Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. 1930–1936. Federal Reserve Bulletin. Federal Reserve Archival System for Economic Research. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/62. Accessed March 31, 2020.Google Scholar

Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. 1943. Banking and Monetary Statistics: 1914-1941. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/38. Accessed May 25, 2020.Google Scholar

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Federal Reserve Economic Data. https://research.stlouisfed.org. Accessed March 31, 2020.Google Scholar

Global Financial Data. www.globalfinancialdata.com. Accessed March 31, 2020.Google Scholar

Huang, Huaxiang and Thomas, Ryland. 2016. “The Weekly Balance Sheet of the Bank of England 1844-2006.” OBRA dataset, Bank of England.Google Scholar

League of Nations. 1937. Statistical Year-Book of the League of Nations. Geneva: League of Nations.Google Scholar

Thomas, Ryland and Dimsdale, Nicholas. 2017. “A Millennium of UK Data.” OBRA dataset, Bank of England.Google Scholar

Accominotti, Olivier. 2009. “The Sterling Trap: Foreign Reserves Management at the Bank of France, 1928-1936.” European Review of Economic History 13: 349–76.Google Scholar

Accominotti, Olivier. 2020. “International Monetary Regimes: The Interwar Gold Exchange Standard.” In Handbook of the History of Money and Currency, edited by Battilossi, Stefano, Cassis, Youssef, and Yago, Kazuhiko, 633–64. Singapore: Springer.Google Scholar

Ahamed, Liaquat. 2009. Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar

Albers, Thilo N. H. 2020. “Currency Devaluations and Beggar-My-Neighbour Penalties: Evidence from the 1930s.” Economic History Review 73 (1): 233–57.Google Scholar

Aldcroft, Derek H. 2004. “Exchange Rate Regimes and Economic Performance in the Inter-War Years.” In Exchange Rates and Economic Policy in the 20th Century, edited by Catterall, Ross E. and Aldcroft, Derek H., 17–70. Burlington: Ashgate.Google Scholar

Atkin, John. 2005. The Foreign Exchange Market of London: Development since 1900. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Balogh, Thomas. 1947. Studies in Financial Organization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bank for International Settlements. 1933–1939. Annual Report. Basle: Bank for International Settlements.Google Scholar

Bank for International Settlements. 1937. The Tripartite Agreement of September 25, 1936 and Subsequent Monetary Arrangements. Basle: Bank for International Settlements.Google Scholar

Bank of England. 1968. “The Exchange Equalisation Account: Its Origins and Development.” Quarterly Bulletin 8 (4): 377–90.Google Scholar

Bank of England. 2020. “How Much Gold is Kept in the Bank of England?” www.bankofengland.co.uk/knowledgebank/how-much-gold-is-kept-in-the-bank-of-england. Accessed May 25, 2020.Google Scholar

Bergsten, C. Fred and Green, Russell A., eds. 2016. International Monetary Cooperation: Lessons from the Plaza Accord after Thirty Years. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.Google Scholar

Bergsten, C. Fred and Gagnon, Joseph E.. 2017. Currency Conflict and Trade Policy: A New Strategy for the United States. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.Google Scholar

Bernanke, Ben and James, Harold. 1991. “The Gold Standard, Deflation, and Financial Crisis in the Great Depression: An International Comparison.” In Financial Markets and Financial Crises, edited by Hubbard, R. G., 33–68. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Best, Jacqueline. 2005. The Limits of Transparency: Ambiguity and the History of International Finance. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Birnbaum, Pierre. 2015. Léon Blum: Prime Minister, Socialist, Zionist. Translated by Goldhammer, Arthur. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Blaazer, David. 2005. “Finance and the End of Appeasement: The Bank of England, the National Government and the Czech Gold.” Journal of Contemporary History 40 (1): 25–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bloomfield, Arthur I. 1959. Monetary Policy under the International Gold Standard: 1880-1914. New York: Federal Reserve Bank of New York.Google Scholar

Bloomfield, Arthur I. 1966. Capital Imports and the American Balance of Payments, 1934-39. New York: A. M. Kelley.Google Scholar

