Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-9pm4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T08:53:27.726Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 2 - Adult Elective Orthopaedics and Spine

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 November 2019

Paul A. Banaszkiewicz
Affiliation:
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead
Deiary F. Kader
Affiliation:
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Postgraduate Orthopaedics
Viva Guide for the FRCS (Tr & Orth) Examination
, pp. 17 - 180
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Perry, KI, MacDonald, SJ. The obese patient: a problem of larger consequence. Bone Joint J. 2016;98(1 Supple A):35.Google Scholar
Arnold, JB, Walters, JL, Solomon, LB, Thewlis, D. Does the method of component fixation influence clinical outcomes after total knee replacement? A systematic literature review. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28(5):740746.Google Scholar
Campbell, MK, Fiddian, N, Fitzpatrick, R, et al. The Knee Arthroplasty Trial (KAT): design features, baseline characteristics and two-year functional outcomes after alternative approaches to knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(1):134141.Google Scholar
Fransen, BL, van Duijvenbode, DC, Hoozemans, MJ, Burger, BJ. No differences between fixed-and mobile-bearing total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017;25(6):17571777.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van der Voort, P, Pijls, BG, Nouta, KA, Valstar, ER, Jacobs, WC, Nelissen, RG. A systematic review and meta-regression of mobile-bearing versus fixed-bearing total knee replacement in 41 studies. Bone Joint J. 2013 Sep 1;95(9):12091216.Google Scholar
Bercik, MJ, Joshi, A, Parvizi, J. Posterior cruciate-retaining versus posterior-stabilized total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28(3):439444.Google Scholar
Huang, T, Long, Y, George, D, Wang, W. Meta-analysis of gap balancing versus measured resection techniques in total knee arthroplasty. Bone Joint J. 2017;99(2):151158.Google Scholar
LaPrade, RF, Heikes, C, Bakker, AJ, Jakobsen, RB. The reproducibility and repeatability of varus stress radiographs in the assessment of isolated fibular collateral ligament and grade-III posterolateral knee injuries: an in vitro biomechanical study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90(10):20692076.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krukhaug, Y, Mølster, A, Rodt, A, Strand, T. Lateral ligament injuries of the knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1998;6(1):2125.Google Scholar
Levy, BA, Dajani, KA, Morgan, JA, Shah, JP, Dahm, DL, Stuart, MJ. Repair versus reconstruction of the fibular collateral ligament and posterolateral corner in the multiligament-injured knee. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(4):804809.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geeslin, AG, LaPrade, RF. Outcomes of treatment of acute grade-III isolated and combined posterolateral knee injuries: a prospective case series and surgical technique. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93(18):16721683.Google Scholar
Westermann, RW, Spindler, KPHuston, LJ, Wolf, BR. Posterolateral corner repair versus reconstruction: 6-year outcomes from a prospective multicenter cohort. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017;5(7_suppl6).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnoczky, SP, Warren, RF. Microvasculature of the human meniscus. Am J Sports Med. 1982;10:9095.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McPherson, EJ, Woodson, C, Holtom, P, Roidis, N, Shufelt, C, Patzakis, M. Periprosthetic total hip infection: outcomes using a staging system. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;403:815.Google Scholar
Della Valle, C, Parvizi, J, Bauer, TW, et al. Diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infections of the hip and knee. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2010;18(12):760770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parvizi, J, Zmistowski, B, Berbari, EF, et al. New definition for periprosthetic joint infection: from the Workgroup of the Musculoskeletal Infection Society. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469(11):2992.Google Scholar
