Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-gvh9x Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-17T05:38:46.792Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

13 - Mental Health and Parenting

from Part III - Parental Factors That Impact Parenting

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2022

By
Sandra T. Azar  and
Michelle F. Wright
Edited by
Amanda Sheffield Morris  and
Julia Mendez Smith
Amanda Sheffield Morris
Affiliation:
Oklahoma State University
Julia Mendez Smith
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, Greensboro
Get access

Summary

Parents with mental health (MH) problems are often automatically seen as placing children at risk. The scientific support for this assumption, however, has been questioned (Benjet et al., 2003). It has led to failures to support the rights of such parents and ignoring their special service needs. A broader contextually based view of risk has been suggested which includes delineating the transdiagnostic underlying cognitive and neurocognitive mechanisms of risk to transmission of MH problems to children. In this chapter, we review the early work on risk that focused on severe parental psychopathology (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) and the more recent broadening of concerns to other disorders (e.g., substance use, PTSD, ADHD). From the vantage point of normative family functioning, we describe domains where parents with MH problems may encounter contextual and person-based obstacles to the completion of crucial tasks required in parenting and overview links to risk in these domains. We delineate methodological issues and provide a transdiagnostic overview of core areas of impairment emphasizing a cognitive neuroscience perspective. Finally, we cover practice and policy issues (termination of parental rights; access to intervention).

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Parenting , pp. 281 - 302
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abel, K. M., Hope, H., Swift, E., et al. (2019). Prevalence of maternal mental illness among children and adolescents in the UK between 2005 and 2017: A national retrospective cohort analysis. Lancet Public Health, 4, 291–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30059-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 217–237.Google Scholar
Allott, K., et al. (2020). Compensatory interventions for cognitive impairments in psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 46, 869–883. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz134Google Scholar
Alpert, J. E., Mischoulon, D., Nierenberg, A. A., & Fava, M. (2000). Nutrition and depression: Focus on folate. Nutrition, 16, 544–546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101–336, 104 Stat. 328 (1990).Google Scholar
Amos, J., Furber, G., & Segal, L. (2011). Understanding maltreating mothers: A synthesis of relational trauma, attachment disorganization, structural dissociation of the personality, and experiential avoidance. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 12, 495–509.Google Scholar
Azar, S. T. (1997). A cognitive behavioral approach to understanding and treating parents who physically abuse their children. In Wolf, D. & McMahon, R. (Eds.), Child abuse: New directions in prevention and treatment across the life span (pp. 78–100). Sage.Google Scholar
Azar, S. T. (2000) Preventing burnout in professionals and paraprofessionals who work with child abuse and neglect cases: A cognitive behavioral approach to supervision. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 643–663.Google Scholar
Azar, S. T., Barnes, K. T., & Twentyman, C. T. (1988). Developmental outcomes in physically abused children: Consequences of parental abuse or the effects of a more general breakdown in caregiving behaviors? The Behavior Therapist, 11, 27–32.Google Scholar
Azar, S. T. & Goff, P. A. (2008) Can science help Solomon? Understanding potential for racial and ethnic bias in decision-making in child maltreatment cases. St. John’s University Law Journal, 81, 533–574.Google Scholar
Azar, S. T., & Hetzel-Riggins, M. (2021). Mothers who neglect their children. In Shackelford, T. K. (Ed.), Handbook of Domestic Violence (Chapter 27).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azar, S. T. & Hill, L. (2006). Adoption and foster care in minority families. In Wegar, K. (Ed.), Adoptive families in a diverse society (pp. 190–209). Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Azar, S. T., Lauretti, A., & Loding, B. (1998). The evaluation of parental fitness in termination of parental rights cases: A functional-contextual perspective. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1, 77–100.Google Scholar