Blum, John Morton. 1959. From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Crisis, 1928-1939. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Bordo, Michael D. 1993. “The Bretton Woods International Monetary System: A Historical Overview.” In A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System: Lessons for International Monetary Reform, edited by Bordo, Michael D. and Eichengreen, Barry, 3–108. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bordo, Michael D., Humpage, Owen F., and Schwartz, Anna J.. 2015. Strained Relations: US Foreign-Exchange Operations and Monetary Policy in the Twentieth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Bordo, Michael D., MacDonald, Ronald, and Oliver, Michael J.. 2009. “Sterling in Crisis, 1964-1967.” European Review of Economic History 13 (3): 437–59.Google Scholar

Bordo, Michael D. and Schwartz, Anna J., eds. 1984. A Retrospective on the Classical Gold Standard, 1821-1931. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bordo, Michael, Monnet, Eric, and Naef, Alain. 2019. “The Gold Pool (1961-1968) and the Fall of the Bretton Woods System: Lessons for Central Bank Cooperation.” Journal of Economic History 79 (4): 1027–59.Google Scholar

Boris, George. 1936. “Reforming the Bank of France.” Foreign Affairs 15 (1): 155–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boyce, Robert. 2009. The Great Interwar Crisis and the Collapse of Globalization. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Boyer, George R. and Hatton, Timothy J.. 2002. “New Estimates of British Unemployment, 1870-1913.” Journal of Economic History 62 (3): 643–75.Google Scholar

Broadberry, S. N. 1987. “Purchasing Power Parity and the Pound-Dollar Rate in the 1930s.” Economica 54 (213): 69–78.Google Scholar

Brown, William Adams. 1929. England and the New Gold Standard, 1919-1926. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Brown, William Adams. 1940. The International Gold Standard Reinterpreted, 1914-1934. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research.Google Scholar

Brown, William Adams. 1942. “Operations of the Exchange Stabilization Fund: 1934-1939.” Unpublished draft, National Bureau of Economic Research. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/6022. Accessed March 31, 2020.Google Scholar

Cairncross, Alec and Eichengreen, Barry. 1983. Sterling in Decline: The Devaluations of 1931, 1949, and 1967. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar

Capie, Forrest. 2010. The Bank of England: 1950s to 1979. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cesarano, Filippo. 2003. “Defining Fundamental Disequilibrium: Keynes’s Unheeded Contribution.” Journal of Economic Studies 30 (5): 474–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chamberlain, Neville. 2002. The Neville Chamberlain Diary Letters. Volume 3: The Heir Apparent, 1928-33. Edited by Self, Robert. Burlington: Ashgate.Google Scholar

Chamberlain, Neville. 2005. The Neville Chamberlain Diary Letters. Volume 4: The Downing Street Years, 1934-1940. Edited by Self, Robert. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.Google Scholar

Chandler, Lester V. 1971. American Monetary Policy, 1928-1941. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar

Choudhri, Ehan U. and Kochin, Levis A.. 1980. “The Exchange Rate and the International Transmission of Business Cycle Disturbances: Some Evidence from the Great Depression.” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 12 (4): 565–74.Google Scholar

Clarke, Stephen V. O. 1967. Central Bank Cooperation: 1924-31. New York: Federal Reserve Bank of New York.Google Scholar

Clarke, Stephen V. O. 1977. “Exchange-Rate Stabilization in the Mid-1930s: Negotiating the Tripartite Agreement.” Princeton Studies in International Finance no. 41.Google Scholar

Clavin, Patricia. 1996. The Failure of Economic Diplomacy: Britain, Germany, France and the United States, 1931-36. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar

Clavin, Patricia. 2013. Securing the World Economy: The Reinvention of the League of Nations, 1920-1946. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Clay, Henry. 1957. Lord Norman. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar

Colton, Joel. 1987. Léon Blum: Humanist in Politics. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Crabbe, Leland. 1989. “The International Gold Standard and U.S. Monetary Policy from World War I to the New Deal.” Federal Reserve Bulletin 75 (6): 423–40.Google Scholar

Crozier, Andrew J. 1988. Appeasement and Germany’s Last Bid for Colonies. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Crozier, Andrew J. 2018. “Chamberlain, (Arthur) Neville (1869-1940), Prime Minister.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/32347. Accessed April 4, 2020.Google Scholar