Deirmengian, C, Kardos, K, Kilmartin, P, et al. The alpha-defensin test for periprosthetic joint infection outperforms the leukocyte esterase test strip. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473(1):198203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ding, H, Yao, J, Chang, W, Liu, F. Comparison of the efficiency of static versus articular spacers in two-stage revision surgery for the treatment of infection following total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2017;12(1):151.Google Scholar
Thorlund, JB, Juhl, CB, Roos, EM, Lohmander, LS. Arthroscopic surgery for degenerative knee: systematic review and meta-analysis of benefits and harms. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(19):12291235.Google Scholar
Barton, SB, McLauchlan, GJ, Canty, SJ. The incidence and impact of arthroscopy in the year prior to total knee arthroplasty. Knee. 2017;24(2):396401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fu, D, Li, G, Chen, K, Zhao, Y, Hua, Y, Cai, Z. Comparison of high tibial osteotomy and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty in the treatment of unicompartmental osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28(5):759765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preston, S, Howard, J, Naudie, D, Somerville, L, McAuley, J. Total knee arthroplasty after high tibial osteotomy: no differences between medial and lateral osteotomy approaches. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(1):105110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tadros, BJ, Dabis, J, Twyman, R. Short-term outcome of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty in the octogenarian population. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26(5):15711576.Google Scholar
Ali, AM, Pandit, H, Liddle, AD, et al. Does activity affect the outcome of the Oxford unicompartmental knee replacement? Knee. 2016;23(2):327330.Google Scholar
Pandit, H, Jenkins, C, Gill, HS, et al. Unnecessary contraindications for mobile-bearing unicompartmental knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011;93(5):622628.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lisowski, LA, Meijer, LI, Bekerom, MP, Pilot, P, Lisowski, AE. Ten- to 15-year results of the Oxford Phase III mobile unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: a prospective study from a non-designer group. Bone Joint J. 2016; 98B(10 Supple B):4147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, P, Jameson, S, Critchley, R, Reed, M, Gregg, P, Deehan, D. Center and surgeon volume influence the revision rate following unicondylar knee replacement: an analysis of 23,400 medial cemented unicondylar knee replacements. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95(8):702709.Google Scholar
Meding, JB, Wing, JT, Ritter, MA. Does high tibial osteotomy affect the success or survival of a total knee replacement? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469(7):19911994.Google Scholar
Niinimäki, T, Eskelinen, A, Ohtonen, P, Puhto, AP, Mann, BS, Leppilahti, J. Total knee arthroplasty after high tibial osteotomy: a registry-based case–control study of 1,036 knees. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2014;134(1):7377.Google Scholar
Xie, X, Liu, X, Chen, Z, Yu, Y, Peng, S, Li, Q. A meta-analysis of bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft versus four-strand hamstring tendon autograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee. 2015;22(2):100110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xie, X, Xiao, Z, Li, Q, et al. Increased incidence of osteoarthritis of knee joint after ACL reconstruction with bone–patellar tendon–bone autografts than hamstring autografts: a meta-analysis of 1,443 patients at a minimum of 5 years. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2015;25(1):149159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howell, SM, Taylor, MA. Failure of reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament due to impingement by the intercondylar roof. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993;75(7):10441055.Google Scholar
Webster, KE, Feller, JA, Hartnett, N, Leigh, WB, Richmond, AK. Comparison of Patellar tendon and hamstring tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a 15-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44(1):8390.Google Scholar
