Chapter 8 introduces its rich set of theories and insights. Foundational work for evolutionary economics was undertaken already in the first half of the 20th century by Joseph Schumpeter, while a classic, axiomatic book on it was written by Nelson and Winter in 1982. Modern evolutionary economics closely connects with an emerging new microeconomics founded in behavioural and experimental economics, which regard economic agents as diverse, boundedly rational and socially interactive. Scaling these ingredients up to a population level inevitably leads to an evolutionary take on economics. The chapter opens with a set of key concepts and building blocks that make up evolutionary economics. This is followed by an examination of the similarities and differences between biological and economic evolution. Next, the main historical contributions to evolutionary economics are reviewed, and the use of two formal approaches in economics, namely evolutionary game theory and multi-agent modelling, is illustrated. Two final sections address the nature of economic growth seen from an evolutionary angle, and the presence of geographical patterns in evolutionary-economic phenomena.