Dam, Kenneth W. 1982. The Rules of the Game: Reform and Evolution in the International Monetary System. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Dam, Kenneth W. 1983. “From the Gold Clause Cases to the Gold Commission: A Half Century of American Monetary Law.” University of Chicago Law Review 50: 504–32.Google Scholar

Drummond, Ian M. 1979. “London, Washington, and the Management of the Franc, 1936-1939.” Princeton Studies in International Finance no. 45.Google Scholar

Drummond, Ian M. 1981. The Floating Pound and the Sterling Area, 1931-1939. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Drummond, Ian M. and Hillmer, Norman. 1989. Negotiating Freer Trade: The United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, and the Trade Agreements of 1938. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.Google Scholar

Dutton, David. 1992. Simon: A Political Biography of Sir John Simon. London: Aurum Press.Google Scholar

Edwards, Sebastian. 2017. “Keynes and the Dollar in 1933: The Gold-Buying Program and Exchange Rate Gyrations.” Financial History Review 24 (3): 209–38.Google Scholar

Edwards, Sebastian. 2018. American Default: The Untold Story of FDR, the Supreme Court, and the Battle over Gold. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Eichengreen, Barry. 1990. Elusive Stability: Essays in the History of International Finance, 1919-1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Eichengreen, Barry. 1992. Golden Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919-1939. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Eichengreen, Barry. 2008. Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System. 2nd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Eichengreen, Barry. 2013. “Currency War or International Policy Coordination?” Journal of Policy Modeling 35 (3): 425–33.Google Scholar

Eichengreen, Barry. 2015. “Before the Plaza: The Exchange Stabilization Attempts of 1925, 1933, 1936, and 1971.” In International Monetary Cooperation: Lessons from the Plaza Accord after Thirty Years, edited by Bergsten, C. Fred and Green, Russell A., 173–92. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.Google Scholar

Eichengreen, Barry and Sachs, Jeffrey. 1985. “Exchange Rates and Economic Recovery in the 1930s.” Journal of Economic History 45 (4): 925–46.Google Scholar

Eichengreen, Barry and Flandreau, Marc. 1997. “Editors’ Introduction.” In The Gold Standard in Theory and History, edited by Eichengreen, Barry and Flandreau, Marc, 1–21. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Eichengreen, Barry and Temin, Peter. 2000. “The Gold Standard and the Great Depression.” Contemporary European History 9 (2): 183–207.Google Scholar

Einaudi, Luca. 2001. Money and Politics: European Monetary Unification and the International Gold Standard (1865-1873). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Einzig, Paul. 1937. Will Gold Depreciate? London: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Einzig, Paul. 1938. World Finance, 1937-1938. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.Google Scholar

Feinstein, Charles H., Temin, Peter, and Toniolo, Gianni. 1997. The European Economy between the Wars. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Fforde, John. 1992. The Bank of England and Public Policy, 1941-1958. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Flandreau, Marc. 1997. “Central Bank Cooperation in Historical Perspective: A Sceptical View.” Economic History Review 50 (4): 735–63.Google Scholar

Friedman, Milton and Schwartz, Anna J.. 1963. A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Friedman, Milton. 1992. “Franklin D. Roosevelt, Silver, and China.” Journal of Political Economy 100 (1): 62–83.Google Scholar

Fratzscher, Marcel, Gloede, Oliver, Menkhoff, Lukas, Sarno, Lucio, and Stöhr, Tobias. 2019. “When is Foreign Exchange Intervention Effective? Evidence from 33 Countries.” American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 11 (1): 132–56.Google Scholar

Graham, Frank D. and Whittlesey, Charles R.. 1939. Golden Avalanche. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Group of Twenty. 2013. “Communiqué of the G20 Meeting of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, Moscow, July 20, 2013.” G20 Information Centre. www.g20.utoronto.ca/2013/2013-0720-finance.html. Accessed May 25, 2020.Google Scholar

Helleiner, Eric. 2016. Forgotten Foundations of Bretton Woods: International Development and the Making of the Postwar Order. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Henning, C. Randall. 1999. The Exchange Stabilization Fund: Slush Money or War Chest? Washington: Institute for International Economics.Google Scholar