Grassi, A, Nitri, M, Moulton, SG, et al. Does the type of graft affect the outcome of revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction? A meta-analysis of 32 studies. Bone Joint J. 2017;99B(6):714723.Google Scholar
Koh, IJ, Cho, WS, Choi, NY, Parvizi, J, Kim, TK; Korea Knee Research Group. How accurate are orthopaedic surgeons in diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection after total knee arthroplasty? A multicenter study. Knee. 2015;22(3):180185.Google Scholar
Amis, AA, Firer, P, Mountney, J, Senavongse, W, Thomas, NP. Anatomy and biomechanics of the medial patellofemoral ligament. The Knee. 2003;10(3):215220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schöttle, PB, Schmeling, A, Rosenstiel, N, Weiler, A. Radiographic landmarks for femoral tunnel placement in medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35(5):801804.Google Scholar
Dejour, H, Walch, G, Nove-Josserand, L, Guier, C. Factors of patellar instability: an anatomic radiographic study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1994;2(1):1926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeung, M, Leblanc, MC, Ayeni, OR, et al. Indications for medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction: a systematic review. J Knee Surg. 2016;29(7):543554.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steensen, RN, Bentley, JC, Trinh, TQ, Backes, JR, Wiltfong, RE. The prevalence and combined prevalences of anatomic factors associated with recurrent patellar dislocation: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:921927.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mandalia, V, Eyres, K, Schranz, P, Toms, AD. Evaluation of patients with a painful total knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90(3):265271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nicoll, D, Rowley, DI. Internal rotational error of the tibial component is a major cause of pain after total knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92B:12381244.Google Scholar
Berger, RA, Crossett, LS, Jacobs, JJ, Rubash, HE. Malrotation causing patellofemoral complications after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1998;356:144153.Google Scholar
Paley, D, Herzenberg, JE, Tetsworth, K, McKie, J, Bhave, A. Deformity planning for frontal and sagittal plane corrective osteotomies. Orthop Clin North Am. 1994;25(3):425465.Google Scholar
Bonasia, DE, Dettoni, F, Sito, G, et al. Medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy for medial compartment overload/arthritis in the varus knee: prosthetic factors. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(3):690698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staubli, AE, Jacob, HAC. Evolution of open-wedge high-tibial osteotomy: experience with a special angular stable device for internal fixation without interposition material. Int Orthop. 2010;34(2):167172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Kibler, WB. Arthroscopic findings in ankle ligament reconstruction. Clin Sports Med. 1996;15(4):799804.Google Scholar
Saltzman, CL, Salamon, ML, Blanchard, GM, et al. Epidemiology of ankle arthritis: report of a consecutive series of 639 patients from a tertiary orthopaedic center. Iowa Orthop J. 2005;25:4446.Google Scholar
Kellgren, JH, Lawrence, JS. Radiological assessment of osteoarthrosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1957;16:494501.Google Scholar
Repetto, I, Biti, B, Cerruti, P, Trentini, R, Felli, L. Conservative treatment of ankle osteoarthritis: can platelet-rich plasma effectively postpone surgery? J Foot Ankle Surg. 2017;56(2):362365.Google Scholar
van Valberg, AA, van Roermund, PM, Marijnissen, AC, et al. Joint distraction in treatment of osteoarthritis: a two-year follow-up of the ankle. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1999;7:474479.Google Scholar
Nguyen, MP, Pedersen, DR, Gao, Y, Saltzman, CL, Amendola, A. Intermediate-term follow-up after ankle distraction for treatment of end-stage osteoarthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015;97(7):590596.Google Scholar
Wood, PLR, Prem, H, Sutton, C. Total ankle replacement: medium term results in 200 Scandinavian total ankle replacements. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90B(5):605609.Google Scholar
