Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-2pzkn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T18:33:31.743Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 2 - Transdiagnostic Processes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 December 2018

Bunmi O. Olatunji
Affiliation:
Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Aluja, A., & Blanch, A. (2011). Neuropsychological behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral approach system (BAS) assessment: A shortened Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire version (SPSRQ-20). Journal of Personality Assessment, 93, 628636.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn, text rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edn). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Beer, A., Watson, D., & McDade-Montez, E. (2013). Self-other agreement and assumed similarity in neuroticism, extraversion, and trait affect: Distinguishing the effects of form and content. Assessment, 20, 723737.Google Scholar
Bergin, J., Verhulst, B., Aggen, S. H., Neale, M. C., Kendler, K. S., Bienvenu, O. J., & Hettema, J. M. (2014). Obsessive compulsive symptom dimensions and neuroticism: An examination of shared genetic and environmental risk. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 165, 647653.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bleidorn, W. (2015). What accounts for personality maturation in early adulthood? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24, 245252.Google Scholar
Bouchard, T. J., Jr. (2004). Genetic influence on human psychological traits: A survey. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13, 148151.Google Scholar
Carver, C. S. & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319333.Google Scholar
Caspi, A., Houts, R. M., Belsky, D. W., Goldman-Mellor, S. J. Harrington, H., Israel, S., … Moffitt, T. E. (2014). The p factor: One general psychopathology factor in the structure of psychiatric disorders? Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 119137.Google Scholar
Cattell, R. B., Eber, H. W., & Tatsuoka, M. M. (1970). Handbook for the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.Google Scholar
Chmielewski, M. & Watson, D. (2008). The heterogeneous structure of schizotypal personality disorder: Item-level factors of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire and their associations with obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms, dissociative tendencies, and normal personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 364376.Google Scholar
Chmielewski, M. & Watson, D. (2009). What is being assessed and why it matters: The impact of transient error on trait research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 186202.Google Scholar
Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Mineka, S. (1994). Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 103116.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155159.Google Scholar
Connelly, B. S. & Ones, D. S. (2010). An other perspective on personality: Meta-analytic integration of observers’ accuracy and predictive validity. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 10921122.Google Scholar
Conway, C. C., Craske, M. G., Zinbarg, R. E., & Mineka, S. (2016). Pathological personality traits and the naturalistic course of internalizing disorders among high-risk young adults. Depression and Anxiety, 33, 8493.Google Scholar
Corr, P. J. & Cooper, A. J. (2016). The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ): Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 28, 14271440.Google Scholar
Costa, P. T., Jr. & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Cutshall, C. & Watson, D. (2004). The Phobic Stimuli Response Scales: A new self-report measure of fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 11931201.Google Scholar
De Fruyt, F., van Leeuwen, K., Bagby, R. M., Rolland, J.-P., & Rouillon, F. (2006). Assessing and interpreting personality change and continuity in patients treated for major depression. Psychological Assessment, 18, 7180.Google Scholar
First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders – Patient Edition (SCID-I/P). New York, NY: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute.Google Scholar
Flora, D. B. & Curran, P. J. (2004). An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data. Psychological Methods, 9, 466491.Google Scholar
Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2002). The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: Development and validation of a short version. Psychological Assessment, 14, 485496.Google Scholar
Fowles, D. C. (1994). A motivational theory of psychopathology. In Spaulding, W. (ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Integrated Views of Motivation, Cognition, and Emotion (Vol.41, pp. 181238). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Gamez, W., Kotov, R., & Watson, D. (2010). The validity of self-report assessment of avoidance and distress. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 23, 8799.Google Scholar
Gartner, M. C., Powell, D. M., & Weiss, A. (2014). Personality structure in the domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus), Scottish wildcat (Felis silvestris grampia), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), snow leopard (Panthera uncial), and African lion (Panthera leo): A comparative study. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 128, 414426.Google Scholar
Gnambs, T. (2014). A meta-analysis of dependability coefficients (test-retest reliabilities) for measures of the Big Five. Journal of Research in Personality, 52, 2028.Google Scholar
Goldstein, B. L., Kotov, R., Perlman, G., Watson, D., & Klein, D. N. (2017). Trait and facet-level predictors of first-onset depressive and anxiety disorders in a community sample of adolescent girls. Psychological Medicine. Advance online publication.Google Scholar
Gootzeit, J. & Markon, K. (2011). Factors of PTSD: Differential specificity and external correlates. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 9931003.Google Scholar
Gosling, S. D. & John, O. P. (1999). Personality dimensions in non-human animals: A cross-species review. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 6975.Google Scholar
Gratz, K. L. & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 4154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1982). The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampal System. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1987). Perspectives on anxiety and impulsivity: A commentary. Journal of Research in Personality, 21, 493509.Google Scholar
Hettema, J. M., Neale, M. C., Myers, J. M., Prescott, C. A., & Kendler, K. S. (2006). A population-based twin study of the relationship between neuroticism and internalizing disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 857864.Google Scholar
Hettema, J. M., Prescott, C. A., & Kendler, K. S. (2004). Genetic and environmental sources of covariation between generalized anxiety disorder and neuroticism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 15811587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hogan, R. & Hogan, J. (1992). Hogan Personality Inventory Manual. Tulsa, OK: Hogan Assessment Systems.Google Scholar
Jackson, D. N. (1994). Jackson Personality Inventory – Revised Manual. Port Huron, MI: Sigma Assessment Systems.Google Scholar
Jeronimus, B. F., Kotov, R., Riese, H., & Ormel, J. (2016). Neuroticism’s prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: A meta-analysis of 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443,313 participants. Psychological Medicine, 46, 28832906.Google Scholar
John, O. P. & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In Pervin, L. A & John, O. P. (eds.), Handbook of Personality (2nd. edn) (pp. 102138). New York, NY: Guilford.Google Scholar
