Law and Policy on War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity, Albany Law Review, 60, 861, 1997.Google Scholar
Schoenbrun, David Lee. A Green Place, A Good Place: Agrarian Change, Gender, and Social Change in the Great Lakes Region to the Fifteenth Century. Portsmouth, NH: Heinneman, 1998.Google Scholar
Schwedler, Jillian and Chomiak, Laryssa. “And the Winner Is … Authoritarian Elections in the Arab World.” Middle East Report, Spring 2006.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Sebarenzi, Joseph and Mullane, Laura Ann. God Sleeps in Rwanda: A Journey of Transformation. New York: Atria Books, 2009.Google Scholar
Semujonga, Josias. “Le Discours Scientific comme Porteur du Stereotypes: Le Cas de l’Historiographie Rwandaise.” In Rapport de Synthese du Seminaire sur l’Histoire du Rwanda, Butare. December 14–18, 1998.Google Scholar
Senior Aid in Rwanda Coalition is Killed.” New York Times, March 5, 1995.Google Scholar
Sezibera, Richard. “The Only Way to Bring Justice to Rwanda.” Washington Post, 7, April 2002.Google Scholar
Shanmugaratnam, N., ed. Between War and Peace in Sudan and Sri Lanka: Deprivation and Livelihood Revival. Oxford: James Currey, 2008.Google Scholar
Shaw, Rosalind. “Memory Frictions: Localizing the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Sierra Leone.” International Journal of Transitional Justice, 1, 2, 2007: 183207.Google Scholar
Shaw, Rosalind. “The TRC, the NGO, and the Child: Young People and Post-Conflict Futures in Sierra Leone,” Social Anthropology, 22, 3, 2014: 306325.Google Scholar
Sherman, Daniel J.Art, Commerce, and the Production of Memory in France after WWI.” In Gillis, John R. ed. Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1994.Google Scholar
Shoup, Brian. Conflict and cooperation in Multi-ethnic States: Institutional Incentives, Myths, and Counter-Balancing. New York: Routledge, 2008.Google Scholar
Sibomana, André. Hope for Rwanda: Conversations with Laure Guilbert and Hervé Deguine. London: Pluto Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Siegloff, Roland. “Rwanda’s Legal System Facing Paralysis over Backlog of Genocide Trials.” Deutsche Presse-Agentur, March 8, 1997.Google Scholar
Sikkink, Kathryin. The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions are Changing World Politics. New York: WW Norton, 2011.Google Scholar
Sirven, Pierre. La Sous-urbanization et les Villes du Rwanda et du Burundi. Published by the author, 1984.Google Scholar
Slater, Dan. Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Smith, David. “Rwanda’s Former Spy Chief ‘Murdered’ in South Africa.” The Guardian, January 2, 2014.Google Scholar
Sommers, Marc. Stuck: Rwandan Youth and the Struggle for Adulthood. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Sprecher, Drexel A. Inside the Nuremberg Trial: A Prosecutor’s Comprehensive Account. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1999.Google Scholar
Stearns, Jason K. Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa. New York: Public Affairs, 2011.Google Scholar
Straus, Scott. The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Straus, Scott. “How Many Perpetrators Were There in the Rwandan Genocide: An Estimate,” Journal of Genocide Research, 6, 1, March 2004.Google Scholar
Straus, Scott, and Waldorf, Lars, eds. Remaking Rwanda: State Building and Human Rights after Mass Violence. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Straus, Scott, and Waldorf, Lars. “Introduction: Seeing Like a Post-Conflict State.” In Straus, Scott and Waldorf, Lars, eds. Remaking Rwanda: State Building and Human Rights After Mass Violence. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2011: 321.Google Scholar
Stren, Richard. “Decentralization: False Start or New Dawn?” United Nations Human Settlement Program, Habitat Debate, 8, 1, March 2002: 12.Google Scholar
Sundaram, Anjan. Bad News: Last Journalists in a Dictatorship, New York: Doubleday, 2016.Google Scholar
Tawil, Sobhi, and Harley, Alexandra, eds. Education, Conflict and Social Cohesion: Studies in Comparative Education. International Bureau of Education/UNESCO, 2004.Google Scholar
Teitel, Ruti. Transitional Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Theidon, Kimberly. Intimate Enemies: Violence and Reconciliation in Peru, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Theidon, Kimberly. “Justice in Transition: The Micropolitics of Reconciliation in Post-War Peru.” The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50, 3, 2006, 433457.Google Scholar