Azar, S. T. & Maggi, M. (2016). A blueprint for systemic change: Enhancing services to better serve the needs of parents with intellectual disabilities. In Lutzker, J. R., Guastaferro, K. M., & Graham, M. L. (Eds.), (pp. 263–300). Maltreatment of Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Across the Lifespan.Google Scholar
Azar, S. T., Maggi, M. C., & Proctor, S. N. (2013). Practices changes in the Child Protective System to address the needs of parents with cognitive disabilities. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 7, 610–632.Google Scholar
Azar, S. T., McGuier, D., & Britt, K. C. (in submission). Executive functioning, affective appraisals and parenting risk: Pathways within diverse and disadvantaged parent-child dyads. Journal of Parenting Science and Practice.Google Scholar
Azar, S. T., Miller, E. A., Stevenson, M. T., & Johnson, D. R. (2016). Social cognition, child neglect, and child injury risk: The contribution of maternal social information processing to maladaptive injury prevention beliefs within a high-risk sample. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsw067Google Scholar
Azar, S. T. & Olsen, N. (2004). Legal issues in child abuse and neglect. In Donohue, W. O. & Levensky, E. R. (Eds.), Handbook of forensic psychology (pp. 685–713). Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azar, S.T., & Read, K. (2009). Parent cognitive disabilities and child protection: The need for human capacity building. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 36, 127–151.Google Scholar
Azar, S. T., Robinson, D. R., Hekimian, E., & Twentyman, C. T. (1984). Unrealistic expectations and problem-solving ability in maltreating and comparison mothers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 687–691.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Azar, S. T., Stevenson, M. T., & Johnson, D. R. (2012). Intellectual disabilities and neglectful parenting: Preliminary findings on the role of cognition in parenting risk. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 5, 94–129.Google Scholar
Azar, S. T. & Twentyman, C. T. (1986). Cognitive behavioral perspectives on the assessment and treatment of child abuse. In Kendall, P. C. (Ed.), Advances in cognitive-behavioral research and therapy (Vol. 5, pp. 237–267). Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azar, S. T. & Weinzierl, K. N. (2005). Child maltreatment and childhood injury research. A cognitive behavioral approach. Journal of Pediatrics, 31, 1–17.Google Scholar
Azar, S. T., & Wolfe, D. A. (2006). Treatment of child abuse and neglect. In Barkley, R. & Mash, E. (Eds.), Behavioral treatment of childhood disorders (3rd ed., pp. 595–646). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Azar, S. T., Wright, M. F., Miller, E. et al. (2019, March). Developing a childhood injury prevention simulation game to better engage high risk parents in services. Poster presented at the biennial meeting for Society for Research in Child Development.Google Scholar
Azar, S. T., Wright, M. F., Whyte, E. et al. (2018). Injuries aren’t part of the game: Developing an injury prevention simulation game to better engage parents in services. Poster presented at the Pediatric Research Day at Pennsylvania State University.Google Scholar
Bassuk, E. L., & Beardslee, W. R. (2014). Depression in homeless mothers: Addressing an unrecognized public health issue. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 84, 73–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bassuk, E. L., Hart, J. A., & Donovan, E. (2020) Resetting policies to end family homelessness. Annual Review of Public Health, 41, 247–263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beardslee, W. R., Gladstone, T. R. G., Wright, E. J., & Cooper, A. B. (2003). A family-based approach to the prevention of depressive symptoms in children at risk: Evidence of parental and child change. Pediatrics, 112, e119–131.Google Scholar
Beck, A. T., Rush, A., Shaw, B., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Benjet, C., Azar, S. T., & Kuersten-Hogan, R. (2003). Evaluating the parental fitness of psychiatrically diagnosed individuals: Advocating a functional-contextual analysis of parenting. Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 238–251.Google Scholar
Bender, M. (1993) The unoffered chair: The history of therapeutic disdain towards people with a learning difficulty. Clinical Psychology Forum, 54, 7–12.Google Scholar
Benton, D. (2008). Health and wellbeing: The larger picture. International Nursing Review, 55, 378–378.Google Scholar
