Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-x4r87 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T01:00:01.629Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

13 - Changes in Work Behavior Patterns

from Part II - What Has Changed?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2020

Brian J. Hoffman
Affiliation:
University of Georgia
Mindy K. Shoss
Affiliation:
University of Central Florida
Lauren A. Wegman
Affiliation:
University of Georgia
Get access

Summary

Workers across the globe have evolved in their patterns of work, with increased flexibility emerging as a central theme. We highlight three forms of flexibility that workers have increasingly demanded: flexibility in location, schedule, and work design. We argue these capture the broad ways in which workers seek to structure and balance their work and nonwork lives, as well as their careers overall. We describe the evolution of each form of flexibility, review the benefits and challenges, and outline avenues for future research. Finally, we highlight a unique work arrangement, or setting, that infuses flexibility in unique ways – coworking spaces. We review what we know so far about coworking spaces, which have proliferated far faster than the scientific research that seeks to understand them. We conclude by outlining questions that may be good first priorities for emerging scholarly research in this area.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agrawal, A., Catalini, C., & Goldfarb, A. (2015). Slack time and innovation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21134CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alizadeh, T. (2009). Urban design in the digital age: a literature review of telework and wired communities. Journal of Urbanism, 2, 195213.Google Scholar
Allen, T. D. (2001). Family-supportive work environments: The role of organizational perceptions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 414435.Google Scholar
Allen, T. D., Golden, T. D., & Shockley, K. M. (2015). How effective is telecommuting? Assessing the status of our scientific findings. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 16, 4068.Google Scholar
Anderson, S. E., Coffey, B. S., & Byerly, R. T. (2002). Formal organizational initiatives and informal workplace practices: Links to work–family conflict and job-related outcomes. Journal of Management, 28, 787810.Google Scholar
Bailey, D. B., & Kurland, N. B. (2002). A review of telework research: Findings, new directions, and lessons for the study of modern work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 383400.Google Scholar
Baker, P. A., Moon, N. W., & Ward, A. C. (2006). Virtual exclusion and telework: Barriers and opportunities of technocentric workplace accommodation policy. Work, 27, 421430.Google Scholar
Baltes, B. B., Briggs, T. E., Huff, J. W., Wright, J. A., & Neuman, G. A. (1999). Flexible and compressed workweek schedules: A meta-analysis of their effects on work-related criteria. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 496513.Google Scholar
Bartel, C. A., Wrzesniewski, A., & Wiesenfeld, B. M. (2012). Knowing where you stand: Physical isolation, perceived respect, and organizational identification among virtual employees. Organization Science, 23, 743757.Google Scholar
Beasley, R. E., Seubert, V. R., & Lomo-David, E. (2002). The effects of race on telecommuting motivators: Implications for the recruitment of minorities into open information technology positions. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 42, 2125.Google Scholar
Bernstein, E. S., & Turban, S. (2018). The impact of the ‘open’ workspace on human collaboration. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. Advance online publication.Google Scholar
Bhasin, K. (2013). Best Buy CEO: Here’s why I killed the ‘results only work environment’. Business Insider. Retrieved from www.businessinsider.com/best-buy-ceo-rowe-2013-3Google Scholar
Bouncken, R., & Reuschl, A. (2016). Coworking-spaces: How a phenomenon of the sharing economy builds a novel trend for the workplace and for entrepreneurship. Review of Managerial Science, 12, 317334.Google Scholar
Breaugh, J. A., & Farabee, A. M. (2012). Telecommuting and flexible work hours: Alternative work arrangements that can improve the quality of work life. In Work and Quality of Life (pp. 251274). Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar
Breaugh, J. A., & Frye, N. K. (2007). An examination of the antecedents and consequences of the use of family-friendly benefits. Journal of Managerial Issues, 19, 3552.Google Scholar
Burke, R. J., & Ng, E. (2006). The changing nature of work and organizations: Implications for human resource management. Human Resource Management Review, 16, 8694.Google Scholar
Burkus, D. (2016). Meet the 20-year-old company that operates without bosses. Retrieved from www.inc.com/david-burkus/how-this-company-runs-without-managers.htmlGoogle Scholar
Burtch, G., Carnahan, S., & Greenwood, B. N. (2018). Can you gig it? An empirical examination of the gig economy and entrepreneurial activity. Management Science. Advance online publication.Google Scholar
Capdevila, I. (2015). Co-working spaces and the localised dynamics of innovation in Barcelona. International Journal of Innovation Management, 19, 128.Google Scholar
Chokshi, N. (2017). Out of the office: More people are working remotely, survey finds. New York Times, February 15. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2017/02/15/us/remote-workers-work-from-home.htmlGoogle Scholar
Claggett, J. L., & Karahanna, E. (2018). Unpacking the structure of coordination mechanisms and the role of relational coordination in an era of digitally-mediated work processes. Academy of Management Review 43. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2016.0325Google Scholar
Connelly, C. E., & Gallagher, D. G. (2006). Independent and dependent contracting: Meaning and implications. Human Resource Management Review, 16, 95106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dikkers, J. S. E., Geurts, S. A. E., den Dulk, L., Peper, B., Taris, T. W., & Kompier, M. A. J. (2007). Dimensions of work–home culture and their relations with the use of work–home arrangements and work–home interaction. Work & Stress, 21, 155172.Google Scholar
Donnelly, N., & Proctor-Thomson, S. B. (2015). Disrupted work: Home-based teleworking (HbTW) in the aftermath of a natural disaster. New Technology, Work & Employment, 30, 4761.Google Scholar
Elsbach, K. D., Cable, D. M., & Sherman, B. J. W. (2010). How passive ‘face time’ affects perceptions of employees: Evidence of spontaneous trait inference. Human Relations, 63, 735760.Google Scholar
Fenner, G. H., & Renn, R. W. (2010). Technology-assisted supplemental work and work-to-family conflict: The role of instrumentality beliefs, organizational expectations and time management. Human Relations, 63, 6382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foertsch, C., & Cagnol, R. (2013, September 2). The history of coworking in a timeline. Retrieved from www.deskmag.com/en/the-history-of-coworking-spaces-in-a-timeline.Google Scholar
Fonner, K. L., & Roloff, M. E. (2010). Why teleworkers are more satisfied with their jobs than are office-based workers: When less contact is beneficial. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 38, 336361.Google Scholar
Frye, N. K., & Breaugh, J. A. (2004). Family-friendly policies, supervisor support, work–family conflict, family–work conflict, and satisfaction: A test of a conceptual model. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19, 197220.Google Scholar
Gajendran, R. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2007). The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: Meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 15241541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garrett, L. E., Spreitzer, G. M., & Bacevice, P. A. (2017). Co-constructing a sense of community at work: The emergence of community in coworking spaces. Organization Studies, 38, 821842.Google Scholar
GCUC (Global Coworking Unconference Conference). (2017). 2018 global coworking forecast: 30,432 spaces and 5.1 million members by 2022. GCUC. Retrieved from https://gcuc.co/2018-global-coworking-forecast-30432-spaces-5-1-million-members-2022/Google Scholar
Global Workplace Analytics. (2017). 2017 state of telecommuting in the US. Retrieved from https://globalworkplaceanalytics.com/2017-state-of-telecommuting-in-the-us.Google Scholar
Golden, T. D. (2006a). Avoiding depletion in virtual work: Telework and the intervening impact of work exhaustion on commitment and turnover intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69, 176187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2006.02.003Google Scholar
Golden, T. D. (2006b). The role of relationships in understanding telecommuter satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 319340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.369Google Scholar
Golden, T. D. (2007). Co-workers who telework and the impact on those in the office: Understanding the implications of virtual work for co-worker satisfaction and turnover intentions. Human Relations, 60, 16411667.Google Scholar
Golden, T. D., & Schoenleber, A. H. (2014). Toward a deeper understanding of the willingness to seek help: The case of teleworkers. Work, 48, 8390.Google Scholar
Golden, T. D., & Veiga, J. F. (2005). The impact of extent of telecommuting on job satisfaction: Resolving inconsistent findings. Journal of Management, 31, 301318.Google Scholar
Golden, T. D., & Veiga, J. F. (2008). The impact of superior–subordinate relationships on the commitment, job satisfaction, and performance of virtual workers. Leadership Quarterly, 19, 7788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.12.009Google Scholar
Golden, T. D., Veiga, J. F., & Dino, R. N. (2008). The impact of professional isolation on teleworker job performance and turnover intentions: Does time spent teleworking, interacting face-to-face, or having access to communication-enhancing technology matter? Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 14121421.Google Scholar
Golden, T. D., Veiga, J. F., & Simsek, Z. (2006). Telecommuting’s differential impact on work-family conflict: Is there no place like home? Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 13401350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1340Google Scholar
Guest, D. E., Oakley, P., Clinton, M., & Budjanovcanin, A. (2006). Free or precarious? A comparison of the attitudes of workers in flexible and traditional employment contracts. Human Resource Management Review, 16, 107124.Google Scholar
Guillaume, Y. F., Brodbeck, F. C., & Riketta, M. (2012). Surface- and deep-level dissimilarity effects on social integration and individual effectiveness related outcomes in work groups: A meta-analytic integration. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 85, 80115.Google Scholar
Guta, M. (2018). 3.9 million Americans – including freelancers – now work from home at least half the week. Small Business Trends. Retrieved from https://smallbiztrends.com/2018/04/2018-remote-work-statistics.htmlGoogle Scholar
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior & Human Performance, 16, 250279.Google Scholar
Haines, V. Y. III, St-Onge, S., & Archambault, M. (2002). Environmental and person antecedents of telecommuting outcomes. Journal of Organizational and End User Computing, 14, 3250.Google Scholar
Hartig, T., Kylin, C., & Johansson, G. (2007). The telework tradeoff: Stress mitigation vs. constrained restoration. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 56, 231253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatch, M. J. (1987). Physical barriers, task characteristics, and interaction activity in research and development firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32, 387399.Google Scholar
Heby, R. (2017). 5 ways on-demand office space can improve employee satisfaction. Workforce Institute @ Kronos. Retrieved from https://workforceinstitute.org/5-ways-demand-office-space-can-improve-employee-satisfaction/Google Scholar
Hill, E. J., Ferris, M., & Martinson, V. (2003). Does it matter where you work? A comparison of how three work venues (traditional office, virtual office, and home office) influence aspects of work and personal/family life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63, 220241.Google Scholar
Hill, J. E., Grzywacz, J., Allen, S., Blanchard, V., Matz-Costa, C., Shulkin, S., & Pitt-Catsouphes, M. (2008). Defining and conceptualizing workplace flexibility. Community, Work & Family, 11, 149163.Google Scholar
Humphrey, S. E., Nahrgang, J. D., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). Integrating motivational, social, and contextual work design features: A meta-analytic summary and theoretical extension of the work design literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 13321356.Google Scholar
IPSE (Association of Independent Professionals and the Self-Employed). (2017). Exploring the rise of self-employment in the modern economy. Retrieved from www.ipse.co.uk/uploads/assets/uploaded/59868faa-841d-496d-bba6891d417a7e94.pdfGoogle Scholar
Johnson, T. (2007). How to ask for flextime. Good Morning America. Retrieved from https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/CareerManagement/story?id=3098340&page=1Google Scholar
Kaarlela-Tuomaala, A., Helenius, R., Keskinen, E., & Hongisto, V. (2009). Effects of acoustic environment on work in private office rooms and open-plan offices – longitudinal study during relocation. Ergonomics, 52, 14231444.Google Scholar
Kaufman, L. (2014, December 30). Google got it wrong. The open-office trend is destroying the workplace. Workplaces need more walls, not fewer. Washington Post. Retrieved from www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2014/12/30/google-got-it-wrong-theopen-office-trend-is-destroying-the-workplace/Google Scholar
Khazanchi, S., Sprinkle, T. A., Masterson, S. S., & Tong, N. (2018). A spatial model of work relationships: The relationship-building and relationship-straining effects of workspace design. Academy of Management Review, 43, 590609.Google Scholar
Kim, J., & de Dear, R. (2013). Workspace satisfaction: The privacy–communication trade-off in open-plan offices. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 36, 1826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.06.007Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, D. (2017). Haier elevation. Retrieved from www.self-managementinstitute.org/haier-elevationGoogle Scholar
Kossek, E. E., Lautsch, B. A., & Eaton, S. C. (2006). Telecommuting, control, and boundary management: Correlates of policy use and practice, job control, and work–family effectiveness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 347367.Google Scholar
Kurland, N. B., & Bailey, D. E. (1999). The advantages and challenges of working here, there, anywhere, and anytime. Organizational Dynamics, 28, 5367.Google Scholar
Lamagna, M. (2016). The new office floor plans: Flexible or demoralizing? MarketWatch. Retrieved from www.marketwatch.com/story/in-todays-office-more-people-dont-have-a-desk-let-alone-an-office-2016-03-25Google Scholar
Lapierre, L. M., & Allen, T. D. (2006). Work-supportive family, family-supportive supervision, use of organizational benefits, and problem-focused coping: Implications for work–family conflict and employee well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11, 169181.Google Scholar
Lautsch, B. A., Kossek, E. E., & Eaton, S. C. (2009). Supervisory approaches and paradoxes in managing telecommuting implementation. Human Relations, 62, 795827.Google Scholar
Liao, C., Wayne, S. J., & Rousseau, D. M. (2016). Idiosyncratic deals in contemporary organizations: A qualitative and meta-analytical review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37, S9S29.Google Scholar
Liegl, M. (2014). Nomadicity and the care of place – on the aesthetic and affective organization of space in freelance creative work. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 23, 163183.Google Scholar
Ludden, J. (2010). The end of 9-to-5: When work time is anytime. NPR Morning Edition. Retrieved from www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=124705801&ps=rs?storyId=124705801&ps=rsGoogle Scholar
Mariotti, I., Pacchi, C., & Di Vita, S. (2017). Co-working spaces in Milan: Location patterns and urban effects. Journal of Urban Technology, 24, 4766.Google Scholar
Martin, B. H., & MacDonnell, R. (2012). Is telework effective for organizations? A meta-analysis of empirical research on perceptions of telework and organizational outcomes. Management Research Review, 35, 602616.Google Scholar
McBride, S. (2017) 2018 Global coworking forecast: 30,432 spaces and 5.1 million members by 2022. GCUC. Retrieved from http://usa.gcuc.co/2018-global-coworking-forecast-30432-spaces-5-1-million-members-2022/Google Scholar
McManus, K., Korabik, K., Rosin, H. M., & Kelloway, E. K. (2002). Employed mothers and the work–family interface: Does family structure matter? Human Relations, 55, 12951324.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 2052.Google Scholar
Moen, P., Kelly, E. L., & Lam, J. (2013). Healthy work revisited: Do changes in time strain predict well-being? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18, 157172.Google Scholar
Mokhtarian, P. L., Salomon, I., & Choo, S. (2005). Measuring the measurable: Why can’t we agree on the number of telecommuters in the US? Quality and Quantity, 39, 423452.Google Scholar
Morgeson, F. P., & Humphrey, S. E. (2008). Job and team design: Toward a more integrative conceptualization of work design, In Martocchio, J. (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management, Vol. 27 (pp. 3991). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.Google Scholar
Mulcahy, D. (2016, October 27). Who wins in the gig economy, and who loses? Harvard Business Review, 94. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2016/10/who-wins-in-the-gig-economy-and-who-losesGoogle Scholar
Neirotti, P., Paolucci, E., & Raguseo, E. (2013). Mapping the antecedents of telework diffusion: Firm-level evidence from Italy. New Technology, Work & Employment, 28, 1636.Google Scholar
Oldenburg, R. (1989). The great good place: Café, coffee shops, community centers, beauty parlors, general stores, bars, hangouts, and how they get you through the day. New York, NY: Paragon House Publishers.Google Scholar
O’Neill, T. A., Hambley, L. A., Greidanus, N., MacDonnell, R., & Kline, T. J. B. (2009). Predicting teleworker success: An exploration of personality, motivational, situational, and job characteristics. New Technology, Work and Employment, 24, 144162.Google Scholar
Outthinker. (2017). 5 approaches to incentivizing innovation from P&G, 3M, Google, and more. Retrieved from https://outthinker.com/2017/06/14/5-approaches-incentivizing-innovation/Google Scholar
Parker, S. K., Wall, T. D., & Cordery, J. L. (2001). Future work design research and practice: Towards an elaborated model of work design. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74, 413440.Google Scholar
Parrino, L. (2015). Coworking: Assessing the role of proximity in knowledge exchange. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 13, 261271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, S. J., Rubino, C., & Hunter, E. M. (2018). Stress in remote work: Two studies testing the Demand–Control–Person model. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 27(5), 577593. doi: 10.1080/1359432X.2018.1487402Google Scholar
Peters, P., & van der Lippe, T. (2007). The time-pressure reducing potential of telehomeworking: The Dutch case. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18, 430447.Google Scholar
Petriglieri, G., Ashford, S. J., & Wrzesniewski, A. (2018). Agony and ecstasy in the gig economy: Cultivating holding environments for precarious and personalized work identities. Administrative Science Quarterly. Advance online publication.Google Scholar
Raghuram, S., Garud, R., Wiesenfeld, B., & Gupta, V. (2001). Factors contributing to virtual work adjustment. Journal of Management, 27, 383405.Google Scholar
Rau, B. L., & Hyland, M. M. (2002). Role conflict and flexible work arrangements: The effects on applicant attraction. Personnel Psychology, 55, 111136.Google Scholar
Roper, K. O., & Juneja, P. (2008). Distractions in the workplace revisited. Journal of Facilities Management, 6(2), 91109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sackett, P. R. (2002). The structure of counterproductive work behaviors: Dimensionality and relationships with facets of job performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 511.Google Scholar
Shockley, K. M., & Allen, T. D. (2007). When flexibility helps: Another look at the availability of flexible work arrangements on work–family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71, 479493.Google Scholar
Sparrow, P. R. (2000). New employee behaviours, work designs and forms of work organization: What is in store for the future of work? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15, 202217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spinuzzi, C. (2012). Working alone, together: Coworking as emergent collaborative activity. Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 26, 399441.Google Scholar
Spreitzer, G. M., Cameron, L., & Garrett, L. (2017). Alternative work arrangements: Two images of the new world of work. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 473499.Google Scholar
Standen, P., Daniels, K., & Lamond, D. (1999). The home as a workplace: Work–family interaction and psychological well-being in telework. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4, 368381.Google Scholar
Statista. (2018). Coworking spaces – Statistics & facts. Retrieved from www.statista.com/topics/2999/coworking-spaces/Google Scholar
Sullivan, C. (2003). What’s in a name? Definitions and conceptualisations of teleworking and homeworking. New Technology, Work and Employment, 18, 158164.Google Scholar
Taskin, L., & Edwards, P. (2007). The possibilities and limits of telework in a bureaucratic environment: Lessons from the public sector. New Technology, Work and Employment, 22, 195207.Google Scholar
van Meel, J., Martens, Y., & van Ree, H. J. (2010). Planning office spaces. A practical guide for managers and designers. London: Laurence King.Google Scholar
Värlander, S. (2012). Individual flexibility in the workplace: A spatial perspective. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 48, 3361.Google Scholar
Wilks, L., & Billsberry, J. (2007). Should we do away with teleworking? An examination of whether teleworking can be defined in the new world of work. New Technology, Work and Employment, 22, 169177.Google Scholar
Workman, M., Kahnweiler, W., & Bommer, W. (2003). The effects of cognitive styles and media richness on commitment to telework and virtual teams. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63, 199219.Google Scholar
Zenger, J. (2013). Why are big companies calling their remote workers back into the office? NBC News. Retrieved from www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/why-are-big-companies-calling-their-remote-workers-back-office-n787101.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×