Hennessy, Elizabeth. 1992. A Domestic History of the Bank of England, 1930-1960. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Horsefield, J. Keith. 1969. The International Monetary Fund, 1945-1965: Twenty Years of International Monetary Cooperation. Washington: International Monetary Fund.Google Scholar

Howson, Susan. 1974. “The Origins of Dear Money, 1919-20.” Economic History Review 27 (1): 88–107.Google Scholar

Howson, Susan. 1975. Domestic Monetary Management in Britain: 1919-38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Howson, Susan. 1980. “Sterling’s Managed Float: The Operations of the Exchange Equalisation Account, 1932-39.” Princeton Studies in International Finance no. 46.Google Scholar

Ilzetzki, Ethan, Reinhart, Carmen M., and Rogoff, Kenneth S.. 2019. “Exchange Arrangements Entering the Twenty-first Century: Which Anchor will Hold?” Quarterly Journal of Economics 134 (2): 599–646.Google Scholar

Irwin, Douglas A. 2012. “Gold Sterilization and the Recession of 1937-1938.” Financial History Review 19 (3): 249–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jackson, Julian. 1985. The Politics of Depression in France, 1932-1936. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Jackson, Julian. 1988. The Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy, 1934-38. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

James, Harold. 2001. The End of Globalization: Lessons from the Great Depression. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Keynes, John Maynard. 2010. Essays in Persuasion. 3rd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Kindleberger, Charles Poor. 1986. The World in Depression, 1929-1939. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Kunz, Diane B. 1987. The Battle for Britain’s Gold Standard in 1931. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Kynaston, David. 2017. Till Time’s Last Sand: A History of the Bank of England, 1694-2013. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Leith-Ross, Frederick. 1968. Money Talks: Fifty Years of International Finance: The Autobiography of Sir Frederick Leith-Ross. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar

Lindert, Peter. 1969. “Key Currencies and Gold, 1900-1913.” Princeton Studies in International Finance no. 24.Google Scholar

Lipson, Charles. 1991. “Why are Some International Agreements Informal?” International Organization 45 (4): 495–538.Google Scholar

Martin, William McChesney. 1965. “Does Monetary History Repeat Itself?” Address before the Commencement Day Luncheon of the Alumni Federation of Columbia University, New York City. Federal Reserve Archival System for Economic Research, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/448/item/7898. Accessed May 25, 2020.Google Scholar

McCauley, Robert N. and Schenk, Catherine R.. 2020. “Central Bank Swaps Then and Now: Swaps and Dollar Liquidity in the 1960s.” BIS Working Papers 851.Google Scholar

Meltzer, Allan H. 2003. A History of the Federal Reserve, Volume 1: 1913-1951. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Meyer, Richard Hemmig. 1970. Bankers’ Diplomacy: Monetary Stabilization in the Twenties. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Middleton, Roger. 2008. “Ross, Sir Frederick William Leith- (1887-1968), Civil Servant and Authority on International Finance.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/34489. Accessed April 4, 2020.Google Scholar

Mitchener, Kris James and Wandschneider, Kirsten. 2015. “Capital Controls and Recovery from the Financial Crisis of the 1930s.” Journal of International Economics 95 (2): 188–201.Google Scholar

Moggridge, D. E. 1972. British Monetary Policy, 1924-1931: The Norman Conquest of $4.86. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Monnet, Eric. 2017. “French Monetary Policy and the Bretton Woods System: Criticisms, Proposals and Conflicts.” In Global Perspectives on the Bretton Woods Conference and the Post-War World Order, edited by Scott-Smith, Giles and Simon Rofe, J., 73–87. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Moran, Charles McMoran Wilson. 1966. Churchill Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran: The Struggle for Survival, 1940-1965. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Morrison, James Ashley. 2015. “Shocking Intellectual Austerity: The Role of Ideas in the Demise of the Gold Standard in Britain.” International Organization 70 (1): 1–33.Google Scholar

