Chapter 15 studies the meaning of evolutionary policy from two different angles: normative, i.e. policy design accounting for evolutionary processes in culture and the economy; and positive, i.e. policy-making and politics as evolutionary processes. Evolutionary policy is compared with policy advice coming from two dominant schools of policy analysis, namely neoclassical economics and public choice theory. It is concluded that evolutionary thinking offers a distinct and useful perspective on public policy change and design. The discussion involves a critical examination of the idea of “evolutionary progress” and the associated notion of ‘Social Darwinism’, a derogatory term used to denote an ideology which holds that the strongest should survive and replicate to further socio-economic progress. Here, and in other places in the book (Section 1.4 and Box 7.1), it is argued that explaining something with evolutionary arguments does not imply a justification of it, or that ‘is’ does not imply ‘ought to be’. The assessment and design of public policy, in areas like social welfare, employment, health and environment, is shown to benefit from adopting an evolutionary angle.