Bosquet Enlow, M., Egeland, B., Carlson, E., Blood, E., & Wright, R. J. (2014). Mother–infant attachment and the intergenerational transmission of posttraumatic stress disorder. Developmental Psychopathology, 26, 41–65.Google Scholar
Bowie, C. R. & Harvey, P. D. (2006). Cognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatry & Disease Treatment, 2, 531–536.Google Scholar
Bridgett, D. J., Burt, N. M., Edwards, E. S., & Decard, Deater- (2015). Intergenerational transmission of self-regulation: A multidisciplinary review and integrative conceptual framework. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 602–654. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038662CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brouwers, E. P. (2020). Social stigma is an underestimated contributing factor to unemployment in people with mental illness or mental health issues: Position paper and future directions. BMC Psychology, 8, 36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, T. C. et al. (2020). Prevalence of mental illness among parents of children receiving treatment within child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS): A scoping review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01502-xGoogle Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2018). Mental health in the workplace. www.cdc.gov/workplacehealthpromotion/tools-resources/workplace-health/mental-health/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Chaffin, M., Hecht, D., Bard, D., Silovsky, J. F., & Beasley, W. H. (2012). A statewide trial of the SafeCare home-based services model with parents in Child Protective Services. Pediatrics, 129, 509–515.Google Scholar
Chang, Z., Larsson, H., Lichtenstein, P., Fazel, S. (2015). Psychiatric disorders and violent reoffending: A national cohort study of convicted prisoners in Sweden. Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 891–900.Google Scholar
Child Trends. (2017). 5 things to know about parental depression. www.childtrends.org/child-trends-5/five-things-know-parental-depressionGoogle Scholar
Chico, E., Gonzalez, A., Ali, N., Steiner, M., & Fleming, A. S. (2014). Executive function and mothering: Challenges faced by teenage mothers. Developmental Psychobiology, 56, 1027–1035.Google Scholar
Clarke, G. N., Hornbrook, M., Lynch, F. et al. (2001). A randomized trial of a group cognitive intervention for preventing depression in adolescent offspring of depressed parents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 1127–1134.Google Scholar
Connecticut Parents with Cognitive Limitations Work Group (2002). www.pwclworkgroup.com/Google Scholar
Corrigan, P. W. (2004) Guidelines for enhancing personal empowerment of people with psychiatric disabilities. American Rehabilitation, Autumn, 10–21.Google Scholar
Crandall, A., Deater-Deckard, K., & Riley, A. W. (2015). Maternal emotion and cognitive control capacities and parenting: A conceptual framework. Developmental Review, 36, 105–126.Google Scholar
Crittenden, P. M. (1993). An information processing perspective on the behavior of neglectful parents. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 20, 27–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cummings, E. M. & Davies, P. (1994). Guilford series on social and emotional development. Children and marital conflict: The impact of family dispute and resolution. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Deater-Deckard, K. (2014). Family matters: Intergenerational and interpersonal processes of executive function and attentive behavior. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23, 230–236.Google Scholar
deJong, P. J., & Daniels, J. K. (2020). Negative expectancy biases in psychopathology. In Aue, T. & Okon-Singer, H. (Eds.), Cognitive biases in health and psychiatric disorders, Neurological Foundations (pp. 71–97). Elsevier.Google Scholar
Dowdney, L. & Skuse, D. (1993). Parenting provided by adults with mental retardation. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 34, 25–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dreyer, K., Williamson, R. A. P., Hargreaves, D. S., et al. (2018). Associations between parental mental health and other family factors and healthcare utilization among children and young people: A retrospective, cross-sectional study of linked healthcare data. BMJ Paediatrics Open, 22, e000266. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2018-000266Google Scholar
Eidelson, R.J. & Epstein, N. (1982). Cognition and relationship maladjustment: Development of a measure of dysfunctional relationship beliefs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 15, 211–227.Google Scholar