Thompson, Allan. The Media and the Rwandan Genocide. London: Pluto Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Thomson, Susan. “Reeducation for Reconciliation: Participant Observation on Ingando.” In Straus, Scott and Waldorf, Lars, eds. Remaking Rwanda: State Building and Human Rights after Mass Violence. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2011, 331339.Google Scholar
Thomson, Susan. Whispering Truth to Power: Everyday Resistance to Reconciliation in Post-Genocide Rwanda. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Thomson, Susan, and Nagy, Rosemary. “Law, Power, and Justice: What Legalism Fails to Address in the Functioning of Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts.” International Journal of Transitional Justice, 5, 2011, 1130Google Scholar
Topping, Alexandra. “Kigali’s Future, or Costly Fantasy? Plan to Reshape Rwandan City Divides Opinion.” The Guardian, April 4, 2014.Google Scholar
Tunbridge, J. E. and Ashworth, G. J. Dissonant Heritage: The Management of the Past as a Resource in Conflict. Chichester, New York: J. Wiley, 1996.Google Scholar
Turner, Thomas. The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth, and Reality. London: Zed Books, 2007.Google Scholar
Tutu, Desmond. “Healing a Nation.” Interview. Index on Censorship, 5, 1996: 3951.Google Scholar
Ugirashebuja, Octave. “L’ideologie du Tutsi Oppresseur.” Les Cahiers Evangile et Société, 4, December 1996: 5767.Google Scholar
Umbreit, M. Victim Meets Offender: The Impact of Restorative Justice and Mediation. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Umutesi, Marie Béatrice. Surviving the Slaughter: The Ordeal of a Rwandan Refugee in Zaire. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2000.Google Scholar
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. “UIS Statistics in Brief: Education in Rwanda.” www.stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=6460.Google Scholar
UNICEF. “Rwanda: Education.” www.unicef.org/rwanda/education.html.Google Scholar
United Nations High Commission for Human Rights. “Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1993–2003: Report of the Mapping Exercise Documenting the Most Serious Violations of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law Committed within the Territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between March 1993 and June 2003.” Geneva: UNHCHR, August 2010.Google Scholar
Uvin, Peter. Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda. West Hartford: Kumarian, 1998.Google Scholar
Uvin, Peter, and Mironko, Charles. “Western and Local Approaches to Justice in Rwanda.” Global Governance, 9, 3, April–Jun 2003: 219231.Google Scholar
Van Hoyweghen, Saskia. “The Urgency of Land and Agrarian Reform in Rwanda.” African Affairs, 98, 392, July 1999: 353372.Google Scholar
Van Hoyweghen, Saskia. “The Rwandan Villagisation Programme: Resettlement for Reconstruction?” In Goyvaerts, Didier, ed. Conflict and Ethnicity in Central Africa. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, 2000: 209224.Google Scholar
Van’t Spijker, Gerard. Les Usages Funéraires et la Mission de l’Église: Une Etude Anthropologique et Théologique des Rites Funéraires au Rwanda. Kampen: Uitgeversmaatschappij J.H. Kok, 1990: 51128.Google Scholar
Vansina, Jan. Le Rwanda Ancien: Le Royaume Nyinginya. Paris: Karthala, 2001.Google Scholar
Vansina, Jan. Antecedents to Modern Rwanda: The Nyiginya Kingdom, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Vasagar, Jeevan. “France Blamed as Rwanda Marks Genocide Date.” The Guardian, April 8, 2004.Google Scholar
Verwimp, Philip. “A Quantitative Analysis of Genocide in Kibuye Prefecture, Rwanda.” Discussion Paper Series 1.10, Leuven: Center for Economic Studies, May 2001.Google Scholar
Verwimp, Philip. “Testing the Double-Genocide Thesis for Central and Southern Rwanda.” The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 47, 4, August 2003: 423442.Google Scholar
Vidal, Cluadine. “Les Commémorations du Génocide au Rwanda.” Les Temps Modernes 613, 2001: 146.Google Scholar
Wagner-Pacifici, Robin, and Schwartz, Barry. “The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: Commemorating a Difficult Past.” American Journal of Sociology, 97, 2, September 1991: 376420.Google Scholar
Waldorf, Lars. “Censorship and Propaganda in Post-Genocide Rwanda.” International Development Research Center, 2006.Google Scholar
Waldorf, Lars. “A Justice ‘Trickle Down’: Rwanda’s First Post-Genocide President on Trial.” In Lutz, Ellen and Reiger, Caitlin, eds. Prosecuting Heads of State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009: 151–75.Google Scholar