Mouré, Kenneth. 1991. Managing the Franc Poincaré: Economic Understanding and Political Constraint in French Monetary Policy, 1928-1936. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mouré, Kenneth. 1992. “The Limits to Central Bank Co-operation, 1916-36.” Contemporary European History 1 (3): 259–79.Google Scholar

Mouré, Kenneth. 1996. “Undervaluing the Franc Poincaré.” Economic History Review 49 (1): 137–53.Google Scholar

Mouré, Kenneth. 2002. The Gold Standard Illusion: France, the Bank of France, and the International Gold Standard, 1914-1939. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Mourlon-Druol, Emmanuel. 2012. A Europe Made of Money: The Emergence of the European Monetary System. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Mundell, R. A. 2000. “A Reconsideration of the Twentieth Century.” American Economic Review 90 (3): 327–40.Google Scholar

Neely, Christopher J. 2005. “An Analysis of Recent Studies of the Effect of Foreign Exchange Intervention.” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review 87 (6): 685–717.Google Scholar

Neely, Christopher J. 2011. “A Foreign Exchange Intervention in an Era of Restraint.” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review 93 (5): 303–24.Google Scholar

Nichols, Jeannette P. 1951. “Roosevelt’s Monetary Diplomacy in 1933.” The American Historical Review 56 (2): 295–317.Google Scholar

Nurkse, Ragnar. 1944. International Currency Experience: Lessons of the Inter-War Period. Geneva: League of Nations.Google Scholar

Officer, Lawrence H. 1996. Between the Dollar-Sterling Gold Points: Exchange Rates, Parity, and Market Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Oye, Kenneth A. 1985. “The Sterling-Dollar-Franc Triangle: Monetary Diplomacy 1929-1937.” World Politics 38 (1): 173–99.Google Scholar

Parker, R. A. C. 1974. “Great Britain, France and the Ethiopian Crisis, 1935-1936.” English Historical Review 89 (351): 293–332.Google Scholar

Parker, R. A. C. 1983. “The Pound Sterling, the American Treasury and British Preparations for War, 1938-1939.” The English Historical Review 98 (387): 261–79.Google Scholar

Parker, R. A. C. 2002. Chamberlain and Appeasement: British Policy and the Coming of the Second World War. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Peden, G. C. 1984. “A Matter of Timing: The Economic Background to British Foreign Policy, 1937-1939.” History 69 (225): 15–28.Google Scholar

Peden, G. C. 2000. The Treasury and British Public Policy, 1906-1959. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Peden, G. C. 2007. Arms, Economics and British Strategy: From Dreadnoughts to Hydrogen Bombs. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Peden, G. C. 2008. “Phillips, Sir Frederick (1884-1943), Civil Servant.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/74786. Accessed April 4, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Price, Christopher. 2001. Britain, America, and Rearmament in the 1930s: The Cost of Failure. New York: Palgrave.Google Scholar

Pumphrey, Lowell M. 1942. “The Exchange Equalization Account of Great Britain, 1932-1939: Exchange Operations.” American Economic Review 32 (4): 803–16.Google Scholar

Rauchway, Eric. 2015. The Money Makers: How Roosevelt and Keynes Ended the Depression, Defeated Fascism, and Secured a Prosperous Peace. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Raustiala, Kal. 2005. “Form and Substance in International Agreements.” The American Journal of International Law 99 (3): 581–614.Google Scholar

Reti, Steven P. 1998. Silver and Gold: The Political Economy of International Monetary Conferences, 1867-1892. Westport: Praeger.Google Scholar

Richardson, J. Henry. 2019. British Economic Foreign Policy. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Ritschl, A. O. 2001. “Nazi Economic Imperialism and the Exploitation of the Small: Evidence from Germany’s Secret Foreign Exchange Balances, 1938-1940.” Economic History Review 54 (2): 324–45.Google Scholar

Roberts, Richard. 2013. Saving the City: The Great Financial Crisis of 1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Sayers, R. S. 1953. “The Bank in the Gold Market, 1890-1914.” In Papers in English Monetary History, edited by Ashton, T. S. and Sayers, R. S., 132–50. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Sayers, R. S. 1960. “The Return to Gold, 1925.” In Studies in the Industrial Revolution, edited by Pressnell, L. S., 313–27. London: Althone Press.Google Scholar