Bonnin, M, Gaudot, F, Laurent, J-R, et al. The Salto total ankle arthroplasty: survivorship and analysis of failures at 7 to 11 years. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:225236.Google Scholar
Mann, JA, Mann, RA, Horton, E. STAR ankle: long-term results. Foot Ankle Int. 2011;32(5):473484.Google Scholar
Labek, G, Klaus, H, Schlichtherle, R, et al. Revision rates after total ankle arthroplasty in sample-based clinical studies and national registries. Foot Ankle Int. 2011;32 (8):740745.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenbaum, D, Timta, B, Schmiegel, A, et al. First ray resection arthroplasty versus arthrodesis in the treatment of the rheumatoid foot. Foot Ankle Int. 2011;32(6):589594.Google Scholar
Lee, MA, Mason, LW, Dodds, AL. The perioperative use of disease-modifying and biologic therapies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing elective orthopedic surgery. Orthopedics. 2010;33(4):257262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howe, CR, Gardner, GC, Kadel, NJ. Perioperative medication management for the patient with rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2006;14:544551.Google Scholar
Scanzello, CR, Figgie, MP, Nestor, BJ, Goodman, SM. Perioperative management of medications used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. HSS J. 2006;2(2):141147.Google Scholar
Coleman, S, Chestnut, W. A simple test for hindfoot flexibility in the cavovarus foot. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1977;123:6062.Google Scholar
A ‘too many toes sign’ will be present where more than one to two toes are seen along the lateral aspect of the affected foot.Google Scholar
Myerson, MS, Corrigan, J. Treatment of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction with flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer and calcaneal osteotomy. Orthopedics. 1996;19: 383388.Google Scholar
Abousayed, MM, Alley, MC, Shakked, R, Rosenbaum, AJ. Adult-acquired flatfoot deformity: etiology, diagnosis, and management. JBJS Rev. 2017;5(8):e7.Google Scholar
Teasdall, RD, Johnson, KA. Surgical treatment of stage I posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Foot Ankle Int. 1994;15(12):646648.Google Scholar
Myerson, MS, Badekas, A, Schon, LC. Treatment of stage II posterior tibial tendon deficiency with flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer and calcaneal osteotomy. Foot Ankle Int. 2004;25(7):445450.Google Scholar
Kelly, IP, Easley, ME. Treatment of stage 3 adult acquired flatfoot. Foot Ankle Clin. 2001;6:153166.Google Scholar
Chadwick, C, Whitehouse, SL, Saxby, TS. Long-term follow-up of flexor digitorum longus transfer and calcaneal osteotomy for stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Bone Joint J. 2015;97(3):346352.Google Scholar
Barouk, LS, Toullec, ET. Use of scarf osteotomy of the first metatarsal to correct hallux valgus deformity. Tech Foot Ankle Surg. 2003;2(1):2734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
This is done by rotating and axially loading the hallux MTPJ with the toe in relative neutral dorsiflexion and can be a pointer to articular cartilage involvement.Google Scholar
Patients who experience grind test pain with the MTPJ in neutral or plantar flexion often have more extensive disease than realized.Google Scholar
Hattrup, SJ, Johnson, KA. Subjective results of hallux rigidus following treatment with cheilectomy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988;226:182191.Google Scholar
Moberg, E. A simple operation for hallux rigidus. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979;142:5556.Google Scholar
Taranow, WS, Moutsatson, MJ, Cooper, JM. Contemporary approaches to Stage II and Stage III hallux rigidus: the role of metallic hemiarthroplasty of the proximal phalanx. Foot Ankle Clin N Am. 2005;10:713728.Google Scholar
Carpenter, B, Smith, J, Motley, T, et al. Surgical treatment of hallux rigidus using a metatarsal head resurfacing implant: mid-term follow-up. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2010;49:321325.Google Scholar
Politi, J, Hayes, J, Njus, G, et al. First metatarsal–phalangeal joint arthrodesis: a biomechanical assessment of stability. Foot Ankle Int. 2003;24(4):332337.Google Scholar
NICE. Metastatic spinal cord compression in adults. Quality Standard 56. February 2014.Google Scholar