Waldorf, Lars. “Mass Justice for Mass Atrocity: Rethinking Local Justice as Transitional Justice.” Temple Law Review, 79, 1, 2006.Google Scholar
Waldorf, Lars. “Mass Justice for Mass Atrocity: Transitional Justice and Illiberal Peace-Building in Rwanda,” PhD Dissertation, National University of Ireland, Galway, November 2013.Google Scholar
Waldorf, Lars. “Instrumentalizing Genocide: The RPF’s Campaign against ‘Genocide Ideology.’” In Straus, Scott and Waldorf, Lars, eds. Remaking Rwanda: State Building and Human Rights after Mass Violence. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2011: 4866, 54.Google Scholar
Waller, Michael. Democratic Centralism: An Historical Commentary. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Watson, Catharine. “Exile from Rwanda: Background to an Invasion.” Washington: US Committee for Refugees, February 1991.Google Scholar
Waugh, Colin M. Paul Kagame and Rwanda: Power, Genocide and the Rwandan Patriotic Front. London: McFarland and Co., 2004.Google Scholar
Weschler, Lawrence. A Miracle, A Universe: Settling Accounts with Torturers. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.Google Scholar
What Happens after Re-Demarcation?The New Times, September 12, 2005.Google Scholar
Wierzynska, Aneta. “Consolidating Democracy through Transitional Justice: Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts.” NYU Law Review, November 2004, 1934–1969.Google Scholar
Williams, Melissa, Nagy, Rosemary, and Elster, Jon, eds. Transitional Justice. New York: New York University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Willum, Bjørn. “Foreign Aid to Rwanda: Purely Beneficial or Contributing to War?” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Copenhagen, 2001.Google Scholar
Wilson, Richard A. The Politics of Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: Legitimizing the Post-Apartheid State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
World Bank. “Net Official Development Assistance Received (Current US$).” www.data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ODAT.CD.Google Scholar
World Bank. “Country Data: Rwanda.” www.data.worldbank.org/country/rwanda.Google Scholar
World Bank “Rwanda at a Glance.” Washington: World Bank, September 24, 2008. www.devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/rwa_aag.pdf.Google Scholar
World Economic Forum. “The Global Competitiveness Report 2010–2011.” www.gcr.weforum.org/gcr2010/.Google Scholar
Yacoubian, George S.Releasing Accused Genocidal Perpetrators in Rwanda: The Displacement of Preventive Justice.” Loyola University Chicago International Law Review, 3, 21, Fall–Winter 2005: 2139.Google Scholar
Young, James Edward. The Texture of Memory: Holocaust Memorials and Meaning. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988, 1993.Google Scholar
Young, Crawford, ed. Ethnic Diversity and Public Policy: A Comparative Inquiry. New York: Palgrave, 1998.Google Scholar
Young, Crawford, Young, H. Edwin, and Emmerson, Ruppert, eds. The Accommodation of Cultural Diversity: Case Studies. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Zalaquett, Jose. “Confronting Human Rights Violations Committed by Former Governments: Principles Applicable and Political Constraints.” In Kritz, Neil J., ed. Transitional Justice. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1995: 331.Google Scholar
Zehr, Howard. “Restorative Justice: The Concept: Movement Sweeping Criminal Justice Field Focuses on Harm and Responsibility.” Corrections Today, December 1997: 68–70.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Bibliography
  • Timothy Longman, Boston University
  • Book: Memory and Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda
  • Online publication: 30 August 2017
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139086257.013
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Bibliography
  • Timothy Longman, Boston University
  • Book: Memory and Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda
  • Online publication: 30 August 2017
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139086257.013
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Bibliography
  • Timothy Longman, Boston University
  • Book: Memory and Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda
  • Online publication: 30 August 2017
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139086257.013
Available formats
×