Sayers, R. S. 1976. The Bank of England, 1891-1944. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Schenk, Catherine R. 2010. The Decline of Sterling: Managing the Retreat of an International Currency, 1945-1992. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Schlesinger, Arthur. 2003. The Age of Roosevelt, Volume II: The Coming of the New Deal, 1933-1935. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Schwartz, Anna J. 1997. “From Obscurity to Notoriety: A Biography of the Exchange Stabilization Fund.” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 29 (2): 135–53.Google Scholar

Self, Robert. 2006. Neville Chamberlain: A Biography. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Self, Robert. 2007. “Perception and Posture in Anglo-American Relations: The War Debt Controversy in the ‘Official Mind,’ 1919-1940.” International History Review 29 (2): 282–312.Google Scholar

Setser, Brad W. 2019. “Policy Innovation Memorandum: Make the Foreign Exchange Report Great Again.” Council on Foreign Relations.Google Scholar

Silber, William L. 2007. When Washington Shut Down Wall Street: The Great Financial Crisis of 1914 and the Origins of America’s Monetary Supremacy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Silber, William L. 2009. “Why Did FDR’s Bank Holiday Succeed?” FRBNY Economic Policy Review 15 (1): 19–30.Google Scholar

Skidelsky, Robert. 1994. John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Saviour, 1920-1937. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar

Skidelsky, Robert. 2001. John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Britain, 1937-1946. New York: Viking.Google Scholar

Siepmann, Harry. 1987. Echo of the Guns: Recollections of an Artillery Officer, 1914-18. London: Hale.Google Scholar

Steil, Benn. 2013. The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stewart, Robert B. 1938. “Great Britain’s Foreign Loan Policy.” Economica 5 (17): 45–60.Google Scholar

Straumann, Tobias. 2010. Fixed Ideas of Money: Small States and Exchange Rate Regimes in Twentieth-Century Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Straumann, Tobias. 2019. 1931: Debt, Crisis, and the Rise of Hitler. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Sumner, Scott. 2015. The Midas Paradox: Financial Markets, Government Policy Shocks, and the Great Depression. Oakland: Independent Institute.Google Scholar

Thorpe, Andrew. 1991. The British General Election of 1931. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Toniolo, Gianni. 2005. Central Bank Cooperation at the Bank for International Settlements, 1930-1973. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Tooze, Adam. 2014. The Deluge: The Great War, America and the Remaking of the Global Order, 1916-1931. New York: Viking.Google Scholar

Urban, Scott and Straumann, Tobias. 2012. “Still Tied by Golden Fetters: The Global Response to the US Recession of 1937-1938.” Financial History Review 19 (1): 21–48.Google Scholar

US Gold Commission. 1982. Report to the Congress of the Commission on the Role of Gold in the Domestic and International Monetary Systems. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

US Treasury. 1934. Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of the Finances. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

US Treasury. 1940. Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of the Finances. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

US Treasury. 2020. “Report to Congress: Macroeconomic and Foreign Exchange Policies of Major Trading Partners of the United States.” https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/136/20200113-Jan-2020-FX-Report-FINAL.pdf. Accessed May 24, 2020.Google Scholar

Van Zeeland, P. 1938. “The Van Zeeland Report.” World Affairs 101 (1): 48–58.Google Scholar

Vanthoor, Wim. 2005. The King’s Eldest Daughter: A History of the Nederlandsche Bank 1814-1998. Amsterdam: Boom.Google Scholar

Waight, Leonard. 1939. The History and Mechanism of the Exchange Equalisation Account. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Whitaker, John K. and Hudgins, Maxwell W.. 1977. “The Floating Pound Sterling of the Nineteen-Thirties: An Econometric Study.” Southern Economic Journal 43 (4): 1478–85.Google Scholar

Wicker, Elmus. 1971. “Roosevelt’s 1933 Monetary Experiment.” Journal of American History 57 (4): 864–79.Google Scholar

Williams, John H. 1943. “Currency Stabilization: The Keynes and White Plans.” Foreign Affairs 21 (4): 645–58.Google Scholar

Williamson, Philip. 1992. National Crisis and National Government: British Politics, the Economy and Empire, 1926-32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar