Agha, Salih Sa`id, The Revolution which Toppled the Umayyads: Neither Arab nor ʿAbbāsid, Leiden, E. J. Brill, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ayalon, David, Islam and the Abode of War: Military Slaves and Islamic Adversaries, Aldershot, Ashgate Publishing (Variorum), 1994.Google Scholar

Beeston, A. F. L., Warfare in Ancient South Arabia (2nd–3rd centuries a.d.), London, Luzan & Co., 1976.Google Scholar

Bonner, Michael, Aristocratic Violence and Holy War: Studies in the Jihad and the Arab-Byzantine Frontier, New Haven, CT, American Oriental Society, 1996.Google Scholar

Bonner, Michael, Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cameron, Averil, ed., The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, vol. 3: States, Resources and Armies, Princeton, The Darwin Press, 1995.Google Scholar

Cook, Michael, Muhammad, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1983.Google Scholar

Crone, Patricia, Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980.Google Scholar

Crone, Patricia, Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1987.Google Scholar

Crone, Patricia, “The Early Islamic World,” in Raaflaub, Kurt and Rosenstein, Nathan, eds., War and Society in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: Asia, the Mediterranean, Europe, and Mesoamerica, Washington, DC, Center for Hellenic Studies, 1999, pp. 309–32.Google Scholar

Donner, Fred M., The Early Islamic Conquests, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1981.Google Scholar

Fahmy, Aly Mohamed, Muslim Naval Organisation in the Eastern Mediterranean from the Seventh to the Tenth Century a.d., 2nd ed., Cairo, National Publication and Printing House, 1966.Google Scholar

Gordon, Matthew S., The Breaking of a Thousand Swords: A History of the Turkish Military of Samarra (AH 200–275/815–889 ce), Albany, State University of New York Press, 2001.Google Scholar

Hoyland, Robert, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam, London, Routledge, 2001.Google Scholar

Jabbur, Jibrail S., The Bedouins and the Desert Aspects of Nomadic Life in the Arab East, trans. Lawrence I. Conrad, ed. Jabbur, Suhayl J. and Conrad, L. I., Albany, State University of New York Press, 1995.Google Scholar

Jandora, John Walter, The March from Medina: A Revisionist Study of the Arab Conquests, Clifton, NJ, The Kingston Press, 1990.Google Scholar

Jandora, John Walter, Militarism in Arab Society: An Historiographical and Bibliographical Sourcebook, Westport, CT, Greenwood Press, 1997.Google Scholar

Kaegi, Walter E., Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kennedy, Hugh, The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State, New York and London, Routledge, 2001.Google Scholar

Parry, V. J., and Yapp, M. E., eds., War, Technology and Society in the Middle East, London, Oxford University Press, 1975.Google Scholar

Peters, F. E., Muhammad and the Origins of Islam, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1994.Google Scholar

Pourshariati, Parvaneh, Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran, London, I. B. Tauris, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shoufani, Elias, Al-Riddah and the Muslim Conquest of Arabia, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1973.Google Scholar

Sijpesteijn, Petra M., “The Arab Conquest of Egypt and the Beginning of Muslim Rule,” in Bagnall, Roger S., ed., Egypt in the Byzantine World, 300–700, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 437–59.Google Scholar

Sizgorich, Thomas, Violence and Belief in Late Antiquity: Militant Devotion in Christianity and Islam, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Tor, D. G., Violent Order: Religious Warfare, Chivalry, and the “ʿAyyār” Phenomenon in the Medieval Islamic World, Würzburg, Ergon Verlag, 2007.Google Scholar

Zakeri, Mohsen, Sasanid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of ʿAyyārān and Futuwwa, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz Verlag, 1995.Google Scholar

Dunbabin, Jean, France in the Making, 843–1180, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1985.Google Scholar

Fouracre, Paul, The Age of Charles Martel, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2000.Google Scholar

Goffart, Walter, Barbarians and Romans ad 418–585: The Techniques of Accommodation, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1980.Google Scholar

Goffart, Walter, Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006.Google Scholar

Halsall, Guy, Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West, London, UCL Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Halsall, Guy, Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McCormick, Michael, Eternal Victory: Triumphal Rulership in Late Antiquity, Byzantium and the Early Medieval West, p/back ed., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990.Google Scholar

Magnou-Nortier, Elisabeth, Foi et fidelité: récherches sur l’evolution des liens personnels chez les francs du VIIe au IXe siècle, Toulouse, Publications de l’Université de Toulouse-le-Mirail, 1976.Google Scholar

Nelson, Janet, Politics and Ritual in Early Medieval Europe, London, Hambledon Press, 1986.Google Scholar

Reuter, Timothy, “The End of Carolingian Military Expansion,” in Godman, Peter and Collins, Roger, eds., Charlemagne’s Heir: New Perspectives on the Reign of Louis the Pious, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1990.Google Scholar

Reuter, Timothy, Germany in the Early Middle Ages, 800–1056, London, Longman, 1991.Google Scholar

Reynolds, Susan, Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1994.Google Scholar

Wallace-Hadrill, J. Michael, Early Germanic Kingship in England and on the Continent, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1971.Google Scholar

Wickham, Christopher, Early Medieval Italy: Local Society and Central Power, 400–1000, London, Macmillan, 1981.Google Scholar

Wickham, Christopher, Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400–800, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005; rev. ed., 2006.Google Scholar

Ballin-Smith, Beverley, Taylor, Simon, and Williams, Gareth, eds., West Over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-Borne Expansion and Settlement before 1300, Leiden, Brill, 2007.Google Scholar

Berend, Nora, ed., Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe, and Rus’ c.900–1200, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brink, Stefan, and Price, Neil, eds., The Viking World, London and New York, Routledge, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Byock, Jesse, Medieval Iceland: Society, Sagas, and Power, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1988.Google Scholar

Christiansen, Eric, The Norsemen in the Viking Age, Oxford, Blackwell, 2002.Google Scholar

Folsach, Kjeld von, Lundbaek, Torben, and Mortensen, Peter, eds., The Arabian Journey: Danish Connections with the Islamic World over a Thousand Years, Århus, Prehistoric Museum Moesgård, 1996.Google Scholar

Forte, Angelo, Oram, Richard, and Pedersen, Frederik, Viking Empires, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.Google Scholar

Hadley, Dawn, The Vikings in England: Settlement, Society, and Culture, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2006.Google Scholar

Helle, Knut, ed., Cambridge History of Scandinavia, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Jørgensen, Anne Nørgård, and Clausen, Birthe, eds., Military Aspects of Scandinavian Society in a European Perspective, ad 1–1300, Publications from the National Museum, Studies in Archaeology and History 2, Copenhagen, National Museum, 1997.Google Scholar

Jørgensen, Anne Nørgård, et al., eds., Maritime Warfare in Northern Europe: Technology, Organisation, Logistics and Administration 500 bc–1500 ad, Publications from the National Museum, Studies in Archaeology and History 6, Copenhagen, National Museum, 2002.Google Scholar

Jørgensen, Lars, Storgaard, Birger, and Lorne Gebauer, Thomsen, eds., The Spoils of Victory: The North in the Shadow of the Roman Empire, Copenhagen, National Museum, 2003.Google Scholar

Marsden, John, The Fury of the Northmen: Saints, Shrines, and Sea-Raiders in the Viking Age, New York, St Martin’s, 1993.Google Scholar

Sawyer, Peter, “Cnut’s Scandinavian Empire,” in Rumble, Alexander, ed., The Reign of Cnut, King of England, Denmark, and Norway, London, Leicester University Press, 1994.Google Scholar

Storgaard, Birger, ed., Military Aspects of the Aristocracy in Barbaricum in the Roman and Early Migration Periods, Publications from the National Museum, Studies in Archaeology and History 5, Copenhagen, National Museum, 2001.Google Scholar

Angold, Michael, The Byzantine Empire 1025–1204: A Political History, London, Longman, 1984.Google Scholar

Brandes, Wolfram, Finanzverwaltung in Krisenzeiten: Untersuchungen zur byzantinischen Administration im 6.–9. Jahrhundert, Frankfurt am Main, Löwenklau, 2002.Google Scholar

Carrié, Jean-Michel, “L’esercito: trasformazioni funzionali ed economie locali,” in Giardina, A., ed., Società romana e impero tardoantico: Instituzioni, Ceti, Economie, Rome, Laterza, 1986, pp. 449–88, 760–71.Google Scholar

Cassis, M., et al., “Evaluating Archaeological Evidence for Demographics, Abandonment, and Recovery in Late Antique and Byzantine Anatolia,” Human Ecology 46 (2018), 381–98.Google Scholar

Cheynet, Jean-Claude, The Byzantine Aristocracy and Its Military Function, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2006.Google Scholar

Dagron, G., and Mihaescu, H., Le Traité sur la Guérilla (De velitatione) de l’empereur Nicéphore Phocas (963–969), Paris, CNRS, 1986.Google Scholar

Dennis, George T., Three Byzantine Military Treatises, Text, trans., and notes, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 25 = Dumbarton Oaks Texts 9, Washington, DC, Dumbarton Oaks, 1985.Google Scholar

Eastwood, W. J., et al., “Integrating Palaeoecological and Archaeo-Historical Records: Land Use and Landscape Change in Cappadocia (Central Turkey) since Late Antiquity,” in Vorderstrasse, T. and Roodenberg, J., eds., Archaeology of the Countryside in Medieval Anatolia, Leiden, Brill, 2009, pp. 45–69.Google Scholar

Haldon, John F., Byzantine Praetorians, Bonn, Habelt, 1984.Google Scholar

Haldon, John F., Constantine Porphyrogenitus, Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions, Introduction, edition, trans., and commentary, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 28, Vienna, Austrian Academy, 1990.Google Scholar

Haldon, John F., Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar

Haldon, John F., Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204, London, UCL Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Haldon, John F., “Chapters II, 44 and 45 of the Book of Ceremonies: Theory and Practice in Tenth-Century Military Administration,” Travaux et Mémoires 13 (2000), 201–352.Google Scholar

Haldon, John F., Byzantium at War, Oxford, Osprey, 2002.Google Scholar

Haldon, John F., ed., General Issues in the Study of Medieval Logistics: Sources, Problems and Methodologies, Leiden, Brill, 2005.Google Scholar

Haldon, John F., “Greek Fire Revisited: Recent and Current Research,” in Jeffreys, E., ed., Byzantine Style, Religion and Civilization: In Honour of Sir Steven Runciman, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 290–325.Google Scholar

Haldon, John F., Byzantine Wars: Battles and Campaigns of the Byzantine Era, repr., New York, History Press, 2008.Google Scholar