Johnson, R. E., Rosen, C. C., & Djurdjevic, E. (2011). Assessing the impact of common method variance on higher order multidimensional constructs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 744761.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Neale, M. C., Kessler, R. C., Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1993). A longitudinal twin study of personality and major depression in women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 853862.Google Scholar
Kenny, D. A. (1987). Statistics for the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company.Google Scholar
Klein, D. N., Kotov, R., & Bufferd, S. J. (2011). Personality and depression: Explanatory models and review of the evidence. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 269295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koffel, E. (2011). Further validation of the Iowa Sleep Disturbances Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 23, 587598.Google Scholar
Koffel, E. & Watson, D. (2009). The two-factor structure of sleep complaints and its relation to depression and anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 183194.Google Scholar
Kopala-Sibley, D. C., Danzig, A. P., Kotov, R., Bromet, E. J., Carlson, G. A., Olino, T. M., … & Klein, D. N. (2016). Negative emotionality and its facets moderate the effects of exposure to Hurricane Sandy on children’s postdisaster depression and anxiety symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125, 471481.Google Scholar
Kotov, R., Gamez, W., Schmidt, F., & Watson, D. (2010). Linking “big” personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 768821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, M., … & Zimmerman, M. (2017). The Hierarchical Taxonomy Of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126, 454477.Google Scholar
Krueger, R. F. (1999). Personality traits in late adolescence predict mental disorders in early adulthood: A prospective-epidemiological study. Journal of Personality, 67, 3965.Google Scholar
Lahey, B. B. Applegate, B., Hakes, J. K., Zald, D. H., Hariri, A. R., & Rathouz, P. J. (2012). Is there a general factor of prevalent psychopathology during adulthood? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 971977.Google Scholar
Levenson, M. R., Aldwin, C. M., Bossé, R., & Spiro, A., III. (1988). Emotionality and mental health: Longitudinal findings from the Normative Aging Study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 9496.Google Scholar
Mahaffey, B. L., Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Kotov, R. (2016). Clinical and personality traits in emotional disorders: Evidence of a common framework. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125, 758767.Google Scholar
Markon, K. E., Krueger, R. F., & Watson, D. (2005). Delineating the structure of normal and abnormal personality: An integrative hierarchical approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 139157.Google Scholar
Marks, I. M. & Mathews, A. M. (1979). Brief standard self-rating for phobic patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 563569.Google Scholar
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Jr., & Martin, T. A. (2005). The NEO-PI-3: A more readable Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84, 261270.Google Scholar
Middeldorp, C. M., Cath, D. C., van Dyck, R., & Boomsma, D. I. (2005). The co-morbidity of anxiety and depression in the perspective of genetic epidemiology: A review of twin and family studies. Psychological Medicine, 35, 611624.Google Scholar
Morey, L. C., Shea, M. T., Markowitz, J. C., Stout, R. L., Hopwood, C. J., Gunderson, J. G., … & Skodol, A. E. (2010). State effects of major depression on the assessment of personality and personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 528535.Google Scholar
Naragon-Gainey, K. & Watson, D. (2014). Consensually-defined facets of personality as prospective predictors of change in depression symptoms. Assessment, 21, 387403.Google Scholar
Naragon-Gainey, K. & Watson, D. (2016, July 13). What lies beyond neuroticism? An examination of the unique contributions of social-cognitive vulnerabilities to internalizing disorders. Assessment, 25, 143–158.Google Scholar
Newman, M. G., Zuellig, A. R., Kachin, K. E., Constantino, M. J., Przeworski, A., Erickson, T., & Cashman-McGrath, L. (2002). Preliminary reliability and validity of the GADQ-IV: A revised self-report diagnostic measure of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 33, 215233.Google Scholar
Olsson, U., Drasgow, F., & Dorans, N. J. (1982). The polyserial correlation coefficient. Psychometrika, 47, 337347.Google Scholar
Ormel, J., Jeronimus, B. F., Kotov, R., Riese, H., Bos, E. H., Hankin, B., … Oldehinkel, A. J. (2013). Neuroticism and common mental disorders: Meaning and utility of a complex relationship. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 686697.Google Scholar
Ormel, J. Oldehinkel, A. J., & Vollebergh, W. (2004). Vulnerability before, during, and after a major depressive episode. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 990996.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ormel, J., Rosmalen, J., & Farmer, A. (2004). Neuroticism: A non-informative marker of vulnerability to psychopathology. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39, 906912.Google Scholar
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879903.Google Scholar
Rapee, R. M., Craske, M. G., & Barlow, D. H. (1994/1995). Assessment instrument for panic disorder that includes fear of sensation-producing activities: The Albany Panic and Phobia Questionnaire. Anxiety, 1, 114122.Google Scholar
Roberts, B. W. & DelVecchio, W. F. (2000). The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 325.Google Scholar
Roberts, B. W., Luo, J., Briley, D. A., Chow, P. I., Su, R., & Hill, P. L. (2017). A systematic review of personality trait change through intervention. Psychological Bulletin, 143, 117141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., & Viechtbauer, W. (2006). Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 125.Google Scholar
Rohde, P., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1994). Are adolescents changed by an episode of major depression? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 12891298.Google Scholar
Samuel, D. B. & Widiger, T. A. (2008). A meta-analytic review of the relationships between the five-factor model and DSM-IV-TR personality disorders: A facet level analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 13261342.Google Scholar
Shea, M. T., Leon, A. C., Mueller, T. I., Solomon, D. A., Warshaw, M. G., & Keller, M. B. (1996). Does major depression result in lasting personality change? American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 14041410.Google Scholar
Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavas, J., Weiller, E., … Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 3457.Google Scholar
Soto, C. J. & John, O. P. (2017). The next Big Five Inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113, 117–143.Google Scholar
Soto, C. J., John, O. P., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2011). Age differences in personality traits from 10 to 65: Big Five domains and facets in a large cross-sectional sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 330348.Google Scholar
Spinhoven, P., Penelo, E., de Rooij, M., Penninx, B. W., & Ormel, J. (2014). Reciprocal effects of stable and temporary components of neuroticism and affective disorders: Results of a longitudinal cohort study. Psychological Medicine, 44, 337348.Google Scholar