Ellis, A. (1962). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. Citadel Press.Google Scholar
Epkins, C. C. & Harper, S. L. (2016). Mothers’ and fathers’ parental warmth, hostility/rejection/neglect, and behavioral control: Specific and unique relations with parents’ depression versus anxiety symptoms. Parenting, 16, 125–145.Google Scholar
Epstein, N. B., Bishop, D. S., & Baldwin, L. M. (l982 ). McMaster model of family functioning: A view of the normal family. In Walsh, F (Ed.), Normal family processes (pp. 115–145). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Feldman, M. A. (1994). Parenting Education for parents with intelIectual disabilities: A review of outcome studies. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 15, 299–332.Google Scholar
Feldman, M. A. (2004). Self‐directed learning of child‐care skills by parents with intellectual disabilities. Infants and Young Children, 17, 17–31.Google Scholar
Fett, A. K., Viechtbauer, W., Dominguez, M. D., Penn, D. L., van Os, J., Krabbendam, L. (2011),The relationship between neurocognition and social cognition with functional outcomes in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Review, 35, 573–588.Google Scholar
Field, M. A. & Sanchez, V. A. (1999). Equal treatment for people with mental retardation. Harvard University PressGoogle Scholar
Fontaine, D. & Nolin, P. (2012). Study of “hot” executive functions in a sample of parents who have been accused of physical abuse or neglect. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 21, 1–18.Google Scholar
Furness, T., Giandinoto, J., Wordie-Thompson, E., Woolley, S., Dempster, V., & Foster, K. (2020). Improving physical health outcomes for people with severe mental illness: A proof-of-concept study of nurse practitioner candidate practice. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29, 266–277.Google Scholar
Galbally, M., Snellen, M., & Power, J. (2014). Antipsychotic drugs in pregnancy: A review of their maternal and fetal effects. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety, 5, 100–109.Google Scholar
Gallant, W. A., Gorey, K. M., Gallant, M. D., Perry, J. L., & Ryan, P. K. (1998). The association of personality characteristics with parenting problems among alcoholic couples. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 24, 119–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gearing, R., Alonzo, D., & Marinelli, C. (2012). Maternal schizophrenia: Psychosocial treatment for mothers and their children. Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses, 6, 27–33.Google Scholar
Gewirtz, A. H., Polusny, M. A., DeGarmo, D. S., Khaylis, A., & Erbes, C. R. (2010). Posttraumatic stress symptoms among National Guard soldiers deployed to Iraq: Associations with parenting behaviors and couple adjustment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 599–610.Google Scholar
Goodman, S. (2020). The intergenerational transmission of depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 213–228.Google Scholar
Grisso, T. (2003). Evaluating competencies: Forensic assessments and instruments (2nd ed.). Kluwer/Plenium.Google Scholar
Hall, J. A. (2014). Applying the ideal standards model to unmet expectations and satisfaction in friendship. Studies in Communication Sciences, 14, 20–28.Google Scholar
Hans, S. L., Bernstein, V. J., & Henson, L. G. (1999). The role of psychopathology in the parenting of drug-dependent women. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 957–977.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, D. J., Pallotta, G. M., Tishelman, A. C., Conaway, L. P., & Macmillan, , (1989). Parental problem-solving skills and child behavior problems: A comparison of physically abusive, neglectful, clinic, and community families. Journal of Family Violence, 4, 353–368.Google Scholar
Hart, S., Field, T., del Valle, C., & Pelaez-Nogueras, M. (1998). Depressed mothers’ interactions with their one-year-old infants. Infant Behavior & Development, 21, 519–525.Google Scholar
Hershkowitz, M., Dekel, R., Fridkin, S., & Freedman, S. (2017). Posttraumatic stress disorder, parenting, and martial adjustment among a civilian population. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1655.Google Scholar
Healy, S. J. & Lewin, J., Butler, S., & Vaillancourt, (2016). Affect recognition and the quality of mother–infant interaction: Understanding parenting difficulties in mothers with schizophrenia. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 19, 113–124. https://doi.org/10007/s00737-015-0530-3Google Scholar