Haldon, John F., “La Logistique de Mantzikert,” in Barthélemy, D. and Cheynet, Jean-Claude, eds., Guerre et société, Byzance – Occident (VIIIe–XIIIe Siècle), Centre de recherche d’histoire et civilisation de Byzance, Monographies 31, Paris: CNRS, 2010, pp. 11–25.Google Scholar

Haldon, John F., and Brubaker, Leslie, Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era, 680–850: A History, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011.Google Scholar

Haldon, John F., A Critical Commentary on the Taktika of Leo VI, Dumbarton Oaks Studies 44, Washington, DC, Dumbarton Oaks, 2014.Google Scholar

Haldon, John F., “A Context for Two ‘Evil Deeds’: Nikephoros I and the Origins of the Themata,” in Delouis, O., Métivier, S., and Pagès, P., eds., Le Saint, le moine et le paysan: mélanges d’histoire byzantine offerts à Michel Kaplan, Byzantina Sorbonensia 29, Paris, Éditions de la Sorbonne, 2016, pp. 245–65.Google Scholar

Hendy, Michael F., Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy, c.300–1450, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985.Google Scholar

Jones, A. H. M., The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey, 3 vols., Oxford, Blackwell, 1964.Google Scholar

Kolia-Dermitzaki, A., “Byzantium at War in Sermons and Letters of the 10th and 11th Centuries: An Ideological Approach,” in Oikonomidès, N., ed., To empolemo Byzantio [Byzantium at War], Athens, National Research Foundation, 1997, pp. 213–38.Google Scholar

Kolias, Taxiarchis, Byzantinische Waffen, Byzantina Vindobonensia 17, Vienna, Austrian Academy, 1988.Google Scholar

Laiou, Angeliki, et al., The Economic History of Byzantium from the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century, Washington, DC, Dumbarton Oaks, 2002.Google Scholar

McGeer, Eric, Sowing the Dragon’s Teeth: Byzantine Warfare in the Tenth Century, Dumbarton Oaks Studies 33, Washington, DC, Dumbarton Oaks, 1995.Google Scholar

Magdalino, Paul, The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993.Google Scholar

Oikonomidès, N., “L’Évolution de l’organisation administrative de l’empire byzantin,” Travaux et Mémoires 6 (1976), 125–52.Google Scholar

Ravegnani, G., Soldati di Bisanzio in età Giustinianea, Materiali e Ricerche, nuova Serie VI, Rome, Jouvence, 1988.Google Scholar

Roberts, C. N., et al., “Not the End of the World? Post-Classical Decline and Recovery in Rural Anatolia,” Human Ecology 46.3 (2018), 305–22.Google Scholar

Shepard, Jonathan, “The Uses of the Franks in Eleventh-Century Byzantium,” Anglo-Norman Studies 15 (1993), 275–305.Google Scholar

Shepard, Jonathan, ed., Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire ca. 500–1492, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008.Google Scholar

Stouraitis, Ioannis, Krieg und Frieden in der politischen und ideologischen Wahrnehmung in Byzanz (7.–11. Jahrhundert), Byzantinische Geschichtsschreiber, Ergänzungsband 5, Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2009.Google Scholar

Stouraitis, Ioannis, “Byzantine War against Christians – An Emphylios Polemos?,” Βυζαντινά Σύμμεικτα 20 (2010), 85–110.Google Scholar

Stouraitis, Ioannis, “Jihād and Crusade: Byzantine Positions towards the Notions of ‘Holy War,’” Βυζαντινά Σύμμεικτα 21 (2011), 11–63.Google Scholar

Teall, J. L., “The Grain Supply of the Byzantine Empire,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 13 (1959), 87–139.Google Scholar

Whitby, Michael, “Recruitment in Roman Armies from Justinian to Heraclius (ca. 565–615),” in Cameron, Averil, ed., The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, vol. 3: States, Resources and Armies, Princeton, Darwin Press, 1995, pp. 61–124.Google Scholar

Whittow, Mark, The Making of Orthodox Byzantium, 600–1025, London, Macmillan, 1996.Google Scholar

Barford, Paul, The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 2001.Google Scholar

Berend, Nora, At the Gates of Christendom: Jews, Muslims, and “Pagans” in Medieval Hungary, c.1000–c.1300, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001.Google Scholar

Bowlus, Charles R., Franks, Moravians and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788–907, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.Google Scholar

Bowlus, Charles R., The Battle of Lechfeld and its Aftermath, August 955, Aldershot and Burlington, VT, Routledge, 2006.Google Scholar

Bury, John, “The Bulgarian Treaty of a.d. 814 and the Great Fence of Thrace,” English Historical Review 25.97 (1910), 276–87.Google Scholar

Charanis, Peter, “On the Capture of Corinth by the Onogurs and Its Recapture by the Byzantines,” Speculum 27.3 (1952), 343–50.Google Scholar

Christiansen, Eric, The Northern Crusades: The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier 1100–1525, London and Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1980.Google Scholar

Curta, Florin, Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar

Eggers, Martin, Das “Grossmährische Reich”. Realität oder Fiktion?, Stuttgart, A. Hiersemann, 1995.Google Scholar

Franklin, Simon, and Shepard, Jonathan, The Emergence of Rus 750–1200, Harlow, Longman, 1996.Google Scholar

Giurescu, Constantin, A History of the Romanian Forest, Bucharest, Romanian Academy, 1980.Google Scholar

Göckenjan, Hansgerd, Hilfsvölker und Grenzwächter im mittelalterlichen Ungarn, Wiesbaden, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1972.Google Scholar

Golden, Peter B., An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples, Wiesbaden, Otto Harrassowitz, 1992.Google Scholar

Hunyadi, Zsolt, “The Hospitallers in the Kingdom of Hungary,” in Hunyadi, Zsolt and Laszlovszky, József, eds., The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval Latin Christianity, Budapest, Central European University, 2001, pp. 253–68.Google Scholar

Iwańczak, Wojciech, “The Pretended Miracle or the Battle of Chlumec in 1126,” Warfare in the Middle Ages, Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia (ed. Świętosławsk, Witold) 47 ( 2001), 12–18.Google Scholar

Kasekamp, Andres, “Characteristics of Warfare in the Times of Henry of Livonia and Balthasar Russow,” Lituanus 36.1 (1990), 27–48.Google Scholar

Kirpičnikov, A. N., “Connections between Russia and Scandinavia in the 9th and 10th Centuries, as Illustrated by Weapon Finds,” in Varangian Problems, Aarhus, Munksgaard, 1970, pp. 50–78.Google Scholar

Kristó, Gyula, Hungarian History in the Ninth Century, Szeged, Középkorász Műhely, 1996.Google Scholar

Laszlovszky, József, and Zoltán, Soós, “Historical Monuments of the Teutonic Order in Transylvania,” in Hunyadi, Zsolt and Laszlovszky, József, eds., The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval Latin Christianity, Budapest, Central European University, 2001, pp. 319–36.Google Scholar

Lattimore, Owen, Studies in Frontier History, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1962.Google Scholar

Leyser, Karl, “The Battle at the Lech, 955: A Study in Tenth-Century Warfare,” in Leyser, Karl, ed., Medieval Germany and Its Neighbours 900–1250, London, Bloomsbury, 1982, pp. 43–67.Google Scholar

Lindner, Rudi Paul, “Nomadism, Horses and Huns,” Past and Present 92 (1981), 1–19.Google Scholar

Lindner, Rudi Paul, “What Was a Nomadic Tribe?” Comparative Studies in Society and History 24.4 (1982), 689–711.Google Scholar

Lipták, Pál, Avars and Ancient Hungarians, Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1983.Google Scholar

Moravcsik, Gyula, Byzantinoturcica, 2 vols., 2nd ed., Berlin, Akademie Verlag, 1958.Google Scholar

Nadolski, Andrzej, “Ancient Polish Arms and Armour,” Journal of the Arms and Armour Society 4 (1962–4), 29–39, 170–86.Google Scholar

Nicolle, David, Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050–1350: Islam, Eastern Europe and Asia, London and Mechanicsburg, PA, Greenhill, 1999.Google Scholar

Nowakowski, Andrzey, “The Battles Fought by Mieszko I for Pomerania-on-Oder,” Warfare in the Middle Ages, Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia (ed. Witold, Świętosławsk) 47 (2001), 7–11.Google Scholar

Pohl, Walter, Die Awaren. Ein Steppenvolk in Mitteleuropa 567–822 n. Chr, 2nd ed., Munich, Beck, 2002.Google Scholar

Pritsak, Omeljan, The Pečenegs: A Case of Social and Economic Transformation, Lisse, Peter de Ridder Press, 1976.Google Scholar

Rady, Martyn, “The Medieval Hungarian and Other Frontiers,” Slavonic and East European Review 81.4 (2003), 698–709.Google Scholar

Ruttkay, Alexander, “The Organization of Troops, Warfare and Arms in the Period of the Great Moravian State,” Slovenská Archeológia 30.1 (1982), 165–98.Google Scholar

Sarnecki, W., and Nicolle, David, Medieval Polish Armies 966–1500, Botley, Osprey, 2008.Google Scholar

Shpakovsky, V., and Nicolle, David, Medieval Russian Armies 1250–1500, Botley, Osprey, 2002.Google Scholar

Simonyi, Dezső,“Slawische Burgwälle,” Archivum Europae Centro-Orientalis 8 (1942), 486–503.Google Scholar

Sinor, Denis, “Horse and Pasture in Inner Asian History,” Oriens Extremus 19 (1972), 171–83.Google Scholar

Stephenson, Paul, Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Warner, Brian, Slavonic Terms for Weapons and Armour in the Middle Ages: A Lexico-Historical Study, unpublished MA diss., University of London, 1965.Google Scholar

Wolverton, Lisac, Hastening towards Prague: Power and Society in the Medieval Czech Lands, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001.Google Scholar

Zsoldos, Attila, “The First Centuries of Hungarian Military Organization,” in Veszprémy, László and Király, Béla K., eds., A Millennium of Hungarian Military History, Boulder and New York, 2002, pp. 3–25.Google Scholar

Allsen, Thomas T., The Royal Hunt in Eurasian History, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006.Google Scholar

Biran, Michal, The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.Google Scholar

Blockley, R. C., ed. and trans., The History of Menander the Guardsman, Liverpool, Francis Cairns, 1985.Google Scholar

Borsenko, Alisa, et al., “Die Bewaffnung der alten Turkvölker, der Gegner Sasaniden,” in Mode, M. and Tubach, J., eds., Arms and Armour as Indicators of Cultural Transfer, Wiesbaden, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2006, 107–28.Google Scholar

Chavannes, Edouard, Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux, St Petersburg, Académie des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg, 1903.Google Scholar