Stanton, K., Rozek, D. C., Stasik-O’Brien, S. M., Ellickson-Larew, S., & Watson, D. (2016). A transdiagnostic approach to examining the incremental predictive power of emotion regulation and basic personality dimensions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125, 960975.Google Scholar
Stöber, J. & Joormann, J. (2001). A short form of the Worry Domains Questionnaire: Construction and factorial validation. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 591598.Google Scholar
Tellegen, A. & Waller, N. G. (2008). Exploring personality through test construction: Development of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. In Boyle, G. J., Matthews, G., & Saklofske, D. H. (eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment, Vol. 2: Personality Measurement and Testing (pp. 261292). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torrubia, R., Ávila, C., Moltó, J., & Caseras, X. (2001). The Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ) as a measure of Gray’s anxiety and impulsivity dimensions. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 837862.Google Scholar
Twenge, J. M., Gentile, B., & Campbell, W. K. (2015). Birth cohort differences in personality. In Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Cooper, M. L., & Larsen, R. J. (eds.), APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 4: Personality Processes and Individual Differences (pp. 535551). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Uliaszek, A. A., Hauner, K. K. Y., Zinbarg, R. E., Craske, M. G., Mineka, S., Griffith, J. W., & Rose, R. D. (2009). An examination of content overlap and disorder-specific predictions in the associations of neuroticism with anxiety and depression. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 785794.Google Scholar
Vukasović, T. & Bratko, D. (2015). Heritability of personality: A meta-analysis of behavior genetic studies. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 769785.Google Scholar
Waszczuk, M. A., Kotov, R., Ruggero, C., Gamez, W., & Watson, D. (2017). Hierarchical structure of emotional disorders: From individual symptoms to the spectrum. Journal of Abnormal Psychology., 126, 613634.Google Scholar
Watson, D. (2000a). Mood and Temperament. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Watson, D. (2000b). Panic Attack Symptom Questionnaire. Unpublished physiological hyperarousal measure.Google Scholar
Watson, D. (2005). Rethinking the mood and anxiety disorders: A quantitative hierarchical model for DSM-V. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 522536.Google Scholar
Watson, D. (2009). Differentiating the mood and anxiety disorders: A quadripartite model. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 221247.Google Scholar
Watson, D. & Clark, L. A. (1999). The PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule – Expanded Form. Retrieved from University of Iowa, Department of Psychology Web site: www.psychology.uiowa.edu/Faculty/Watson/Watson.html.Google Scholar
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., Chmielewski, M., & Kotov, R. (2013). The value of suppressor effects in explicating the construct validity of symptom measures. Psychological Assessment, 25, 929941.Google Scholar
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Stasik, S. M. (2011). Emotions and the emotional disorders: A quantitative hierarchical perspective. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 11, 429442.Google Scholar
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 10631070.Google Scholar
Watson, D., Gamez, W., & Simms, L. J. (2005). Basic dimensions of temperament and their relation to anxiety and depression: A symptom-based perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 39, 4666.Google Scholar
Watson, D. & Naragon-Gainey, K. (2014). Personality, emotions, and the emotional disorders. Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 422442.Google Scholar
Watson, D., Nus, E., & Wu, K. D. (2017). Development and validation of the Faceted Inventory of the Five-Factor Model (FI-FFM). Assessment.Google Scholar
Watson, D., O’Hara, M. W., Chmielewski, M., McDade-Montez, E. A., Koffel, E., Naragon, K., & Stuart, S. (2008). Further validation of the IDAS: Evidence of convergent, discriminant, criterion, and incremental validity. Psychological Assessment, 20, 248259.Google Scholar
Watson, D., O’Hara, M. W., Naragon-Gainey, K., Koffel, E., Chmielewski, M., Kotov, R., … Ruggero, C. J. (2012). Development and validation of new anxiety and bipolar symptom scales for an expanded version of the IDAS (the IDAS-II). Assessment, 19, 399420.Google Scholar
Watson, D., O’Hara, M. W., Simms, L. J., Kotov, R., Chmielewski, M., McDade-Montez, E., … Stuart, S. (2007). Development and validation of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS). Psychological Assessment, 19, 253268.Google Scholar
Watson, D., Stasik, S. M., Ellickson-Larew, S., & Stanton, K. (2015). Extraversion and psychopathology: A facet-level analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124, 432446.Google Scholar
Watson, D. & Walker, L. M. (1996). The long-term stability and predictive validity of trait measures of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 567577.Google Scholar
Watson, D., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J. S., Clark, L. A., Strauss, M. E., & McCormick, R. A. (1995). Testing a tripartite model: I. Evaluating the convergent and discriminant validity of anxiety and depression symptom scales. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 314.Google Scholar
Watson, D., Wiese, D., Vaidya, J., & Tellegen, A. (1999). The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 820838.Google Scholar
Watson, D. & Wu, K. D. (2005). Development and validation of the Schedule of Compulsions, Obsessions, and Pathological Impulses (SCOPI). Assessment, 12, 5065.Google Scholar
Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1993, October). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.Google Scholar
Widiger, T. A. & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1994). Personality and the personality disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 7891.Google Scholar
Wolpe, J. & Lang, P. J. (1964). A fear survey schedule for use in behaviour therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2, 2730.Google Scholar
Yufik, T. & Simms, L. J. (2010). A meta-analytic investigation of the structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 764776.Google Scholar
Zinbarg, R. E., Mineka, S., Bobova, L., Craske, M. G., Vrshek-Schallhorn, S., Griffith, J. W., … Anand, D. (2016). Testing a hierarchical model of neuroticism and its cognitive facets: Latent structure and prospective prediction of first onsets of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders during 3 years in late adolescence. Clinical Psychological Science, 4, 805824.Google Scholar

References

Allan, N. P., Albanese, B. J., Short, N. A., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). Support for the general and specific bifactor model factors of anxiety sensitivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 74, 7883.Google Scholar
Allan, N. P., Capron, D. W., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2014). Unique relations among anxiety sensitivity factors and anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(2), 266275.Google Scholar
Allan, N. P., Felton, J. W., Lejuez, C. W., MacPherson, L., & Schmidt, N. B. (2016). Longitudinal investigation of anxiety sensitivity growth trajectories and relations with anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 28(2), 459469.Google Scholar
Allan, N. P., Norr, A. M., Boffa, J. W., Durmaz, D., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). Examining the unique relations between anxiety sensitivity factors and suicidal ideation and past suicide attempts. Psychiatry Research, 228(3), 441447.Google Scholar