Horowitz, J. L., Garber, J., Ciesla, J. A., Young, J. F., & Mufson, L. (2007). Prevention of depression in adolescents: A randomized trial of cognitive–behavioral and interpersonal prevention programs Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.5.693Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine and National Research Council (IMNRC). (2015). Transforming the workforce for children birth through age 8. National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Johnston, C., Mash, E. J., Miller, N., & Ninowski, J. E. (2012). Parenting in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 215–228.Google Scholar
Kahn, R. S., Brandt, D., & Whitaker, R. C. (2004). Combined effect of mothers’ and fathers’ mental health symptoms on children’s behavioral and emotional well-being. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 158, 721–729. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.158.8.721Google Scholar
Korftnacher, O’Brien, R. , Hiatt, S., & Olds, D. (1999). Differences in program implementation between nurses and paraprofessionals providing home visits during pregnancy and infancy: A randomized trial. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1847–1851.Google Scholar
Kritikos, T. K., Comer, J. S., He, M., Curren, L. C., & Tompson, M. C. (2019). Combat experience and posttraumatic stress symptoms among military-serving parents: A meta-analytic examination of associated offspring and family outcomes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47, 131–148.Google Scholar
LaForett, D. L., & Mendez, J. L. (2010) Parent involvement, parental depression, and program satisfaction among low-income parents participating in a two-generation early childhood education program, Early Education and Development, 21, 517–535. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409280902927767CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laroi, F., Canlaire, J., Mourad, H., & Van der Linden, M. (2010). Relations between a computerized shopping task and cognitive tests in a group of persons diagnosed with schizophrenia compared with healthy controls. Journal of International Neuropsychological Sociology, 16, 180–189.Google Scholar
Larrance, D.T., & Twentyman, C.T. (1983). Maternal attributions in child abuse. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92, 449–457.Google Scholar
Lavi, I., Manor-Binyamini, I., Seibert, E., Katz, L. F., Ozer, E. J., & Gross, J. J. (2019). Broken bonds: A meta-analysis of emotion reactivity and regulation in emotionally maltreating parents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 88, 376–388.Google Scholar
Lee, C., DelPozo-Banos, M., Lloyd, K. et al. (2020). Area deprivation, urbanicity, severe mental illness and social drift — A population-based linkage study using routinely collected primary and secondary care data. Schizophrenia Research, 220, 130–140.Google Scholar
Loopstra, R. (2018). Interventions to address household food insecurity in high income countries. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 77, 270–281.Google Scholar
Loverjoy, M. C., Graczyk, P. A., O’Hare, E., & Neuman, G. (2000). Maternal depression and parenting behavior: A meta-analystic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 561–592.Google Scholar
Lozoff, B., Jimenez, E., Hagen, J., Mollen, E., & Wolf, A. W. (2000). Poorer behavioral and developmental outcome more than 10 years after treatment for iron deficiency in infancy. Pediatrics, 105, E51.Google Scholar
Luciano, A., Nicholson, J., & Meara, E. (2014). The economic status of parents with serious mental illness in the United States. Psychiatry Rehabilitation Journal, 37, 242–250. https://doi.org/10.1037/prj0000087Google Scholar
Männistö, T., Mendola, P., Kiely, M. et al. (2016). Maternal psychiatric disorders and risk of preterm birth. Annual Epidemiology, 26, 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.09.0Google Scholar
May, E. M., Azar, S. T., & Matthews, S. A. (2018). How does the neighborhood “Come through the Door?” Concentrated disadvantage, residential instability, and the home environment for preschoolers. American Journal of Community Psychology, 61, 218–228.Google Scholar
McDowell, T., Fang, S.-R., Young, C. G., Khanna, A., Sherman, B., & Brownlee, K. (2003). Making space for racial dialogue: Our experience in a marriage and family therapy training program. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 29, 179–194.Google Scholar
Meneara, M., Dugasb, M., Careaub, E., Legere, F. (2020). Strategies for engaging patients and families in collaborative care programs for depression and anxiety disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 263, 528–539.Google Scholar
Milner, J. S. (2003). Social information processing in high-risk and physically abusive parents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 7–20.Google Scholar