Dennis, George T., Maurice’s Strategikon: Handbook of Byzantine Military Strategy, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984.Google Scholar

Dien, Albert E., “The Stirrup and Its Effect on Chinese Military History,” Ars Orientalis 16 (1986), 33–56.Google Scholar

Drompp, Michael R., Tang China and the Collapse of the Uighur Empire: A Documentary History, Leiden, Brill, 2005.Google Scholar

Dunlop, D. M., The History of the Jewish Khazars, New York, Schocken, 1954.Google Scholar

Goeje, M. J. de, ed., Annales quos scripsit Abu Djafar Mohammed Ibn Djarir at-Ṭabarī, 3 vols., Leiden, Brill, 1879–1901.Google Scholar

Golden, Peter, An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples, Turcologica 9, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 1992.Google Scholar

Golden, Peter, “War and Warfare in the Pre-Činggisid Western Steppes,” in Cosmo, Nicola Di, ed., Warfare in Inner Asian History (500–800), Leiden, Brill, 2002, pp. 105–72.Google Scholar

Graff, David A., “Strategy and Contingency in the Tang Defeat of the Eastern Turks,” in Cosmo, Nicola Di, ed., Warfare in Inner Asian History (500–800), Leiden, Brill, 2002, pp. 33–71.Google Scholar

Kaegi, Walter Emil Jr., “The Contribution of Archery to the Turkish Conquest of Anatolia,” Speculum 39.1 (1964), 96–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Khudjakov, Julij S., Vooruženie srednevekovyx Kočevnikov: Južnoj Sibiri i Central’noj Azii, Novosibirsk, Nauka, 1986.Google Scholar

Khudjakov, Julij S., “Armaments of Nomads of the Altai Mountains (First Half of the 1st Millennium ad),” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 58.2 (2005), 117–33.Google Scholar

Kljastornyj, S., Istorija Central'noj Azii I pamjatniki runničeskogo pis'ma, St Petersburg, 2003.Google Scholar

La Vaissière, Étienne de, Sogdian Traders: A History, Leiden, Brill, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

La Vaissière, Étienne de, Samarcande et Samarra: élites d’Asie centrale dans l’empire abbasside, Cahier de Studia Iranica 35, Paris, Association pour l’avancement des études iraniennes, 2007.Google Scholar

La Vaissière, Étienne de, “Le Ribat d’Asie centrale,” in E. de la Vaissière, ed. Islamisation de l’Asie centrale: processus locaux d’acculturation du VIIe au XIe siècle, Cahier de Studia Iranica 39, Paris, Association pour l’avancement des études iraniennes, 2008, 71–94.Google Scholar

La Vaissière, Étienne de, “Away from the Ötüken: A Geopolitical Approach to the 7th C. Eastern Türks,” in Bemmann, J. and Schmauder, M., eds., The Complexity of Interaction along the Eurasian Steppe zone in the first Millennium ad: Empires, Cities, Nomads and Farmers, Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology 7, Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhems Universität, 2015, pp. 453–61.Google Scholar

Liaoshi, Beijing, Zhonghua shuju, 1974.Google Scholar

Mackerras, Colin, The Uighur Empire according to the T’ang Dynastic Histories: A Study in Sino-Uighur Relations 744–840, Columbia, University of South Carolina Press, 1972.Google Scholar

Maḥmūd, al-Kāšγarī, Compendium of the Turkish Dialects (Dīwān Lugāt at-Turk), Part I, Sources of Oriental Languages and Literatures, 7, ed. and trans. Robert Dankoff and James Kelly, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1982.Google Scholar

Martinez, Arsenio P., “Gardīzī’s Two Chapters on the Turks,” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 2 (1982), 109–217.Google Scholar

Minorsky, V., Sharaf al-Zamān Ṭāhir Marvazī on China, the Turks and India: Arabic Text (circa A.D. 1120), with an English Translation and Commentary, James G. Forlong Fund 22, London, The Royal Asiatic Society, 1942.Google Scholar

Minorsky, V., “Tamīm ibn Baḥr’s Journey to the Uyghurs,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 12.2 (1948), 275–305.Google Scholar

Molnár, Ádám, Weather-Magic in Inner Asia, Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, 158, Bloomington, Indiana University, 1994.Google Scholar

Nagy, Katalin, “Notes on the Arms of the Avar Heavy Cavalry,” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 58.2 (2005), 135–48.Google Scholar

Nazim, M., “The Pand-Namāh of Subuktigīn,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1933, 605–28.Google Scholar

Pulleyblank, Edwin, “A Sogdian Colony in Inner Mongolia,” T`oung Pao 41 (1952), 317–56.Google Scholar

Roux, Jean-Paul, La Religion des Turcs et des Mongols, Paris, Payot, 1984.Google Scholar

Sinor, Denis, “The Inner Asian Warriors,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 101.2 (1981), 133–44.Google Scholar

Sneath, D., The Headless State, Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia, New York, Columbia University Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Stark, Sören, “On Oq Bodun: The Western Turk Qaghanate and the Ashina Clan,” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 15 (2006/7), 159–72.Google Scholar

Tekin, Talat, A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1968.Google Scholar

Theophylact, Simocatta, The History of Theophylact Simocatta, trans. M. and M. Whitby, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1986.Google Scholar

Walker, C. T. Harley, “Jahiz of Basra to al-Fath ibn Khaqan on the ‘Exploits of the Turks and the Army of the Khalifate in General,’” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 47 (1915), 631–97.Google Scholar

Wittfogel, Karl A., and Chia-sheng, Feng, History of Chinese Society: Liao, 907–1125, Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, 1949.Google Scholar

Yusuf Khass, Hajib, Wisdom of Royal Glory (Kutadgu Bilig): A Turko-Islamic Mirror for Princes, trans. Robert Dankoff, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1983.Google Scholar

Beckwith, Christopher I., The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1987.Google Scholar

Deng, Zezong 鄧澤宗, Li Jing bingfa jiben zhuyi 李靖兵法輯本注譯 [The Reconstructed Text of Li Jing’s Art of War, Annotated and Translated], Beijing, Jiefangjun chubanshe, 1990.Google Scholar

Des Rotours, Robert, Traité des fonctionnaires et Traité de l’armée [The Treatise on the Bureaucracy and the Treatise on the Army], Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1947.Google Scholar

Dien, Albert E., “A Study of Early Chinese Armor,” Artibus Asiae 43 (1982), 5–66.Google Scholar

Drompp, Michael R., Tang China and the Collapse of the Uighur Empire: A Documentary History, Brill’s Inner Asian Library 13, Leiden, Brill, 2005.Google Scholar

Du, You 杜佑, Tong dian 通典 [Comprehensive Canons], Beijing, Zhonghua shuju, 1988.Google Scholar

Graff, David A., Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300–900, London and New York, Routledge, 2002.Google Scholar

Gu, Yiqing 古怡青, Tangdai fubing zhidu xingshuai yanjiu 唐代府兵制度興衰研究 [A Study of the Rise and Fall of the Fubing System during the Tang Period], Taipei, Xin wenfeng chubanshe, 2002.Google Scholar

Hamaguchi, Shigekuni 濱口重國, “Fuhei seido yori shin heisei e” 府兵制度より新兵制へ [From the Fubing System toward a New Military System], Shigaku zasshi 41 (1930), 1255–95, 1439–1507.Google Scholar

He, Yongcheng 何永成, Tangdai Shence jun yanjiu 唐代神策軍研究 [A Study on the Shence Army of the Tang Period], Taipei, Taiwan Shangwu yinshuguan, 1990.Google Scholar

Kegasawa, Yasunori 氣賀澤保規, Fuheisei no kenkyū: fuhei heishi to sono shakai 府兵制の研究 – 府兵兵士とその社會 [The Study of the Fubing System: The Fubing Soldiers and Their Society], Kyoto, Dōhōsha, 1999.Google Scholar

Kikuchi, Hideo 菊池英夫, “Fuhei seido no tenkai” 府兵制度の展開 [The Evolution of the Fubing System], in Iwanami kōza: sekai rekishi 岩波講座:世界歷史 [The Iwanami Lectures: World History], 31 vols., Tokyo, Iwanami shoten, 1969–71, vol. 5, pp. 407–39.Google Scholar

Li, Quan 李筌, Taibai yinjing 太白陰經 [Secret Classic of the Planet Venus], in Zhongguo bingshu jicheng 中國兵書集成 [Collected Chinese Military Texts], 51 vols., Beijing and Shenyang, Jiefangjun chubanshe and Liao-Shen shushe, 1988, vol. 2.Google Scholar

Liu, Xu 劉昫, et al., Jiu Tang shu 舊唐書 [Old History of the Tang Dynasty], Beijing, Zhonghua shuju, 1975.Google Scholar

Ouyang, Xiu 歐陽修 and Song, Qi 宋祁, Xin Tang shu 新唐書 [New History of the Tang Dynasty], Beijing, Zhonghua shuju, 1975.Google Scholar

Peterson, Charles A., “Regional Defense against the Central Power: The Huai-hsi Campaign, 815–817,” in Kierman, Frank A., Jr. and Fairbank, John K., eds., Chinese Ways in Warfare, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1974, pp. 123–50.Google Scholar

Pulleyblank, Edwin G., “The An Lu-shan Rebellion and the Origins of Chronic Militarism in Late T’ang China,” in Perry, John Curtis and Smith, Bardwell L., eds., Essays on T’ang Society: The Interplay of Social, Political and Economic Forces, Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1976, pp. 33–60.Google Scholar

Sima, Guang 司馬光, Zizhi tongjian 資治通鑒 [Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government], Beijing, Guji chubanshe, 1956.Google Scholar

Skaff, Jonathan Karam. “Tang Military Culture and Its Inner Asian Influences,” in Di Cosmo, Nicola, ed., Military Culture in Imperial China, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2009, pp. 165–91.Google Scholar

Sun, Jimin 孫繼民, Tangdai xingjun zhidu yanjiu 唐代行軍制度研究 [Studies on the Expeditionary Army System of the Tang Period], Wen shi zhe daxi 文史哲大系 87, Taipei, Wenjin chubanshe, 1995.Google Scholar

Sun, Jimin, Dunhuang Tulufan suo chu Tangdai junshi wenshu chutan 敦煌吐魯番所出唐代軍事文書初探 [A Preliminary Investigation of Tang Military Documents Found at Dunhuang and Turfan], Tang Research Foundation Studies, Beijing, Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 2000.Google Scholar

Twitchett, Denis, “Tibet in Tang’s Grand Strategy,” in van de Ven, Hans, ed., Warfare in Chinese History, Leiden, Brill, 2000, pp. 106–79.Google Scholar