Tokuhashi, Y, Matsuzaki, H, Toriyama, S, Kawano, H, Ohsaka, S. Scoring system for the preoperative evaluation of metastatic spine tumor prognosis. Spine. 1990;15(11):11101113.Google Scholar
Ikenaga, M, Shikata, J, Tanaka, C. Long-term results over 10 years of anterior corpectomy and fusion for multilevel cervical myelopathy. Spine. 2006;31:15681574.Google Scholar
Gornet, MF, Lanman, TH, Burkus, JK, et al. Cervical disc arthroplasty with the Prestige LP disc versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, at 2 levels: results of a prospective, multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial at 24 months. J Neurosurg Spine. 2017;17:115. doi:10.3171/2016.10.SPINE16264Google Scholar
Todd, NV, Dickson, RA. Standards of care in cauda equina syndrome. Br J Neurosurg. 2016;30(5):518522.Google Scholar
Srikandarajah, N, Boissaud-Cooke, MA, Clark, S, Wilby, MJ. Does early surgical decompression in cauda equina syndrome improve bladder outcome? Spine. 2015;40: 580583. doi:10.1097/BRS.Google Scholar
Germon, T, Ahuja, S, Casey, AT, et al. British Association of Spine Surgeons standards of care for cauda equina syndrome. Spine J. 2015;15:S24.Google Scholar
Bydon, M, Gokaslan, ZL. Time to treatment of cauda equina syndrome: a time to re-evaluate our clinical decision. World Neurosurg. 2014;82:344345.Google Scholar
Sonntag, VKH. Why not decompress early? The cauda equina syndrome. World Neurosurg. 2014;82:7071.Google Scholar
Bridwell, KH. The Textbook of Spinal Surgery, 3rd edn. 2011. Lippincott.Google Scholar
Sailhan, F, Gollogly, S, Roussouly, P. The radiographic results and neurologic complications of instrumented reduction and fusion of high-grade spondylolisthesis without decompression of the neural elements: a retrospective review of 44 patients. Spine. 2006;31(2):161169.Google Scholar

References

Lees, F, Turner, JW. Natural history of cervical spondylosis. BMJ. 1963;2:16071610.Google Scholar
Sampath, P, Bendebba, M, Davis, JD, et al. Outcome in patients with cervical radiculopathy: prospective, multicenter study with independent clinical review. Spine. 1999; 24:591597.Google Scholar
Graham, N, Gross, A, Goldsmith, CH, et al. Mechanical traction for neck pain with or without radiculopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;3:CD006408.Google Scholar
Luenam, S, Kosiyatrakul, A. Immediate cementless hemiarthroplasty for severe destructive glenohumeral tuberculous arthritis. Case Rep Orthoped. 2013;2013:426102.Google Scholar
Vaquero-Picado, A, Barco, R, Antuña, SA. Lateral epicondylitis of the elbow. EFORT Open Rev. 2016;1(11):391397. http://doi.org/10.1302/2058-5241.1.000049Google Scholar
Churchill, RW, Munoz, J, Ahmad, CS. Osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow. Curr Rev Musculoskel Med. 2016;9(2):232239. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-016-9342-yGoogle Scholar
Ishikawa, H. The latest treatment strategy for the rheumatoid hand deformity. J Orthopaed Sci. 2017;22(4):583592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jos. (It is worth a look at figures 2 and 3 which give a pictorial description of the pathological change seen in RA.)Google Scholar
Jenkins, PJ, Watts, AC, Norwood, T, et al. Total elbow replacement: outcome of 1146 arthroplasties from the Scottish Arthroplasty Project. Acta Orthopaed. 2013;84(2):119123. http://doi.org/10.3109/17453674.2013.784658Google Scholar
Camp, CL, Degen, RM, Sanchez-Sotelo, J, et al. Basics of elbow arthroscopy part I: surface anatomy, portals, and structures at risk. Arthrosc Tech. 2016;5(6):e1339e1343. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2016.08.019Google Scholar
Chammas, M. Post-traumatic osteoarthritis of the elbow. Orthopaed Traumatol Surg Res. 2014;100(1 Suppl):S1524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2013.11.004Google Scholar
Camp, CL, Smith, J, O’Driscoll, SW. Posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow: Part II. Supplementary examination and dynamic imaging techniques. Arthrosc Tech. 2017;6(2):e407e411. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2016.10.012Google Scholar
Englert, C, Zellner, J, Koller, M, Nerlich, M, Lenich, A. Elbow dislocations: a review ranging from soft tissue injuries to complex elbow fracture dislocations. Adv Orthoped. 2013;951397. http://doi.org/10.1155/2013/951397Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×