No psychotropic drug has ever been developed specifically to treat any personality disorder, and the extent to which personality in all its developmental and biopsychosocial complexity even lends itself to the “disease” model – for which pharmacotherapy can be “reparative” – remains an open and debated issue. Personality represents the confluence of temperament, genetic predispositions, cohesion of identity, moral compass, interpersonal responsivity, and coping patterns that are shaped and developed over the course of early life experiences. Personality traits often reflect the interpersonally driven behavioral characteristics described in earlier chapters such as introversion/extroversion, internalizing/externalizing, aggression, harm avoidance/novelty-seeking, empathy and social cognition, antisocial behavior and interpersonal exploitativeness, and the use of developmentally primitive versus mature defense mechanisms. To the extent that personality traits may be maladaptive (e.g., impairing interpersonal effectiveness, leading to self-sabotage or self-harm) and are ego-dystonic, they represent targets for modification and change.