Wallacker, Benjamin E., “Studies in Medieval Chinese Siegecraft: The Siege of Fengtian, a.d. 783,” Journal of Asian History 33.2 (1999), 185–93.Google Scholar

Wang, Yongxing 王永興, Tangdai qianqi xibei junshi yanjiu 唐代前期西北軍事研究 [Studies on Military Affairs in the Northwest during the Early Tang Period], Beijing, Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 1994.Google Scholar

Wei, Zheng 魏徵, et al., Sui shu 隋書 [History of the Sui Dynasty], Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1973.Google Scholar

Zhang, Guogang 張國剛, “Tangdai jianjun zhidu kaolun” 唐代監軍制度考論 [An Examination of the Army Supervisor System of the Tang Period], Zhongguo shi yanjiu 3.2 (1981), 120–33.Google Scholar

Zhang, Guogang, Tangdai fanzhen yanjiu 唐代藩鎮研究 [A Study of the Military Provinces of the Tang Period], Changsha, Hunan jiaoyu chubanshe, 1987.Google Scholar

Zhang, Guogang, Tangdai zhengzhi zhidu yanjiu lunji 唐代政治制度研究論集 [Collected Studies on the Political Institutions of the Tang Period], Taipei, Wenjin chubanshe, 1994.Google Scholar

Adolphson, Mikael, Teeth and Claws of the Buddha: Monastic Warriors and Sōhei in Japanese History, Honolulu, University of Hawai‘i Press, 2007.Google Scholar

Adolphson, Mikael, Kamens, Edward, and Matsumoto, Stacie, eds., Heian Japan: Centers and Peripheries, Honolulu, University of Hawai‘i Press, 2007.Google Scholar

Batten, Bruce L., To the Ends of Japan: Premodern Frontiers, Boundaries and Interactions, Honolulu, University of Hawai‘i Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Batten, Bruce L., Gateway to Japan: Hakata in War and Peace, 500–1300, Honolulu, University of Hawai‘i Press, 2006.Google Scholar

Farris, William Wayne, Heavenly Warriors: The Evolution of Japan’s Military, 500–1300, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1992.Google Scholar

Farris, William Wayne, Sacred Texts and Buried Treasures: Issues in the Historical Archeology of Ancient Japan, Honolulu, University of Hawai‘i Press, 1998.Google Scholar

Friday, Karl, Hired Swords: The Rise of Private Warrior Power in Early Japan, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1992.Google Scholar

Friday, Karl, “Pushing Beyond the Pale: The Yamato Conquest of the Emishi and Northern Japan,” Journal of Japanese Studies 23.1 (1997), 1–24.Google Scholar

Friday, Karl, Samurai, Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan, London, Routledge, 2004.Google Scholar

Friday, Karl, “Lordship Interdicted: Taira Tadatsune and the Limited Horizons of Warrior Ambition,” in Adolphson, Mikael, Kamens, Edward, and Matsumoto, Stacie, eds., Centers and Peripheries in Heian Japan, Honolulu, University of Hawai‘i Press, 2007, pp. 329–54.Google Scholar

Friday, Karl, The First Samurai: The Life and Legend of the Warrior Rebel, Taira Masakado, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 2008.Google Scholar

Fujimoto, Masayuki 藤本正行, Yoroi o matō hitobito 鎧をまとう人々 [Men Who Dressed in Armor], Tokyo, Yoshikawa kōbunkan, 2000.Google Scholar

Inoue, Mitsuo 井上満郎, Heian jidai no gunji seido no kenkyū 平安時代の軍事制度の研究 [Studies on the Military System of the Heian Period], Tokyo, Yoshikawa kōbunkan, 1980.Google Scholar

Irie, Kōhei 入江康平, “Kyūjutsu ni okeru waza to kokoro: Nihon no kyūsha bunka no tokusei” 弓術における技と心：日本の弓射文化の特性 [The Spirit and Techniques of Archery: the Special Qualities of Japanese Archery Culture], in Shintai undō bunka gakkai 身 体 運 動 文 化 学 会, ed., Bu to chi no atarashii chihei: taikeiteki budōgaku kenkyū o mezashite 武と知の新しい地平：体系的武道学研究をめざして [New Horizons of Martial Art and Knowledge: Towards a Systematic Study of Martial Art], Kyoto, Shōwadō, 1998, pp. 60–74.Google Scholar

Kawai, Yasushi 川合康, Genpei kassen no kyozō o hagu 源平合戦の虚像を剥ぐ [Exposing False Images of the Genpei War], Tokyo, Kōdansha, 1996.Google Scholar

Kobayashi, Kazutoshi小林一敏, “Iru: kyūdō ni okeru te no uchi no rikigaku” 射る：弓道における手の内の力学 [To Shoot: The Physics of Technique in Archery], Sūri kagaku 181 (1978).Google Scholar

Kondō, Yoshikazu, Yumiya to tōken: chūsei kassen no jitsuzō 弓矢と刀剣：中世合戦の実像 [Bow, Arrow, and Sword: The Real Image of Medieval Battle], Tokyo, Yoshikawa kōbunkan, 1997.Google Scholar

Kondō, Yoshikazu 近藤好和, Chūsei-teki bugu no seiritsu to bushi 中世武具の成立と武士 [Warriors and the Origins of Medieval Weapons], Tokyo, Yoshikawa kōbunkan, 2000.Google Scholar

Mass, Jeffrey P., Yoritomo and the Founding of the First Bakufu, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Sasama, Yoshihiko 笹間良彦, ed., Nihon no kassen bugu jiten 日本の合戦武具辞典 [A Dictionary of Japanese Battles and Armaments], Tokyo, Kashiwa shobō, 1999.Google Scholar

Sasayama, Haruo 笹山春生, “Bunken ni mirareru senjutsu to buki” 文献に見られる戦術と武器 [Strategy and Weaponry as Seen in the Literature], in Ōbayashi Taryō 大林太良, ed., Ikusa 戦 [Warfare], Tokyo, Shakai shisōsha, 1984, pp. 123–55.Google Scholar

Satō, Makoto 佐藤信 and Gomi, Fumihiko 五味文彦, Shiro to kan wo horu * yomu: kodai kara chūsei e 城と館を掘る・読む：古代から中世へ [Reading and Excavating Castles and Residences: From Ancient Times until the Middle Ages], Tokyo, Yamakawa shuppansha, 1994.Google Scholar

Takahashi, Masaaki 高橋昌明, Bushi no seiritsu: bushizō no sōshutsu 武士の成立：武士象の創出 [The Origins of Warriors: The Creation of Warrior Images], Tokyo, Tōkyō daigaku shuppankai, 1999.Google Scholar

Yasuda, Motohisa 安田元久, Genpei no sōran 源平の争乱 [The Genpei War], Tokyo, Shin jinbutsu ōraisha, 1987.Google Scholar

Bennett, Matthew, “The Myth of the Military Supremacy of Knightly Cavalry,” in Strickland, Matthew, ed, Armies, Chivalry and Warfare in Medieval Britain and France, Stamford, Paul Watkins, 1998, pp. 304–16.Google Scholar

Bennett, Matthew, “Military Aspects of the Conquest of Lisbon, 1147,” in Phillips, Jonathan and Hoch, Martin, eds., The Second Crusade, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2001, pp. 71–89.Google Scholar

Chevedden, Paul, et al., “The Traction Trebuchet: A Triumph of Four Civilizations,” Viator 31 (2000), 433–51.Google Scholar

Contamine, Philippe, War in the Middle Ages, trans. Michael Jones, Oxford, Blackwell, 1984.Google Scholar

Coulson, Charles, Castles in Medieval Society: Fortresses in England, France and Ireland in the Central Middle Ages, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Crouch, David, William Marshal: Knighthood, War and Chivalry, 1147–1219, 2nd ed., London, Longman, 2002.Google Scholar

Crouch, David, Tournament, London, A. & C. Black, 2005; 3rd edn, London, Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar

Debord, André, Aristocratie et pouvoir. Le rôle du château dans la France médiévale, Paris, Picard, 2000.Google Scholar

Dotson, John, “Ship Types and Fleet Composition at Genoa and Venice in the Early Thirteenth Century,” in Pryor, John, ed., Logistics of Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2006, pp. 63–75.Google Scholar

Ferrer y Mallol, Maria Teresa, “Els Almogàvers,” in Organització i defensa d’un territori fronterer: La governació d’Oriola en el segle XIV, Barcelona, Consell Superior d’Investigacions Cientínques, 1990, pp. 237–84.Google Scholar

France, John, Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, 1000–1300, London, UCL Press, 1999.Google Scholar

France, John, ed., Mercenaries and Paid Men: The Mercenary Identity in the Middle Ages, Leiden, Brill, 2008.Google Scholar

Gillingham, John, “Conquering the Barbarians: War and Chivalry in Twelfth-Century Britain,” Haskins Society Journal 4 (1992), 57–84.Google Scholar

Gillingham, John, “Fontenoy and After: Pursuing Enemies to Death in France between the Ninth and Eleventh Centuries,” in Fouracre, P. and Ganz, D., eds., Frankland: The Franks and the World of the Early Middle Ages, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2008, pp. 242–65.Google Scholar

Kaeuper, Richard, Chivalry and Violence in Medieval Europe, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Kagay, Donald J., “Army Mobilization, Royal Administration and the Realm in the Thirteenth-Century Crown of Aragon,” in Chevedden, Paul, Kagay, Donald, and Padilla, Paul, eds., Iberia and the Mediterranean World of the Middle Ages, 2 vols., Leiden, Brill, 1995–6, vol. 2, pp. 95–115.Google Scholar

Keen, Maurice, The Laws of War in the Late Middle Ages, London, Routledge, 1965.Google Scholar

Krieger, Karl, “Obligatory Military Service and the Use of Mercenaries in Imperial Military Campaigns under the Hohenstaufen Emperors,” in Haverkamp, Alfred and Vollrath, Hanna, eds., England and Germany in the High Middle Ages, London, German Historical Institute, 1996, pp. 151–68.Google Scholar

Lachaud, Fréderique, “Armour and Military Dress in Thirteenth- and Early Fourteenth-Century England,” in Strickland, Matthew, ed., Armies, Chivalry and Warfare in Medieval Britain and France, Stamford, Paul Watkins, 1998, pp. 344–69.Google Scholar

Liddiard, Robert, Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500, Macclesfield, Windgather Press, 2005.Google Scholar

Morillo, Stephen, Warfare under the Anglo-Norman Kings, 1066–1135, Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 1994.Google Scholar

Parisse, Michel, “Le Tournoi en France, des origines à la fin du xiiie siècle,” in Fleckenstein, Josef, ed., Das ritterliche Turnier in Mittelalter: Beitrage zu einer vergleichenden Formenund verhallengeschichte des Rittertum, Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1985, pp. 175–211.Google Scholar

Pastoureau, Michel, “La Diffusion des armoiries et les débuts de l’héraldique en France (vers 1175-vers 1225),” in La France de Philippe Auguste. Colloque international du C.N.R.S., Paris, CNRS, 1982, pp. 737–60.Google Scholar

Powers, James, A Society Organized for War: The Iberian Municipal Militias in the Central Middle Ages, 1000–1284, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1988.Google Scholar

Prestwich, Michael, Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996.Google Scholar

Pryor, John, “The Naval Architecture of Crusader Transport Ships: A Reconstruction of Some Archetypes for Round-Hulled Sailing Ships,” Mariners Mirror 70 (1984), 161–70.Google Scholar

Pryor, John, Geography, Technology, and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649–1571, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988.Google Scholar

Rodger, Nicholas, “The Naval Service of the Cinque Ports,” English Historical Review 111 (1996), 636–51.Google Scholar

Rogers, Clifford, “The Vegetian ‘Science of Warfare’ in the Middle Ages,” Journal of Medieval Military History 1 (2002), 1–19.Google Scholar

Simpkin, David, The English Aristocracy at War, Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2008.Google Scholar

Stanton, Charles, Norman Naval Operations in the Mediterranean: Warfare in History, Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2011.Google Scholar

Strickland, Matthew, “Henry I and the Battle of the Two Kings: Brémule 1119,” in Crouch, David and Thompson, Kathleen, eds., Normandy and its Neighbours, Turnhout, Brepols, 2011, pp. 77–116.Google Scholar

Ellenblum, Ronnie, Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998.Google Scholar

France, John, Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

France, John, Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades c.1000–1300, London, UCL Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Fulton, Michael, Artillery in the Age of the Crusades: Siege Warfare and the Development of Trebuchet Technology, Leiden, Brill, 2018.Google Scholar

Holt, Peter, The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517, London, Longman, 1986.Google Scholar

Hosler, John, The Siege of Acre, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2018.Google Scholar

Marshal, Christopher, Warfare in the Latin East, 1192–1291, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992.Google Scholar

Morton, Nicholas, The Crusader States and their Neighbours: A Military History, 1099–1187, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2020.Google Scholar

Phillips, Jonathan, The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2007.Google Scholar

Powell, James, Anatomy of a Crusade, 1213–21, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania University Press, 1986.Google Scholar

Pryor, John, ed., Logistics of Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2006.Google Scholar

Queller, Donald, and Thomas, Madden, The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997.Google Scholar

Richard, Jean, Saint Louis: Crusader King of France tr. S. Lloyd, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992.Google Scholar

Smail, Raymond, Crusading Warfare, 1097–1193, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995.Google Scholar

Tibble, Steven, The Crusader Armies, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2018.Google Scholar

Tyerman, Christopher, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades, Harvard, Belknap, 2006.Google Scholar

Allsen, Thomas T., “Prelude to the Western Campaigns: Mongol Military Operations in the Volga-Ural Region, 1217–37,” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 3 (1983), 5–24.Google Scholar

Allsen, Thomas T., “The Circulation of Military Technology in the Mongolian Empire,” in Di, Nicola Cosmo, , ed., Warfare in Inner Asian History (500–1800), Leiden, Brill, 2002, pp. 265–93.Google Scholar

Amitai-Preiss, Reuven, Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Īlkhānid War 1260–81, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995.Google Scholar

Amitai-Preiss, Reuven, “Whither the Ilkhanid Army? Ghazan’s First Campaign into Syria (1299–1300),” in The Mongols in the Islamic Lands: Studies in the History of the Ilkhanate, Aldershot, Ashgate/Variorum, 2007, pp. 221–64.Google Scholar

Arslanova, Alsu, “Voĭny Dzhuchidov i Hulaguidov” [Wars between the Jochids and the Hülegüids], in Khakimov, R. S. and Usmanov, M. A., eds., Istorii͡a tatar s drevnejshikh vremen v semi tomah, Tom 3: Ulus Dzhuchi (Zolotai͡a Orda). XIII – seredina XV v. [History of the Tatars from the Most Ancient Times in Seven Volumes, vol. 3: The Ulus of Jochi (the Golden Horde). 13th–mid-15th Centuries], Kazan, Sh. Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 2009, pp. 534–46.Google Scholar

Bartolʹd, Vasiliĭ, Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion, London, Oxford University Press, 1928.Google Scholar

Biran, Michal, Qaidu and the Rise of the Independent Mongol State in Central Asia, Surrey, Curzon, 1997.Google Scholar

Biran, Michal, “The Battle of Herat (1270): A Case of Inter-Mongol Warfare,” in Cosmo, Nicola Di, ed., Warfare in Inner Asian History (500–1800), Leiden, Brill, 2002, pp. 175–219.Google Scholar

Biran, Michal, “The Mongols in Central Asia from Chinggis Khan’s Invasion to the Rise of Temür: The Ögödeid and Chaghadaid Realms,” in Di Cosmo, Nicola et al., eds., The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. 46–66.Google Scholar

Boyle, John Andrew, “The Dynastic and Political History of the Il-Khāns,” in Boyle, J. A., ed., The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1968, pp. 413–17.Google Scholar

Danilevskiĭ, Igorʹ Nikolaevich, Russkie zemli glazami sovremennikov i potomkov (XII–XIV vv.) [Russian Lands through the Eyes of Contemporaries and Descendants (12th–14th centuries)], Moscow, Aspect Press, 2001, pp. 133–81.Google Scholar

Gorskiĭ, Anton Anatolʹevich, Moskva i Orda [Moscow and the Horde], Moscow, Lomonosov, 2016.Google Scholar

Jackson, Peter, “The Dissolution of the Mongol Empire,” Central Asiatic Journal 22 (1978), 186–244.Google Scholar

Jackson, Peter, The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410, Harlow, Pearson Longman, 2005.Google Scholar

Jackson, Peter, “World-Conquest and Local Accommodation: Threat and Blandishment in Mongol Diplomacy,” in Woods, J. E. et al., eds., History and Historiography of Post-Mongol Central Asia and the Middle East, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 2006, pp. 3–22.Google Scholar

Jackson, Peter, The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2017.Google Scholar

Khakimov, Rafaėlʹ Sibgatovich, et al., eds., Zolotai͡a Orda v mirovoĭ istorii [The Golden Horde in World History], Kazan, Sh. Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 2016.Google Scholar

Kushkumbaev, Aĭbolat Kaĭrsli͡amovich, Voennoe delo kochevnikov Kazakhstana i sopredelʹnykh stran ėpokhi srednevekovʹi͡a i novogo vremeni [Warfare of the Nomads of Kazakhstan and Neighboring Countries during the Middle Ages and Modern Times], Astana, BG-print, 2013.Google Scholar

Maĭorov, Aleksandr Vi͡acheslavovich, “Mongolo-tatary v Galit͡sko-Volynskoĭ Rusi” [The Mongol-Tatars in Galicia-Volyn Rusʹ], Rusin 4 (2012), 56–72.Google Scholar

Manz, Beatrice Forbes, The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002.Google Scholar

May, Timothy, The Mongol Art of War: Chinggis Khan and the Mongol Military System, Yardley, PA, Westholme, 2007.Google Scholar

May, Timothy, “The Conquest and Rule of Transcaucasia: The Era of Chormaqan,” in Tubach, J. et al., eds., Caucasus during the Mongol Period=Der Kaukasus in der Mongolenzeit, Wiesbaden, Reichert, 2012, pp. 129–52.Google Scholar

Mirgaleev, Ilʹnur Midkhatovich, Voennoe delo Zolotoĭ Ordy: problemy i perspektivy izuchenii͡a [Warfare of the Golden Horde: Problems and Prospects for Studying], Kazan, Sh. Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 2011.Google Scholar

Petrushevskiĭ, Ilʹi͡a Petrovich, “Pohod mongolʹskikh voĭsk v Sredni͡ui͡u Azii͡u v 1219–24 gg. i ego posledstvii͡a” [The Campaign of Mongol Troops to Central Asia in 1219–24 аnd Its Consequences], in Tikhvinskiĭ, S. L., ed., Tataro-mongoly v Azii i Evrope [The Tatar-Mongols in Europe and Asia], Moscow, Nauka, 1977, pp. 107–39.Google Scholar

Ratchnevsky, Paul, Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy, Malden, MA, Blackwell, 2006.Google Scholar

Roemer, H. R., “The Successors of Tīmür,” in Jackson, P. and Lockhart, L., eds., The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6: Timurid and Safavid Periods, Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 97–146.Google Scholar

Smith, John Masson, “Hülegü Moves West: High Living and Heartbreak on the Road to Baghdad,” in Komaroff, L., ed., Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan, Leiden, Brill, 2006, pp. 111–34.Google Scholar

Strakosch-Grassmann, Gustav, Der Einfall der Mongolen in Mitteleuropa in den Jahren 1241 und 1242, Innsbruck, Verlag der Wagner’schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung, 1893.Google Scholar

Uzelac, Aleksandar, Pod senkom Psa – Tatari i јuzhnoslovenske zemlje u drugoј polovini XIII veka [Under the Shadow of the Dog – Tatars and South Slavic Lands in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century], Belgrade, Utopiјa, 2015.Google Scholar

Voegelin, Eric, “The Mongol Orders of Submission to European Powers, 1245–55,” in Sandoz, E., ed., The Collected Works of Eric Voegelin, vol. 10: Published Essays 1940–52, Columbia, University of Missouri Press, 2000, pp. 76–125.Google Scholar

Allsen, Thomas, “The Rise of the Mongolian Empire and Mongolian Rule in North China,” in Herbert, Franke and Denis, Twitchett, eds., The Cambridge History of China, vol. 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 321–413.Google Scholar

Andrade, Tonio, The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2016.Google Scholar

Chase, Kenneth, Firearms: A History to 1700, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Clark, Hugh, “The Southern Kingdoms between the T’ang and the Sung, 907–979,” in Twitchett, Denis and Smith, Paul Jakov, eds., The Cambridge History of China, vol. 5(1): The Sung Dynasty and Its Precursors, 907–1279, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. 133–205.Google Scholar

Dreyer, Edward, Early Ming China, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1982.Google Scholar

Franke, Herbert, and Twitchett, Denis, eds., The Cambridge History of China, vol. 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994.Google Scholar

Kierman, Frank A., Jr., and Fairbank, John K., eds., Chinese Ways in Warfare, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1974.Google Scholar

Lorge, Peter, “War and the Creation of the Northern Song State,” unpublished PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1996.Google Scholar

Lorge, Peter, War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, London and New York, Routledge, 2005.Google Scholar

Lorge, Peter, The Asian Military Revolution, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008.Google Scholar

Lorge, Peter, “The Great Ditch of China and the Song-Liao Border,” in Wyatt, Don J., ed., Battlefronts Real and Imagined, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, pp. 59–74.Google Scholar

Lorge, Peter, ed., The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Hong Kong, Chinese University Press, 2010.Google Scholar

Lorge, Peter, The Reunification of China: Peace through War under the Song Dynasty, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2015.Google Scholar

Martin, Desmond, The Rise of Chingis Khan and his Conquest of North China, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1950.Google Scholar

Mote, Frederick, Imperial China, 900–1800, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Ouyang, Xiu, Historical Records of the Five Dynasties, ed. and trans. Davis, Richard, New York, Columbia University Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Standen, Naomi, Unbounded Loyalty: Frontier Crossing in Liao China, Honolulu, University of Hawai‘i Press, 2007.Google Scholar

Standen, Naomi, “The Five Dynasties,” in Twitchett, Denis and Smith, Paul Jakov eds., The Cambridge History of China, vol. 5(1): The Sung Dynasty and Its Precursors, 907–1279, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. 38–132.Google Scholar

Taylor, Romeyn, “The Yuan Origins of the Wei-So System,” in Hucker, Charles, ed., Chinese Government in Ming Times: Seven Studies, New York, Columbia University Press, 1969, pp. 23–40.Google Scholar

Tsai, Henry Shih-shan, Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle, Seattle, University of Washington Press, 2001.Google Scholar

Tsang, Shui-lung, “War and Peace in Northern Sung China,” unpublished PhD diss., University of Arizona, 1997.Google Scholar

Twitchett, Denis, and Smith, Paul Jakov, eds., The Cambridge History of China, vol. 5(1): The Sung Dynasty and Its Precursors, 907–1279, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Wyatt, Don J., ed., Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.Google Scholar

Allmand, Christopher, The Hundred Years War, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988.Google Scholar

Allmand, Christopher, The De Re Militari of Vegetius: The Reception, Transmission and Legacy of a Roman Text in the Middle Ages, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011.Google Scholar

Ambühl, Rémy, Prisoners of War in the Hundred Years War: Ransom Culture in the Late Middle Ages, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2013.Google Scholar

Ayton, Andrew, Knights and Warhorses: Military Service and the English Aristocracy under Edward III, Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 1994.Google Scholar

Ayton, Andrew, and Preston, Philip, The Battle of Crécy, 1346, Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2005.Google Scholar

Bell, Adrian, Curry, Anne, King, Andy, and Simpkin, David, The Soldier in Later Medieval England, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar

Bessey, Valérie, ed., Construire l’armée française. Textes fondateurs des institutions militaires, tome 1: De la France des premiers Valois à la fin du règne de François 1er, Turnhout, Brepols, 2006.Google Scholar

Contamine, Philippe, Guerre, état et société à la fin du moyen âge, Paris and The Hague, Mouton, 1972.Google Scholar

Contamine, Philippe, War in the Middle Ages, trans. Michael Jones, Oxford, Blackwell, 1984.Google Scholar

Curry, Anne, Agincourt: A New History, Stroud, Tempus Publishing, 2005.Google Scholar

Curry, Anne and Hughes, Michael, eds., Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War, Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 1994.Google Scholar

Depreter, Michel, De Gavre à Nancy. L’artillerie Bourguignonne sur la voie de la modernité, Turnhout, Brepols, 2011.Google Scholar

Gunn, Steven, Grummitt, David, and Cools, Hans, War, State and Society in England and the Netherlands 1477–1559, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007.Google Scholar

Keen, Maurice, The Laws of War in the Late Middle Ages, London, Routledge, 1965.Google Scholar

Keen, Maurice, ed., Medieval Warfare: A History, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Potter, David, Renaissance France at War: Armies, Culture and Society c.1480–1560, Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2008.Google Scholar

Prestwich, Michael, Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1996.Google Scholar

Richardson, Thom, The Tower Armoury in the Fourteenth Century, Leeds, Royal Armouries, 2016.Google Scholar

Rogers, Clifford, “The Military Revolutions of the Hundred Years War,” Journal of Military History 57 (1993), 258–75, repub. in Clifford Rogers, ed., The Military Revolution Debate: Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe, Boulder, Westview Press, 1995.Google Scholar

Rogers, Clifford, War Cruel and Sharp: English Strategy under Edward III, Woodbridge, Boydell Press 2000.Google Scholar

Smith, Robert, and DeVries, Kelly, The Artillery of the Dukes of Burgundy 1363–1477, Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2005.Google Scholar

Strickland, Matthew, and Hardy, Robert, The Great Warbow, Stroud, Sutton Publishing, 2005.Google Scholar

Tallett, Frank, and Trim, David, eds., European Warfare 1350–1750, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar

Taylor, Craig, Chivalry and the Ideals of Knighthood in France during the Hundred Years War, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2013.Google Scholar

Vale, Malcolm, War and Chivalry: Warfare and Aristocratic Culture in England, France and Burgundy at the End of the Middle Ages, Athens, Georgia, The University of Georgia Press, 1981.Google Scholar

Villalon, L. J. Andrew, and Kagay, Donald J., eds., The Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus, Leiden, Brill, 2005.Google Scholar

Villalon, L. J. Andrew, and Kagay, Donald J., eds., The Hundred Years War: Part II, A Different Focus, Leiden, Brill, 2008.Google Scholar

Villalon, L. J. Andrew, and Kagay, Donald J., eds., The Hundred Years War: Part III, Further Considerations, Leiden, Brill, 2013.Google Scholar

Whetham, David, Just Wars and Moral Victories: Surprise, Deception and the Normative Framework of European War in the Later Middle Ages, Leiden, Brill, 2009.Google Scholar

Bayley, C. C., War and Society in Renaissance Florence, Toronto, Toronto University Press, 1961.Google Scholar

Bueno de Mesquita, D. M., Giangaleazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan, 1351–1402, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1941.Google Scholar

Caferro, William, Mercenary Companies and the Decline of Siena, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.Google Scholar

Caferro, William, John Hawkwood, An English Mercenary in Fourteenth-Century Italy, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.Google Scholar

Caferro, William, “Continuity, Long-Term Service, and Permanent Forces: A Reassessment of the Florentine Army in the Fourteenth Century,” The Journal of Modern History 80 (June 2008), 219–51.Google Scholar

Caferro, William, “Warfare and the Economy of Renaissance Italy, 1350–1450,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 39.2 (Autumn 2008), 167–209.Google Scholar

Caferro, William, “Travel, Economy, and Identity in Fourteenth-Century Italy,” in Ramada, D. Curto, et al., eds., From Florence to the Mediterranean and Beyond, Florence, Olschki, 2009, pp. 363–80.Google Scholar

Caferro, William, Petrarch’s War: Florence and the Black Death in Context, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018.Google Scholar

Canestrini, Giuseppe, “Documenti per servire alla storia della milizia Italiana dal XIII secolo al XVI,” Archivio Storico Italiano 1.15 (1851).Google Scholar

Cardini, Franco, and Tangheroni, Marco, eds., Guerre e guerrieri nella Toscana medievale, Florence, EDIFIR Edizioni, 1990.Google Scholar

Cardini, Franco, Quell’antica festa crudele: Guerra e cultura della eta feudale alla grande rivoluzione, Milan, A. Mondadori, 1995.Google Scholar

Contamine, Philippe, War in the Middle Ages, Cambridge, MA, Basil Blackwell, 1984.Google Scholar

Covini, Maria Nadia, L’esercito del duca: Organizzazione militare e istituzioni al tempo degli Sforza, 1450–1480, Rome, Istituto Palazzo Borromini, 1998.Google Scholar

Covini, Maria Nadia, “Political and Military Bonds in the Italian State System, Thirteenth to Sixteenth Century,” in Contamine, Philippe, ed., War and Competition between States, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 9–36.Google Scholar

Del Treppo, Mario, ed., “Gli aspetti organazzativi economici e sociali di una compag nia di ventura italiana,” Rivista Storica Italiana 85 (1973), 253–75.Google Scholar

Del Treppo, Mario, ed., Condottieri e uomini d’arme dell’Italia del Rinascimento, Naples, Liguori Editore SRL, 2001.Google Scholar

Green, Louis, Castruccio Castracani: A Study on the Origins of a Fourteenth-Century Italian Despotism, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1986.Google Scholar

Grillo, Paolo, Cavalieri e popoli in armi: Le istituzioni militari nell’Italia medievale, Rome and Bari, Editori Laterza, 2008.Google Scholar

Hale, John R., “The Development of the Bastion, 1450–1534,” in Hale, J. R., Highfield, J. R. L., and Smalley, Beryl, eds., Europe in the Late Middle Ages, London, Faber, 1965, pp. 466–94.Google Scholar

Hale, John R., War and Society in Renaissance Europe, 1450– 1620, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985.Google Scholar

Hale, John R., and Mallett, Michael, The Military Organization of a Renaissance State: Venice, 1400–1617, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1984.Google Scholar

Hall, Bert S., Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.Google Scholar

Law, John E., “The Da Varano Lords of Camerino as Condottiere Princes,” in France, John, ed., Mercenaries and Paid Men: The Mercenary Identity in the Middle Ages, Leiden and Boston, MA, Brill, 2008, pp. 89–103.Google Scholar

Mallett, Michael, “Venice and Its Condottieri, 1404–1454,” in Hale, John, ed., Renaissance Venice, London, Faber, 1973.Google Scholar

Mallett, Michael, Mercenaries and Their Masters, Totowa, NJ, Rowman and Littlefield, 1974.Google Scholar

Mallett, Michael, and Shaw, Christine,The Italian Wars 1494–1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe, Harlow, Longman, 2012.Google Scholar

Pieri, P., Il Rinascimento e la crisi militare italiana, Turin, Einaudi, 1952.Google Scholar

Ricotti, Ercole, Storia delle compagnie di ventura in Italia, 2 vols., Turin, Pomba, 1845–7.Google Scholar

Rogers, Clifford J., ed., The Military Revolution Debate, Boulder, Westview, 1995.Google Scholar

Ryder, Alan, The Kingdom of Naples under Alfonso the Magnanimous, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1976.Google Scholar

Settia, A. A., Comuni in guerra: Armi ed eserciti nell’Italia delle citta, Bologna, CLUEB, 1993.Google Scholar

Shaw, Christine, ed., Italy and the European Powers: The Impact of War, Leiden, Brill, 2006.Google Scholar

Valeri, Nino, “Le origini dello stato moderno in Italia, 1328–1450,” in Storia d’Italia, vol. 1: Medioevo, Turin, Einaudi, 1965.Google Scholar

Waley, Daniel, “The Army of the Florentine Republic from the Twelfth to the Fourteenth Century,” in Rubinstein, Nicolai, ed., Florentine Studies, Evanston, IL, Northwestern University Press, 1968, pp. 70–108.Google Scholar

Waley, Daniel, “Condotte and Condottieri in the Thirteenth Century,” Proceedings of the British Academy 61 (1975), 337–71.Google Scholar

Waley, Daniel, “I mercenari e la guerra nell’età di Braccio da Montone,” in Vittoria, Maria Ceccopieri, Baruti, ed., Braccio da Montone e i Fortebracci: atti del convegno internazionale di studi, Montone, 23-25 marzo 1990, Narni, Centro studi storici, 1993.Google Scholar

Agrait, Nicholás, “The Reconquest during the Reign of Alfonso XI (1312–1350),” in Kagay, Donald J. and Vann, Theresa M., eds., On the Social Origins of Medieval Institutions: Essays in Honor of Joseph F. O’Callaghan, Leiden, Brill, 1998, pp. 149–66.Google Scholar

Agrait, Nicholás, “The Experience of War in Fourteenth-Century Spain: Alfonso XI and the Capture of Algeciras (1342–1344),” in Kagay, Donald J. and Andrew Villalon, L. J., eds., Crusaders, Condottieri, and Cannon: Medieval Warfare in Societies around the Mediterranean, Leiden, Brill, 2003, pp. 213–238.Google Scholar

Bartlett, Robert, and MacKay, Angus, eds., Medieval Frontier Societies, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1989.Google Scholar

Bishko, Charles, “The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest, 1095–1492,” in Hazard, Harry W., ed., A History of the Crusades, 2 vols., Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1975, vol. 3, pp. 396–456.Google Scholar

Bisson, Thomas, The Medieval Crown of Aragon: A Short History, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1986.Google Scholar

Burns, Robert I., Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Crusader Kingdom of Valencia: Societies in Symbiosis, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1984.Google Scholar

Burns, Robert I.,“The Many Crusades of Valencia’s Conquest (1225–1280): An Historical Labyrinth,” in Kagay, Donald J. and Vann, Theresa M., eds., On the Social Origins of Medieval Institutions: Essays in Honor of Joseph F. O’Callaghan, Leiden, Brill, 1998, pp. 167–77.Google Scholar

Chevedden, Paul, “The Artillery of James the Conqueror,” in Chevedden, Paul et al., eds., Iberia and the Mediterranean World of the Middle Ages: Essays in Honor of Robert I. Burns S.J., 2 vols, Leiden, Brill, 1996, vol. 2, pp. 68–76.Google Scholar

De Expugnatione Lyxbonensis: The Conquest of Lisbon, ed. and trans. Charles Wendell, David, 2nd ed., New York, Columbia University Press, 1976.Google Scholar

Fletcher, Richard, Moorish Spain, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1992.Google Scholar

Garrido i Valls, Josep-David, Jaume I i el regne de Múrcia, Barcelona, Rafael Dalmau, 1997.Google Scholar

Garrido i Valls, Josep-David, La Conquesta del sud Valencià i Múrcia per Jaume II, Barcelona, Rafael Dalmau, 2002.Google Scholar

González, Julio, “Reconquista y repoblación de Castilla, León, Extremadura y Andalucia (siglos XI a XIII),” in La reconquista española y la repoblación del pais, Zaragoza, Instituto de Estudios pirenaicos, 1951, pp. 162–181.Google Scholar

Harvey, L. P., Islamic Spain 1250 to 1500, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1992.Google Scholar

Kennedy, Hugh, Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus, London, Routledge, 1996.Google Scholar

Lacarra, José María, “La conquista de Zaragoza por Alfonso I (18 diciembre 1118),” Al-Andalus 12 (1947), 65–96.Google Scholar

Lacarra, José María, “Documentos para el estudio de la reconquista y repoblación del valle del Ebro,” Estudios de edad media de la Corona de Aragón 2 (1946), 469–574; 3 (1947–8), 499–727; 5 (1952), 511–668.Google Scholar

Lomax, Derek, The Reconquest of Spain, London, Longman, 1978.Google Scholar

Lourie, Elena, “A Society Organized for War: Medieval Spain,” Past and Present 35 (1966), 54–76.Google Scholar

Manzano Rodríguez, Miguel Ángel, La intervención de los Benimerines en la Península Ibérica, Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investiganciones Cientificas, 1992.Google Scholar

Miranda, Antonio Huici, Las grandes batallas de la reconqista durante las invasiones africanas, Madrid, Instituto de Estudios Africanos, 1956.Google Scholar

O’Callaghan, Joseph, A History of Medieval Spain, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press 1975.Google Scholar

O’Callaghan, Joseph, Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.Google Scholar

O’Callaghan, Joseph, The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.Google Scholar

Oliveira Marques, A. H. de, History of Portugal, 2 vols., New York, Columbia University Press, 1972.Google Scholar

Powers, James, “The Origins and Development of Municipal Military Service in the Leonese and Castilian Reconquest, 800–1250,” Traditio 26 (1970), 91–111.Google Scholar

Ubieto Arteta, Antonio, Como se formó España, Valencia, Anúbar, 1958.Google Scholar

Vann, Theresa, “Our Father Has Won a Great Victory: The Authorship of Berenguela’s Account of the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, 1212,” Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies 3 (2011), 77–90.Google Scholar

Ahrweiler, Hélène, Byzance et la mer. La marine de guerre, la politique et les institutions maritimes de Byzance aux VIIe–XVe siècles, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1966.Google Scholar

Angelov, Dimitŭr, and Cholpanov, Boris, Bŭlgarska voenna istoriia prez srednovekovieto (X-XV vek) [Bulgarian Military History during the Middle Ages (10th–15th Centuries)], Sofia, Bŭlgarska Akademiia na Naukite, 1994.Google Scholar

Angold, Michael, A Byzantine Government in Exile: Government and Society under the Laskarids of Nicaea (1204–1261), London, Oxford University Press, 1975.Google Scholar

Bartusis, Mark, “The Cost of Late Byzantine Warfare and Defense,” Byzantinische Forschungen 16 (1990), 75–89.Google Scholar

Bartusis, Mark, “On the Problem of Smallholding Soldiers in Late Byzantium,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 44 (1990), 1–26.Google Scholar

Bartusis, Mark, The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204–1453, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.Google Scholar

Fine, John V. A., The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1987.Google Scholar

Laiou, Angeliki, Constantinople and the Latins: The Foreign Policy of Andronicus II, 1282–1328, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1972.Google Scholar

Maksimović, Ljubomir, The Byzantine Provincial Administration under the Palaiologoi, Amsterdam, Hakkert, 1988.Google Scholar

Nicol, Donald M., The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453, 2nd ed., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993.Google Scholar

Nicolle, David C., Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050–1350, 2 vols., White Plains, NY, Kraus International, 1988.Google Scholar

Oikonomidès, Nicolas, “A propos des armées des premiers Paléologues et des compagnies de soldats,” Travaux et Mémoires 8 (1981), 353–71.Google Scholar

Ostrogorsky, George, Pour l’histoire de la féodalité byzantine, Brussels, Institut de philologie et d’histoire orientales et slaves, 1954. Reviewed by Ševčenko, Ihor, “An Important Contribution to the Social History of Late Byzantium,” Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S. 2.4 (1952), 448–59.Google Scholar

Ostrogorsky, George, “Observations on the Aristocracy in Byzantium,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 25 (1971), 1–32.Google Scholar

Philippides, Marios, ed. and trans., Mehmed II the Conqueror and the Fall of the Franco-Byzantine Levant to the Ottoman Turks: Some Western Views and Testimonies, Tempe, Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2007.Google Scholar

Vásáry, István, Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365, Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University Press, 2005.Google Scholar

Ágoston, Gábor, “La strada che conduceva a Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade): L’Ungheria, l’espansione ottomana nei Balcani e la vittoria di Nándorfehérvár,” in Visy, Zsolt, ed., La campana di mezzogiorno. Saggi per il Quinto Centenario della bolla papale, Budapest, Edizioni Universitarie Mundus, 2000, pp. 203–50.Google Scholar

Ágoston, Gábor, Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.Google Scholar

Ágoston, Gábor, “War-Winning Weapons? On the Decisiveness of Ottoman Firearms from the Siege of Constantinople (1453) to the Battle of Mohács (1526),” Journal of Turkish Studies 39 (2013), 129–43.Google Scholar

Ágoston, Gábor, “Firearms and Military Adaptation: The Ottomans and the European Military Revolution, 1450–1800,” Journal of World History 25 (2014), 85–124.Google Scholar

Emecen, Feridun M., İlk Osmanlılar ve Batı Anadolu Beylikler Dünyası [The First Ottomans and World of the Anatolian Principalities], Istanbul, Kitabevi, 2003.Google Scholar

Emecen, Feridun M., Fetih ve Kıyamet, 1453 [Conquest and Doomsday, 1453], Istanbul, Timas¸, 2012.Google Scholar

Fine, John V. A., The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Finkel, Caroline, Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923, New York, Basic Books, 2006.Google Scholar

Fleet, Kate, “Early Turkish Naval Activities,” Oriente Moderno 20.1 (2001), 129–38.Google Scholar

Fleet, Kate, ed., The Cambridge History of Turkey, vol. 1: Byzantium to Turkey, 1071–1453, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Fodor, Pál, “Ottoman Warfare 1300–1453,” in Fleet, Kate ed., The Cambridge History of Turkey, vol. 1: Byzantium to Turkey, 1071–1453, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. 192–226.Google Scholar

Imber, Colin, The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1481, Istanbul, Isis, 1990.Google Scholar

Imber, Colin, ed., The Crusade of Varna, 1443–45, Aldershot UK, Ashgate, 2006.Google Scholar

Imber, Colin, The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power, 3rd ed., London, Red Globe Press, 2019.Google Scholar

İnalcık, Halil, “Ottoman Methods of Conquest,” Studia Islamica 2 (1954), 104–29.Google Scholar

Jefferson, John, The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad: The Ottoman-Christian Conflict from 1438–1444, Leiden, Brill, 2012.Google Scholar

Kafadar, Cemal, Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1995.Google Scholar

Káldy-Nagy, Gyula, “The First Centuries of the Ottoman Military Organization,” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 31 (1977), 147–62.Google Scholar

Kastritsis, Dimitris, The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402–1413, Leiden, Brill, 2007.Google Scholar

Kiprovska, Mariya, “Ferocious Invasion or Smooth Incorporation? Integrating the Established Balkan Military System into the Ottoman Army,” in Schmitt, Oliver Jens, ed., The Ottoman Conquest of the Balkans, Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2016, pp. 79–102.Google Scholar

Kyriakidis, Savvas, Warfare in Late Byzantium, 1204–1453, Leiden, Brill, 2011.Google Scholar

Lindner, Rudi Paul, Explorations in Ottoman Prehistory, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2007.Google Scholar

Lowry, Heath, The Nature of the Early Ottoman State, Albany, State University of New York Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Lowry, Heath, The Shaping of the Ottoman Balkans, 1350–1550: The Conquest, Settlement & Infrastructural Development of Northern Greece, 2nd ed., Istanbul, Bahçes¸ehir University, 2010.Google Scholar

Lowry, Heath, and Erünsal, İsmail E., The Evrenos Dynasty of Yenice-i Vardar: Notes & Documents, Istanbul, Bahçes¸ehir University Press, 2010.Google Scholar

Pryor, John H., Geography, Technology, and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649–1571, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992.Google Scholar

Schmitt, Oliver Jens, ed., The Ottoman Conquest of the Balkans, Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2016.Google Scholar

Wittek, Paul, The Rise of the Ottoman Empire: Studies in the History of Turkey, Thirteenth – Fifteenth Centuries, ed. Heywood, Colin, London and New York, Routledge, 2012.Google Scholar

Yılmaz, Gülay, “Becoming a Devshirme: The Training of Conscripted Children in the Ottoman Empire,” in Campbell, Gwyn, Miers, Suzanne, and Miller, Joseph C., eds., Children in Slavery through the Ages, Athens, Ohio University Press, 2009, pp. 119–34.Google Scholar

Zachariadou, Elizabeth A., ed., The Ottoman Emirate (1300–1389), Rethymnon, Crete University Press, 1993.Google Scholar

Ayalon, David, Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Kingdom, 2nd ed., London, Frank Cass, 1978.Google Scholar

Barker, Richard, “A Gun-List from Portuguese India, 1525,” Journal of the Ordnance Society 8 (1996), 53–6.Google Scholar

Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, The New Islamic Dynasties, New York, Columbia University Press, 1996.Google Scholar

Brummett, Palmira, Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1994.Google Scholar

Chattopadhyaya, B. D., “Origin of the Rajputs,” in The Making of Early Medieval India, Delhi and New York, Oxford University Press, 1994.Google Scholar

Chevedden, Paul E., “The Citadel of Damascus,” unpublished PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 1986.Google Scholar

Chevedden, Paul E., “The Invention of the Counterweight Trebuchet: A Study in Cultural Diffusion,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 54 (2000), 71–116.Google Scholar

Creswell, K. A. C., “Fortification in Islam before a.d. 1250,” Proceedings of the British Academy 1952, London, Oxford University Press, 1952.Google Scholar

Daehnhardt, Rainer, Espingarda Feiticeira: A Introdução da Arma de Fogo pelos Portugueses no Extremo-Oriente/The Bewitched Gun: The Introduction of the Firearm in the Far East by the Portuguese, Lisbon, Texto Editora, 1994.Google Scholar

Deloche, Jean, Military Technology in Hoysala Sculpture, Twelfth and Thirteenth Century, New Delhi, Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Scientific Research, 1989. Revised and expanded translation of “Techniques militaires dans les royaumes du Dekkan au temps des Hoysala (XIIe–XIIIe siècle), d’après l’iconographie,” Artibus Asiae 47 (1986), 147–232.Google Scholar

Deloche, Jean, Studies on Fortification in India, Collection Indologie 104, Pondicherry, Insitut Français de Pondichéry and École Française d’Extrême Orient, 2007.Google Scholar

DeVries, Kelly and Smith, Robert Douglas, Medieval Military Technology, 2nd ed., Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 2012.Google Scholar

Digby, Simon, War-Horse and Elephant in the Delhi Sultanate: A Study in Military Supplies, Oxford, Orient Monographs, 1971.Google Scholar

Eaton, Richard M., “‘Kiss My Foot,’ Said the King: Firearms, Diplomacy, and the Battle for Raichur, 1520,” Modern Asian Studies 43.1 (2009), 289–313.Google Scholar

Eaton, Richard M., and Wagoner, Phillip B., Power, Memory, and Architecture: Contested Sites on India’s Deccan Plateau, 1300–1600, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar

Eaton, Richard M., and Wagoner, Phillip B., “Warfare on the Deccan Plateau, 1450–1600: A Military Revolution in Early Modern India?” Journal of World History 25.1 (2014), 5–50.Google Scholar

Elgood, Robert, Hindu Arms and Ritual: Arms and Armour from India, 1400–1865, Delft, Eburon Academic Publishers, 2004.Google Scholar

Faris, Nabih Amin, and Elmer, Robert Potter, Arab Archery: An Arabic Manuscript of about ad 1500 “A Book on the Excellence of the Bow and Arrow” and the Description Thereof, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1945.Google Scholar

Gommans, Jos, Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire, 1500–1700, London, Routledge, 2002.Google Scholar

Gommans, Jos J. L., and Kolff, Dirk H. A., eds., Warfare and Weaponry in South Asia, 1000–1800, Themes in Indian History Series, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2001.Google Scholar

Har-El, Shai, Struggle for Domination in the Middle East: The Ottoman–Mamluk War, 1485–91, Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1995.Google Scholar

Hill, Donald R., “Trebuchets,” Viator 4 (1973), 99–114.Google Scholar

Jackson, Peter, The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Jackson, Peter, “Turkish Slaves on Islam’s Indian Frontier,” in Chatterjee, Indrani and Eaton, Richard M., eds., Slavery and South Asian History, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 2006, pp. 63–82.Google Scholar

Joshi, P. M., “‘Ala-ud-din Khalji’s First Campaign against Devagiri,” in Sherwani, H. K., ed., Studies in Indian Culture: Dr. Ghulam Yazdani Commemoration Volume, Hyderabad, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute, 1966, pp. 203–11.Google Scholar

Joshi, S. K., Defence Architecture in Early Karnataka, Delhi, Sundeep Prakashan, 1985.Google Scholar

Khan, Iqtidar Alam, Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Klopsteg, Paul E., Turkish Archery and the Composite Bow: A Review of an Old Chapter in the Chronicles of Archery and a Modern Interpretation, 3rd ed., Manchester, Simon Archery Foundation, 1987.Google Scholar

Kumar, Sunil, “Service, Status, and Military Slavery in the Delhi Sultanate: Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries,” in Chatterjee, Indrani and Eaton, Richard M., eds., Slavery and South Asian History, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 2006, pp. 83–114.Google Scholar

Kumar, Sunil, The Emergence of the Delhi Sultanate, Ranikhet, Permanent Black, 2007.Google Scholar

Latham, J. D., and Paterson, W. F., Saracen Archery: An English Version and Exposition of a Mameluke Work on Archery (c. ad 1368), London, Holland Press, 1970.Google Scholar

McEwen, E., “Persian Archery Texts: Chapter Eleven of Fakhr-i Mudabbir’s Ādāb al-Ḥarb,” The Islamic Quarterly 18 (1974), 76–99.Google Scholar

McEwen, Edward, Miller, Robert L., and Bergman, Christopher A., “Early Bow Design and Construction,” Scientific American 264.6 (June 1991), 76–82.Google Scholar

Mohamed, Bashir, The Arts of the Muslim Knight: The Furusiyya Art Foundation Collection, Milan, Skira, 2008.Google Scholar

Needham, Joseph, et al., Science and Civilisation in China, vol. 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, part 7: Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986.Google Scholar

Nicolle, David, Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050–1350: Islam, Eastern Europe and Asia, London, Greenhill Books, 1999.Google Scholar

Nicolle, David, Medieval Siege Weapons (2): Byzantium, the Islamic World, and India ad 476–1526, illustrated by Sam Thompson, New Vanguard Series, Oxford, Osprey Publishing, 2003.Google Scholar

Prasad, S. N., ed., Historical Perspectives of Warfare in India: Some Morale and Material Determinants, New Delhi, Centre for Studies in Civilizations, 2002.Google Scholar

Rangarajan, L. N., ed. and trans., Kautilya: The Arthashastra, New Delhi, Penguin Books, 1992.Google Scholar

Spencer, George W., “The Politics of Plunder,” Journal of Asian Studies 35.3 (May 1976), 405–19.Google Scholar

Spencer, George W., The Politics of Expansion: The Chola Conquest of Sri Lanka and Sri Vijaya, Madras, New Era Publications, 1983.Google Scholar

Wagoner, Phillip B., “‘Sultan among Hindu Kings’: Dress, Titles, and the Islamicization of Hindu Culture at Vijayanagara,” Journal of Asian Studies 55.4 (1996), 851–80.Google Scholar

Zajaczkowski, Ananiasz, Le Traité iranien de l’art militaire, “Ādāb al-ḥarb wa-š-šağā‘a,” du XIIIe siècle, Warsaw, Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1969.Google Scholar

Ziegler, Norman P., “Evolution of the Rathor State of Marvar: Horses, Structural Change, and Warfare,” in Schomer, Karine et al., eds., The Idea of Rajasthan: Explorations in Regional Identity, 2 vols. Columbia, MO, South Asia Publications, 1994, vol. 2, pp. 192–216.Google Scholar

Andaya, Barbara, “History, Headhunting and Gender in Monsoon Asia: Comparative and Longitudinal Views,” South East Asia Research 12.1 (2004), 13–52.Google Scholar

Andaya, Leonard, “Nature of War and Peace among the Bugis-Makassar People,” South East Asia Research 12.1 (2004), 53–80.Google Scholar

Charney, Michael W., “Shallow-Draft Boats, Guns, and the Aye-ra-wa-ti: Continuity and Change in Ship Structure and River Warfare in Precolonial Myanmar,” Oriens Extremus 40.1 (1997), 16–63.Google Scholar

Charney, Michael W., “Warfare in Early Modern South East Asia,” South East Asia Research 12.1 (2004), 5–12.Google Scholar

Fernquest, Jon, “Min-gyi-nyo, the Shan Invasions of Ava (1524–27), and the Beginnings of Expansionary Warfare in Toungoo Burma: 1486–1539,” SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research 3.2 (2005), 284–395.Google Scholar

Fernquest, Jon, “Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454),” SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research 4.2 (2006), 27–81.Google Scholar

Fernquest, Jon, “Rajadhirat’s Mask of Command: Military Leadership in Burma (c.1348–1421),” SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research 4.1 (2006), 3–29.Google Scholar

Hagerdal, Hans, “War and Culture: Balinese and Sasak Views on Warfare in Traditional Historiography,” South East Asia Research 12.1 (2004), 81–118.Google Scholar