Allan, N. P., Short, N. A., Albanese, B. J., Keough, M. E., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). Direct and mediating effects of an anxiety sensitivity intervention on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in trauma-exposed individuals. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44(6), 512524.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). DSM 5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Asmundson, G. J. G. & Norton, G. R. (1995). Anxiety sensitivity in patients with physically unexplained chronic back pain: A preliminary report. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(7), 771777. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005–7967(95)00012-MGoogle Scholar
Babson, K. A., Boden, M. T., Woodward, S., Alvarez, J., & Bonn-Miller, M. (2013). Anxiety sensitivity and sleep quality: Independent and interactive predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(1), 4851.Google Scholar
Babson, K. A., Heinz, A. J., Ramirez, G., Puckett, M., Irons, J. G., Bonn-Miller, M. O., & Woodward, S. H. (2015). The interactive role of exercise and sleep on veteran recovery from symptoms of PTSD. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 8, 1520.Google Scholar
Baker, A. W., Keshaviah, A., Goetter, E. M., Bui, E., Swee, M., Rosencrans, P. L., & Simon, N. M. (2017). Examining the role of anxiety sensitivity in sleep dysfunction across anxiety disorders. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 15(3), 216227.Google Scholar
Bakhshaie, J., Zvolensky, M. J., Allan, N., Vujanovic, A. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). Differential effects of anxiety sensitivity components in the relation between emotional non-acceptance and posttraumatic stress symptoms among trauma-exposed treatment-seeking smokers. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44(3), 175189.Google Scholar
Bakhshaie, J., Zvolensky, M. J., Salazar, A., Vujanovic, A. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2016). Anxiety sensitivity and smoking behavior among trauma-exposed daily smokers: The explanatory role of smoking-related avoidance and inflexibility. Behavior Modification, 40(1–2), 218238.Google Scholar
Ball, T. M., Sullivan, S., Flagan, T., Hitchcock, C. A., Simmons, A., Paulus, M. P., & Stein, M. B. (2012). Selective effects of social anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and negative affectivity on the neural bases of emotional face processing. Neuroimage, 59(2), 18791887.Google Scholar
Bardeen, J. R. (2015). Short-term pain for long-term gain: The role of experiential avoidance in the relation between anxiety sensitivity and emotional distress. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 30, 113119.Google Scholar
Baumann, C., Klauke, B., Weber, H., Domschke, K., Zwanzger, P., Pauli, P., … Reif, A. (2013). The interaction of early life experiences with COMT val158 met affects anxiety sensitivity. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 12(8), 821829.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F. (1990). Suicide as escape from self. Psychological Review, 97(1), 90113. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.97.1.90Google Scholar
Beauregard, M., Paquette, V., & Levesque, J. (2006). Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotional self-regulation in major depressive disorder. Neuroreport, 17(8), 843846.Google Scholar
Berenz, E. C., Kevorkian, S., Chowdhury, N., Dick, D. M., Kendler, K. S., & Amstadter, A. B. (2016). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, anxiety sensitivity, and alcohol-use motives in college students with a history of interpersonal trauma. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(7), 755.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blakey, S. M., Abramowitz, J. S., Reuman, L., Leonard, R. C., & Riemann, B. C. (2017). Anxiety sensitivity as a predictor of outcome in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 57, 113117.Google Scholar
Boffa, J. W., Norr, A. M., Raines, A. M., Albanese, B. J., Short, N. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2016). Anxiety sensitivity prospectively predicts posttraumatic stress symptoms following a campus shooting. Behavior Therapy, 47(3), 367376.Google Scholar
Boswell, J. F., Farchione, T. J., Sauer-Zavala, S., Murray, H. W., Fortune, M. R., & Barlow, D. H. (2013). Anxiety sensitivity and interoceptive exposure: A transdiagnostic construct and change strategy. Behavior Therapy, 44(3), 417431.Google Scholar
Brandt, C. P., Zvolensky, M. J., Vujanovic, A. A., Grover, K. W., Hogan, J., Bakhshaie, J., & Gonzalez, A. (2015). The mediating role of anxiety sensitivity in the relation between avoidant coping and posttraumatic stress among trauma-exposed HIV+ individuals. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7(2), 146.Google Scholar
Brunelle, C., Assaad, J.-M., Barrett, S. P., Avila, C., Conrod, P. J., Tremblay, R. E., & Pihl, R. O. (2004). Heightened heart rate response to alcohol intoxication is associated with a reward-seeking personality profile. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 28(3), 394401. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ALC.0000117859.23567.2EGoogle Scholar
Cacioppo, J. T. & Berntson, G. G. (1992). Social psychological contributions to the decade of the brain: Doctrine of multilevel analysis. American Psychologist, 47(8), 1019.Google Scholar
Calkins, A. W., Hearon, B. A., Capozzoli, M. C., & Otto, M. W. (2013). Psychosocial predictors of sleep dysfunction: The role of anxiety sensitivity, dysfunctional beliefs, and neuroticism. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 11(2), 133143.Google Scholar
Capron, D. W., Allan, N. P., Ialongo, N. S., Leen-Feldner, E., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). The depression distress amplification model in adolescents: A longitudinal examination of anxiety sensitivity cognitive concerns, depression and suicidal ideation. Journal of Adolescence, 41, 1724.Google Scholar
Capron, D. W., Blumenthal, H., Medley, A. N., Lewis, S., Feldner, M. T., Zvolensky, M. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2012). Anxiety sensitivity cognitive concerns predict suicidality among smokers. Journal of Affective Disorders, 138(3), 239246.Google Scholar
Capron, D. W., Cougle, J. R., Ribeiro, J. D., Joiner, T. E., & Schmidt, N. B. (2012). An interactive model of anxiety sensitivity relevant to suicide attempt history and future suicidal ideation. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46(2), 174180.Google Scholar
Capron, D. W., Fitch, K., Medley, A., Blagg, C., Mallott, M., & Joiner, T. E. (2012). Role of anxiety sensitivity subfactors in suicidal ideation and suicide attempt history. Depression and Anxiety, 29(3), 195201.Google Scholar
Capron, D. W., Lamis, D. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2014). Test of the depression distress amplification model in young adults with elevated risk of current suicidality. Psychiatry Research, 219(3), 531535.Google Scholar
Capron, D. W., Norr, A. M., Macatee, R. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2013). Distress tolerance and anxiety sensitivity cognitive concerns: Testing the incremental contributions of affect dysregulation constructs on suicidal ideation and suicide attempt. Behavior Therapy, 44(3), 349358.Google Scholar
Capron, D. W., Norr, A. M., Zvolensky, M. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2014). Prospective evaluation of the effect of an anxiety sensitivity intervention on suicidality among smokers. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 43(1), 7282.Google Scholar
Cavanagh, J. T., Carson, A. J., Sharpe, M., & Lawrie, S. M. (2003). Psychological autopsy studies of suicide: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 33(3), 395405.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2017). WISQARS: Web-Based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html.Google Scholar
Cerel, J., Jordan, J. R., & Duberstein, P. R. (2008). The impact of suicide on the family. Crisis, 29(1), 3844.Google Scholar
Chandley, R. B., Luebbe, A. M., Messman-Moore, T. L., & Ward, R. M. (2014). Anxiety sensitivity, coping motives, emotion dysregulation, and alcohol-related outcomes in college women: A moderated-mediation model. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 75(1), 8392. https://doi.org/10.15288/JSAD.2014.75.83Google Scholar
Chechik, G., Meilijson, I., & Ruppin, E. (1998). Synaptic pruning in development: A computational account. Neural Computation, 10(7), 17591777.Google Scholar
Chowdhury, N., Kevorkian, S., Sheerin, C. M., Zvolensky, M. J., & Berenz, E. C. (2016). Examination of the association among personality traits, anxiety sensitivity, and cannabis use motives in a community sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(3), 373380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-015–9526-6Google Scholar
Collimore, K. C. & Asmundson, G. J. (2014). Fearful responding to interoceptive exposure in social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(2), 195202.Google Scholar
Comeau, N., Stewart, S. H., & Loba, P. (2001). The relations of trait anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and sensation seeking to adolescents’ motivations for alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use. Addictive Behaviors, 26(6), 803825. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603(01)00238–6Google Scholar
Cooper, M. L., Russell, M., Skinner, J. B., & Windle, M. (1992). Development and validation of a three-dimensional measure of drinking motives. Psychological Assessment, 4(2), 123132. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040–3590.4.2.123Google Scholar
Cougle, J. R., Keough, M. E., Riccardi, C. J., & Sachs-Ericsson, N. (2009). Anxiety disorders and suicidality in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43(9), 825829.Google Scholar
Cox, B. J., Borger, S. C., & Enns, M. W. (1999). Anxiety sensitivity and emotional disorders: Psychometric studies and their theoretical implications. In Taylor, S. (ed.), Anxiety Sensitivity: Theory, Research, and Treatment of the Fear of Anxiety (pp. 115148). The LEA Series in Personality and Clinical Psychology. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Cox, B. J., Swinson, R. P., Shulman, I. D., Kuch, K., & Reichman, J. T. (1993). Gender effects and alcohol use in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31(4), 413416.Google Scholar
Critchley, H. D. (2005). Neural mechanisms of autonomic, affective, and cognitive integration. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 493(1), 154166.Google Scholar
Cuthbert, B. N. & Insel, T. R. (2013). Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: The seven pillars of RDoC. BMC Medicine, 11(1), 126.Google Scholar
DeMartini, K. S. & Carey, K. B. (2011). The role of anxiety sensitivity and drinking motives in predicting alcohol use: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(1), 169177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.10.001Google Scholar
Elwood, L. S., Hahn, K. S., Olatunji, B. O., & Williams, N. L. (2009). Cognitive vulnerabilities to the development of PTSD: A review of four vulnerabilities and the proposal of an integrative vulnerability model. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(1), 87100. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2008.10.002Google Scholar
Farris, S. G., Zvolensky, M. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). Difficulties with emotion regulation and psychopathology interact to predict early smoking cessation lapse. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 111. doi: 10.1007/s10608-015–9705-5Google Scholar
Foa, E. B., Hembree, E., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2007). Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD: Emotional Processing of Traumatic Experiences Therapist Guide. Oxford:Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Francis, S. E. (2014). The role of parental anxiety sensitivity in parent reports of child anxiety in treatment seeking families. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19(1), 111124.Google Scholar
Franklin, J. C., Ribeiro, J. D., Fox, K. R., Bentley, K. H., Kleiman, E. M., Huang, X., … Nock, M. K. (2017). Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A meta-analysis of 50 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 143(2), 187.Google Scholar
Gallagher, M. W., Payne, L. A., White, K. S., Shear, K. M., Woods, S. W., Gorman, J. M., & Barlow, D. H. (2013). Mechanisms of change in cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder: The unique effects of self-efficacy and anxiety sensitivity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(11), 767777.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, S. N. & Liberzon, I. (2009). Neurobiology of PTSD: A review of neuroimaging findings. Psychiatric Annals, 39(6), 370.Google Scholar
Gillihan, S. J., Farris, S. G., & Foa, E. B. (2011). The effect of anxiety sensitivity on alcohol consumption among individuals with comorbid alcohol dependence and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(4), 721.Google Scholar
Glenn, C. R., Cha, C. B., Kleiman, E. M., & Nock, M. K. (2017). Understanding suicide risk within the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework: Insights, challenges, and future research considerations. Clinical Psychological Science, 5(3), 568592. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702616686854Google Scholar
Grant, D. M., Beck, J. G., & Davila, J. (2007). Does anxiety sensitivity predict symptoms of panic, depression, and social anxiety? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(9), 22472255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.02.008Google Scholar
Gutner, C. A., Nillni, Y. I., Suvak, M., Wiltsey-Stirman, S., & Resick, P. A. (2013). Longitudinal course of anxiety sensitivity and PTSD symptoms in cognitive-behavioral therapies for PTSD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(7), 728734.Google Scholar
Harris, E. C. & Barraclough, B. (1997). Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders: A meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170(3), 205228.Google Scholar
Harvey, A. G. (2011). Sleep and circadian functioning: Critical mechanisms in the mood disorders? Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 297319.Google Scholar
Hendriks, S. M., Licht, C. M., Spijker, J., Beekman, A. T., Hardeveld, F., de Graaf, R., & Penninx, B. W. (2014). Disorder-specific cognitive profiles in major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 96.Google Scholar
Hoge, E. A., Marques, L., Wechsler, R. S., Lasky, A. K., Delong, H. R., Jacoby, R. J., & Worthington, J. J. (2011). The role of anxiety sensitivity in sleep disturbance in panic disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 536538.Google Scholar
Holmes, E. A. & Bourne, C. (2008). Inducing and modulating intrusive emotional memories: A review of the trauma film paradigm. Acta Psychologica, 127(3), 553566.Google Scholar
Holtz, K., Pané-Farré, C. A., Wendt, J., Lotze, M., & Hamm, A. O. (2012). Brain activation during anticipation of interoceptive threat. Neuroimage, 61(4), 857865.Google Scholar
Horowitz, M. J. (1986). Stress-response syndromes: A review of posttraumatic and adjustment disorders. Psychiatric Services, 37(3), 241249.Google Scholar
Huttenlocher, P. R. & Dabholkar, A. S. (1997). Regional differences in synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 387(2), 167178.Google Scholar
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., … Wang, P. (2010). Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): Toward a New Classification Framework for Research on Mental Disorders Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Johnson, K., Mullin, J. L., Marshall, E. C., & Bonn-miller, M. O. (2011). NIH Public Access, 19(3), 277282. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521–0391.2010.00041.x.ExploringGoogle Scholar
Joiner, T. E. (2005). Why People Die by Suicide. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Jurk, S., Kuitunen-Paul, S., Kroemer, N. B., Artiges, E., Banaschewski, T., Bokde, A. L. W., … Smolka, M. N. (2015). Personality and substance use: Psychometric evaluation and validation of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS) in English, Irish, French, and German Adolescents. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 39(11), 22342248. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12886Google Scholar
Kang, E.-H., Kim, B., Choe, A. Y., Lee, J.-Y., Choi, T. K., & Lee, S.-H. (2015). Panic disorder and health-related quality of life: The predictive roles of anxiety sensitivity and trait anxiety. Psychiatry Research, 225(1), 157163.Google Scholar
Kaufman, J. & Charney, D. (2000). Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 12(S1), 6976.Google Scholar
Kemper, C. J., Lutz, J., Bähr, T., Rüddel, H., & Hock, M. (2012). Construct validity of the anxiety sensitivity index–3 in clinical samples. Assessment, 19(1), 89100.Google Scholar
Keough, M. E. & Schmidt, N. B. (2012). Refinement of a brief anxiety sensitivity reduction intervention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(5), 766772.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Delmer, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593602.Google Scholar
Killgore, W. D., Britton, J. C., Price, L. M., Gold, A. L., Deckersbach, T., & Rauch, S. L. (2011). Neural correlates of anxiety sensitivity during masked presentation of affective faces. Depression and Anxiety, 28(3), 243249.Google Scholar
Klauke, B., Deckert, J., Reif, A., Pauli, P., Zwanzger, P., Baumann, C., … Domschke, K. (2011). Serotonin transporter gene and childhood trauma: A G× E effect on anxiety sensitivity. Depression and Anxiety, 28(12), 10481057.Google Scholar
Klonsky, E. D. & May, A. M. (2014). Differentiating suicide attempters from suicide ideators: A critical frontier for suicidology research. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12068Google Scholar
Klonsky, E. D., May, A. M., & Saffer, B. Y. (2016). Suicide, suicide attempts, and suicidal ideation. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12, 307330.Google Scholar
Kraemer, H. C., Kazdin, A. E., Offord, D. R., Kessler, R. C., Jensen, P. S., & Kupfer, D. J. (1997). Coming to terms with the terms of risk. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54(4), 337343. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830160065009Google Scholar
Kraemer, K. M., Luberto, C. M., & McLeish, A. C. (2013). The moderating role of distress tolerance in the association between anxiety sensitivity physical concerns and panic and PTSD-related re-experiencing symptoms. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 26(3), 330342.Google Scholar
Krueger, R. F. (1999). The structure of common mental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(10), 921926. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.56.10.921Google Scholar
Kugler, B. B., Phares, V., Salloum, A., & Storch, E. A. (2016). The role of anxiety sensitivity in the relationship between posttraumatic stress symptoms and negative outcomes in trauma-exposed adults. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 29(2), 187201.Google Scholar
Kushner, M. G., Mackenzie, T. B., Fiszdon, J., Valentiner, D. P., Foa, E., Anderson, N., & Wangensteen, D. (1996). The effects of alcohol consumption on laboratory-induced panic and state anxiety. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53(3), 264.Google Scholar
Lebowitz, E. R., Shic, F., Campbell, D., Basile, K., & Silverman, W. K. (2015). Anxiety sensitivity moderates behavioral avoidance in anxious youth. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 74, 1117.Google Scholar
Lechner, W. V., Shadur, J. M., Banducci, A. N., Grant, D. M., Morse, M., & Lejuez, C. W. (2014). The mediating role of depression in the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and alcohol dependence. Addictive Behaviors, 39(8), 12431248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.04.002Google Scholar
Lejuez, C. W., Paulson, A., Daughters, S. B., Bornovalova, M. A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2006). The association between heroin use and anxiety sensitivity among inner-city individuals in residential drug use treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(5), 667677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.04.006Google Scholar
Lejuez, C. W., Zvolensky, M. J., Daughters, S. B., Bornovalova, M. A., Paulson, A., Tull, M. T., … Otto, M. W. (2008). Anxiety sensitivity: A unique predictor of dropout among inner-city heroin and crack/cocaine users in residential substance use treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(7), 811818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.03.010Google Scholar
Lies, J., Lau, S. T., Jones, L. E., Jensen, M. P., & Tan, G. (2017). Predictors and moderators of posttraumatic stress disorder: An investigation of anxiety sensitivity and resilience in individuals with chronic pain. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 46(3), 102.Google Scholar
Loxton, N. J., Bunker, R. J., Dingle, G. A., & Wong, V. (2015). Drinking not thinking: A prospective study of personality traits and drinking motives on alcohol consumption across the first year of university. Personality and Individual Differences, 79, 134139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.010Google Scholar
Mackie, C. J., Castellanos-Ryan, N., & Conrod, P. J. (2011). Personality moderates the longitudinal relationship between psychological symptoms and alcohol use in adolescents. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35(4), 703716. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530–0277.2010.01388.xGoogle Scholar
Mahaffey, B. L., Gonzalez, A., Farris, S. G., Zvolensky, M. J., Bromet, E. J., Luft, B. J., & Kotov, R. (2017). Understanding the connection between posttraumatic stress symptoms and respiratory problems: Contributions of anxiety sensitivity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(1), 7179.Google Scholar
Marshall, G. N., Miles, J. N., & Stewart, S. H. (2010). Anxiety sensitivity and PTSD symptom severity are reciprocally related: Evidence from a longitudinal study of physical trauma survivors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119(1), 143150.Google Scholar
Martin, C. S., Steinley, D. L., Vergés, A., & Sher, K. J. (2011). Letter to the editor: The proposed 2/11 symptom algorithm for DSM-5 substance-use disorders is too lenient. Psychological Medicine, 41(9), 2008–2010. doi: 10.1017/S0033291711000717.Letter.Google Scholar
McCaul, M. E., Hutton, H. E., Stephens, M. A. C., Xu, X., & Wand, G. S. (2017). Anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and perceived stress as predictors of recent drinking, alcohol craving, and social stress response in heavy drinkers. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 41(4), 836845. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13350Google Scholar
McHugh, R. K., Daughters, S. B., Lejuez, C. W., Murray, H. W., Hearon, B. A., Gorka, S. M., & Otto, M. W. (2010). Shared variance among self-report and behavioral measures of distress intolerance. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35, 266275. doi: 10.1007/s10608-010–9295-1Google Scholar
McNally, R. J. (2002). Anxiety sensitivity and panic disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 52(10), 938946.Google Scholar
McNally, R. J. & Eke, M. (1996). Anxiety sensitivity, suffocation fear, and breath-holding duration as predictors of response to carbon dioxide challenge. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105(1), 146153.Google Scholar
McNally, R. J. & Lorenz, M. (1987). Anxiety sensitivity in agoraphobics. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychology, 18, 311.Google Scholar
McNeil, D. W. & Rainwater, A. J. (1998). Development of the fear of pain questionnaire-III. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21(4), 389410.Google Scholar
Menon, V. (2015). Salience network. Brain Mapping: An Encyclopedic Reference, 2, 597611.Google Scholar
Mitchell, M. A., Capron, D. W., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2014). Reduction of cognitive concerns of anxiety sensitivity is uniquely associated with reduction of PTSD and depressive symptoms: A comparison of civilians and veterans. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 48(1), 2531.Google Scholar
Naifeh, J. A., Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2012). Anxiety sensitivity, emotional avoidance, and PTSD symptom severity among crack/cocaine dependent patients in residential treatment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(3), 247257.Google Scholar
Naqvi, N. H. & Bechara, A. (2010). The insula and drug addiction: An interoceptive view of pleasure, urges, and decision-making. Brain Structure and Function, 214(5–6), 435450.Google Scholar
Naragon-Gainey, K. (2010). Meta-analysis of the relations of anxiety sensitivity to the depressive and anxiety disorders. Psychological Bulletin, 136(1), 128.Google Scholar
Nillni, Y. I., Pineles, S. L., Rohan, K. J., Zvolensky, M. J., & Rasmusson, A. M. (2017). The influence of the menstrual cycle on reactivity to a CO2 challenge among women with and without premenstrual symptoms. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 46(3), 239249.Google Scholar
Nock, M. K., Deming, C. A., Fullerton, C. S., Gilman, S. E., Goldenberg, M., Kessler, R. C., … Ursano, R. J. (2013). Suicide among soldiers: A review of psychosocial risk and protective factors. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 76(2), 97125. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2013.76.2.97Google Scholar
Nock, M. K., Hwang, I., Sampson, N., Kessler, R. C., Angermeyer, M., Beautrais, A., … De Girolamo, G. (2009). Cross-national analysis of the associations among mental disorders and suicidal behavior: Findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. PLoS Medicine, 6(8), e1000123.Google Scholar
Nock, M. K., Kessler, R. C., & Franklin, J. C. (2016). Risk factors for suicide ideation differ from those for the transition to suicide attempt: The importance of creativity, rigor, and urgency in suicide research. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 23(1), 3134. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12133Google Scholar
Noël, V. A. & Francis, S. E. (2011). A meta-analytic review of the role of child anxiety sensitivity in child anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39(5), 721733.Google Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1987). Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101(2), 259.Google Scholar
Norr, A. M., Albanese, B. J., Allan, N. P., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). Anxiety sensitivity as a mechanism for gender discrepancies in anxiety and mood symptoms. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 62, 101107.Google Scholar
Norr, A. M., Allan, N. P., Macatee, R. J., Capron, D. W., & Schmidt, N. B. (2016). The role of anxiety sensitivity cognitive concerns in suicidal ideation: A test of the Depression-Distress Amplification Model in clinical outpatients. Psychiatry Research, 238, 7480.Google Scholar
Norton, G. R., Rockman, G. E., Ediger, J., Pepe, C., Goldberg, S., Cox, B. J., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (1997). Anxiety sensitivity and drug choice in individuals seeking treatment for substance abuse. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(9), 859862. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00037–5Google Scholar
Novak, A., Burgess, E. S., Clark, M., Zvolensky, M. J., & Brown, R. A. (2003). Anxiety sensitivity, self-reported motives for alcohol and nicotine use, and level of consumption. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17(2), 165180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00175–5Google Scholar
Ochsner, K. N., Ludlow, D. H., Knierim, K., Hanelin, J., Ramachandran, T., Glover, G. C., & Mackey, S. C. (2006). Neural correlates of individual differences in pain-related fear and anxiety. Pain, 120(1), 6977.Google Scholar
Oglesby, M. E., Capron, D. W., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). Anxiety sensitivity cognitive concerns predict suicide risk. Psychiatry Research, 226(1), 252256.Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. & Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B. (2009). Anxiety sensitivity and the anxiety disorders: A meta-analytic review and synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 135(6), 974999. doi: 10.1037/a0017428CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olatunji, B. O. & Fan, Q. (2015). Anxiety sensitivity and posttraumatic stress reactions: Evidence for intrusions and physiological arousal as mediating and moderating mechanisms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 34, 7685.Google Scholar
Olthuis, J. V., Watt, M. C., Mackinnon, S. P., & Stewart, S. H. (2014). Telephone-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for high anxiety sensitivity: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(6), 1005.Google Scholar
Olthuis, J. V., Watt, M. C., Mackinnon, S. P., & Stewart, S. H. (2015). CBT for high anxiety sensitivity: Alcohol outcomes. Addictive Behaviors, 46, 1924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.02.018Google Scholar
Olthuis, J. V., Watt, M. C., & Stewart, S. H. (2014). Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI-3) subscales predict unique variance in anxiety and depressive symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(2), 115124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.04.009Google Scholar
Ong, J. C., Kuo, T. F., & Manber, R. (2008). Who is at risk for dropout from group cognitive-behavior therapy for insomnia? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64(4), 419425.Google Scholar
Oquendo, M. A., Currier, D., & Mann, J. J. (2006). Prospective studies of suicidal behavior in major depressive and bipolar disorders: What is the evidence for predictive risk factors?. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 114(3), 151158.Google Scholar
Paulus, M. P. & Stein, M. B. (2006). An insular view of anxiety. Biological Psychiatry, 60(4), 383387.Google Scholar
Paulus, D. J., Valadka, J., Businelle, M. S., Gallagher, M. W., Viana, A. G., Schmidt, N. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2017). Emotion dysregulation explains associations between anxiety sensitivity and hazardous drinking and drinking motives among adult treatment-seeking smokers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 31(2), 189199. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000252Google Scholar
Paulus, D. J., Vujanovic, A. A., & Wardle, M. C. (2016). Anxiety sensitivity and alcohol use among acute-care psychiatric inpatients: The mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(6), 813823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016–9792-yGoogle Scholar
Piscopo, K., Lipari, R., Cooney, J., & Glasheen, C. (2016). Suicidal thoughts and behavior among adults: Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. NSDUH Data Review.Google Scholar
