To document the backlash unleashed by the Cuban Revolution, this chapter examines the overthrow of democracy in Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. In Brazil during the early 1960s, populist president Joao Goulart promoted "basic reforms" and cooperated with leftist forces radicalized by the Cuban Revolution. Fearful of this advance of radicalism, conservative forces opposed Goulart. The military, fearful about leftwing challenges to its institutional hierarchy and discipline, deposed him in 1964. In Argentina, the populist movement of Peronism experienced Cuba-inspired radicalism during the late 1960s, which culminated in massive urban terrorism in the 1970s. A sequence of increasingly harsh and autocratic military regimes sought to combat the left-populist threat. In Chile, the Salvador Allende government, sustained by two Marxist parties, won the 1970 election and initiated a determined "march into socialism." After numerous enterprise nationalizations and radical land reforms, which helped throw the economy into chaos and to fuel political polarization, the military removed Allende by force, imposed a long-term dictatorship, and committed many human rights violations.