Mittal, D., Owena, R. R., Ounpraseuthd, S. et al.(2020). Targeting stigma of mental illness among primary care providers: Findings from a pilot feasibility study. Psychiatry Research, 284, 1–6.Google Scholar
Morrongiello, B. A., & Corbett, M. R. (2008). Elaborating a conceptual model of young children’s risk of unintentional injury and implications for prevention strategies, Health Psychology Review, 2, 191–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437190902777594Google Scholar
Morrongiello, B. A., & House, K. (2004). Measuring parent attributes and supervision behaviors relevant to child injury risk: Examining the usefulness of questionnaire measures. Injury Prevention, 10, 114–118.Google Scholar
National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2014). Mental illness: NAMI report deplores 80 percent unemployment rate; State rates and ranks listed – Model legislation proposed. www.nami.org/Press-Media/Press-Releases/2014/Mental-Illness-NAMI-Report-Deplores-80-PercentGoogle Scholar
National Council on Disability. (2012). Rocking the cradle: Ensuring the rights of parents with disabilities and their children. https://ncd.gov/sites/default/files/Documents/NCD_Parenting_508_0.pdfGoogle Scholar
National Low-Income Housing Coalition. (2020). NLIHC releases interactive “Housing Instability and COVID-19 Map”. https://nlihc.org/resource/nlihc-releases-interactive-housing-instability-and-covid-19-mapGoogle Scholar
Nevriana, A., Pierce, M., Dalman, C., et al. (2020). Association between maternal and paternal mental illness and risk of injuries in children and adolescents: nationwide register based cohort study in Sweden. BMJ, 369, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m853Google Scholar
Nezu, A. M. (2004). Problem solving and behavior therapy. Behavior Therapy, 35, 1–33.Google Scholar
Nybell, L. M., & Gray, S. S. (2004). Race, place, space: Meaning of cultural competence in three child welfare agencies. Journal of Social Work, 49, 17–26Google Scholar
O’Hara, M. W. (2009). Postpartum depression: What we know. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65, 1258–1269.Google Scholar
Osam, C. S., Pierce, M., Hope, H., Ashcroft, D. M., & Abel, K. M. (2020). The influence of maternal mental illness on vaccination uptake in children: A UK population‑based cohort study. European Journal of Epidemiology, 35, 879–889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654–020-00632-5Google Scholar
Park, J. L., Hudec, K. L., & Johnston, C. (2017). Parental ADHD symptoms and parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 56, 25–39.Google Scholar
Pettigrew, T. F. & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 751–783.Google Scholar
Powell, R. M., Parish, S. L., Mitra, M., & Nicholson, J. (2020). Responding to the legal needs of parents with psychiatric disabilities: Insights from parent interviews, Law & Inequalities A Journal of Theory and Practice, 38, 69–114.Google Scholar
Radke-Yarrow, M., Nottelmann, E., Martinez, P., Fox, M. B., & Belmont, B. (1992). Young children of affectively ill parents: A longitudinal study of psycho-social social development. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 68–77.Google Scholar
Ramchandani, P. & Psychogiou, L. (2009). Paternal psychiatric disorders and children’s psychosocial development. The Lancet, 374, 646–653.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ranning, A., Benros, M. E., Thorup, , et al. (2020). Morbidity and mortality in the children and young adult offspring of parents with schizophrenia or affective disorders – A nationwide register-based cohort study in 2 million individuals. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 46, 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz040Google Scholar
Rishel, C. (2012). Pathways to prevention for children of depressed mothers: A review of the literature and recommendations for practice. Depression Research and Treatment, 2012, e313389. https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/drt/2012/313689.pdfGoogle Scholar
Saltzman, W. R., Lester, P., Beardslee, W. R., Layne, C. M., Woodward, K., & Nash, W. P. (2011). Mechanisms of risk and resilience in military families: Theoretical and empirical basis of a family-focused resilience enhancement program. Clinical Child & Family Psychology Review, 14, 213–230.Google Scholar
Sampson, M., Zyas, L. H., & Seifert, S. B. (2013). Treatment engagement using motivational interviewing for low-income, ethnically diverse mothers with postpartum depression. Clinical Social Work Journal, 41, 387–394Google Scholar
Seabra-Santos, M. J., Gaspar, M. F., Azevedo, A. F. et al. (2016). Incredible Years parenting training: What changes, for whom, how, for how long? Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 44, 93–104.Google Scholar
Seay, K. D. (2020). Pathways from parental substance use to child internalizing and externalizing behaviors in a Child Protective Services sample. Child Maltreatment, 25, 446–456.Google Scholar
Senior, M., Fazel, S., & Tsiachristas, A. (2020). The economic impact of violence perpetration in severe mental illness: A retrospective, prevalence-based analysis in Engl6nd and Wales. Lancet Public Health, 5, 99.Google Scholar
Siqveland, T. S., Olafsen, K. S., & Moe, V. (2013). The influence of maternal optimality and infant temperament on parenting stress at 12 months among mothers with substance abuse and psychiatric problems. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54, 353–362. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12063Google Scholar
Slopen, N., Fitzmaurice, M. A., Williams, D. R., & Gilman, S. E. (2010), Poverty, food insecurity, and the behavior for childhood internalizing and externalizing disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 444–452.Google Scholar
Smith, M. W., Schnurr, P. P., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2005). Employment outcomes and PTSD symptom severity. Mental Health Services Research, 7, 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11020-005-3780-2Google Scholar
Smith, S. M., Hanson, R., & Noble, S. (1973). Parents of battered babies: A controlled study. British Medicine Journal, 4, 388–391.Google Scholar
Spell, , A. W., Kelley, , M. L., Wang, , J. et al. (2008). The moderating effects of maternal psychopathology on children’s adjustment post-Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 553–563. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410802148210Google Scholar
Stacks, A. M., Barron, C. C., & Wong, K. (2019). Infant mental health home visiting in the context of an infant–toddler court team: Changes in parental responsiveness and reflective functioning. Infant Mental Health Journal, 40, 523–540. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21785Google Scholar
Stambaugh, L. F., Forman-Hoffman, V., & Williams, J., et al. (2017). Prevalence of serious mental illness among parents in the United States: Results from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health, 2008–2014. Annual Review of Epidemiology, 27, 222–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.12.005Google Scholar
Timmer, S. G., Ho, L. K. L., Urquiza, A. J., Zebell, N. M., Garcia, E. F., & Boys, D. (2011). The effectiveness of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy with depressive mothers. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 42, 406–423.Google Scholar
Toso, K., de Cock, P., & Leavey, G. (2020). Maternal exposure to violence and offspring neurodevelopment: A systematic review. Paediatric Perinatal Epidemiology, 34, 190–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.126 51CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tronick, E. Z. & Weinberg, M. K. (1997). Depressed mothers and infants: Failure to form dyadic states of consciousness. In Murray, L. & Cooper, P. J. (Eds.), Postpartum depression and child development (pp. 54–81). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Uher, R., Cumby, J., MacKenzie, L. E. et al. (2014). A familial risk enriched cohort as a platform for testing early interventions to prevent severe mental illness. BMC Psychiatry, 14, 344–358.Google Scholar
Whipple, E. E., & Webster-Stratton, C. (1991). The role of parental stress in physically abusive families. Child Abuse and Neglect, 15, 279−291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wildeman, T., Edwards, F. R., & Wakefield, S. (2020) The cumulative prevalence of termination of parental rights for U.S. children, 2000–2016. Child Maltreatment, 25, 32–42.Google Scholar
Willner, P., Bailey, R., Parry, R., & Dymond, S. (2010). Evaluation of executive functioning in people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54, 366–379.Google Scholar
Wright, C. N., & Roloff, M. E. (2015). You should just know why I’m upset: Expectancy violation theory and the influence of mind reading expectations (MRE) on responses to relational problems. Communication Research Reports, 32, 10–19.Google Scholar
Zelazo, P. (2020). Executive function and psychopathology: A neurodevelopmental perspective. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology,16, 431–435 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072319-024242Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×