Poletti, S., Radaelli, D., Cucchi, M., Ricci, L., Vai, B., Smeraldi, E., & Benedetti, F. (2015). Neural correlates of anxiety sensitivity in panic disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 233(2), 95101.Google Scholar
Poli, A., Melli, G., Ghisi, M., Bottesi, G., & Sica, C. (2017). Anxiety sensitivity and obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: Further evidence of specific relationships in a clinical sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 109, 130136.Google Scholar
Raines, A. M., Capron, D. W., Bontempo, A. C., Dane, B. F., & Schmidt, N. B. (2014). Obsessive compulsive symptom dimensions and suicide: The moderating role of anxiety sensitivity cognitive concerns. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38(6), 660669.Google Scholar
Raines, A. M., Capron, D. W., Stentz, L. A., Walton, J. L., Allan, N. P., McManus, E. S., … Franklin, C. L. (2017). Posttraumatic stress disorder and suicidal ideation, plans, and impulses: The mediating role of anxiety sensitivity cognitive concerns among veterans. Journal of Affective Disorders, 222, 5762.Google Scholar
Raines, A. M., Walton, J. L., McManus, E. S., Cuccurullo, L.-A. J., Chambliss, J., Uddo, M., & Franklin, C. L. (2017). Associations between lower order anxiety sensitivity dimensions and DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 46(2), 162173.Google Scholar
Rector, N. A., Szacun-Shimizu, K., & Leybman, M. (2007). Anxiety sensitivity within the anxiety disorders: Disorder-specific sensitivities and depression comorbidity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(8), 19671975.Google Scholar
Reiss, S. & McNally, R. (1985). Expectancy model of fear. In Reiss, S. & Bootzin, R. R. (eds.), Theoretical Issues in Behavior Therapy (pp. 107121). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Reiss, S., Peterson, R. A., Gursky, D. M., & McNally, R. J. (1986). Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency and the prediction of fearfulness. Behavior Research and Therapy, 24(1), 18.Google Scholar
Robinson, L. J. & Freeston, M. H. (2014). Emotion and internal experience in obsessive compulsive disorder: Reviewing the role of alexithymia, anxiety sensitivity and distress tolerance. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(3), 256271.Google Scholar
Rogers, M. L., Tucker, R. P., Law, K. C., Michaels, M. S., Anestis, M. D., & Joiner, T. E. (2016). Manifestations of overarousal account for the association between cognitive anxiety sensitivity and suicidal ideation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 192, 116124.Google Scholar
Rosso, I. M., Makris, N., Britton, J. C., Price, L. M., Gold, A. L., Zai, D., … & Rauch, S. L. (2010). Anxiety sensitivity correlates with two indices of right anterior insula structure in specific animal phobia. Depression and Anxiety, 27(12), 11041110.Google Scholar
Sandin, B., Sánchez-Arribas, C., Chorot, P., & Valiente, R. M. (2015). Anxiety sensitivity, catastrophic misinterpretations and panic self-efficacy in the prediction of panic disorder severity: Towards a tripartite cognitive model of panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 67, 3040.Google Scholar
Schmidt, N. B., Capron, D. W., Raines, A. M., & Allan, N. P. (2014). Randomized clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of a brief intervention targeting anxiety sensitivity cognitive concerns. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(6), 10231033.Google Scholar
Schmidt, N. B., Eggleston, A. M., Woolaway-Bickel, K., Fitzpatrick, K. K., Vasey, M. W., & Richey, J. A. (2007). Anxiety Sensitivity Amelioration Training (ASAT): A longitudinal primary prevention program targeting cognitive vulnerability. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(3), 302319.Google Scholar
Schmidt, N. B., Lerew, D. R., & Jackson, R. J. (1997). The role of anxiety sensitivity in the pathogenesis of Panic: prospective evaluation of spontaneous panic attacks during acute stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106(3), 355.Google Scholar
Schmidt, N. B., Norr, A. M., Allan, N. P., Raines, A. M., & Capron, D. W. (2017). A randomized clinical trial targeting anxiety sensitivity for patients with suicidal ideation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(6), 596.Google Scholar
Schmidt, N. B., Raines, A. M., Allan, N. P., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2016). Anxiety sensitivity risk reduction in smokers: A randomized control trial examining effects on panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 77, 138146.Google Scholar
Schmidt, N. B., Woolaway-Bickel, K., & Bates, M. (2001). Evaluating panic-specific factors in the relationship between suicide and panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39(6), 635649.Google Scholar
Selby, E. A., Joiner, T. E., & Ribeiro, J. D. (2014). Comprehensive theories of suicidal behaviors. In Nock, M. K. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Suicide and Self-Injury. (pp. 286307). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shneidman, E. S. (1993). Suicide as psychache. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181(3), 145147.Google Scholar
Short, N. A., Allan, N. P., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). The effects of an anxiety sensitivity intervention on insomnia symptoms. Sleep Medicine, 16(1), 152159.Google Scholar
Short, N. A., Boffa, J. W., Norr, A. M., Albanese, B. J., Allan, N. P., & Schmidt, N. B. (2017). Randomized clinical trial investigating the effects of an anxiety sensitivity intervention on posttraumatic stress symptoms: A replication and extension. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(3), 296303.Google Scholar
Short, N. A., Fuller, K., Norr, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2017). Acceptability of a brief computerized intervention targeting anxiety sensitivity. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 46(3), 250264.Google Scholar
Simon, N. M., Otto, M. W., Fischmann, D., Racette, S., Nierenberg, A. A., Pollack, M. H., & Smoller, J. W. (2005). Panic disorder and bipolar disorder: Anxiety sensitivity as a potential mediator of panic during manic states. Journal of Affective Disorders, 87(1), 101105.Google Scholar
Simon, N. M., Pollack, M. H., Ostacher, M. J., Zalta, A. K., Chow, C. W., Fischmann, D., … Otto, M. W. (2007). Understanding the link between anxiety symptoms and suicidal ideation and behaviors in outpatients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 97(1), 9199.Google Scholar
Simon, N. M., Smoller, J. W., Fava, M., Sachs, G., Racette, S. R., Perlis, R., … Rosenbaum, J. F. (2003). Comparing anxiety disorders and anxiety-related traits in bipolar disorder and unipolar depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 37(3), 187192.Google Scholar
Simpson, T., Jakupcak, M., & Luterek, J. A. (2006). Fear and avoidance of internal experiences among patients with substance use disorders and PTSD: The centrality of anxiety sensitivity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19(4), 481491. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20128Google Scholar
Sippel, L. M., Jones, R. E., Bordieri, M. J., Dixon, L. J., May, A. C., Malkin, M. L., … Coffey, S. F. (2015). Interactive effects of anxiety sensitivity and difficulties in emotion regulation: An examination among individuals in residential substance use treatment with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39(2), 245252.Google Scholar
Smits, J. A., Berry, A. C., Tart, C. D., & Powers, M. B. (2008). The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral interventions for reducing anxiety sensitivity: A meta-analytic review. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(9), 10471054.Google Scholar
Spinhoven, P., Batelaan, N., Rhebergen, D., van Balkom, A., Schoevers, R., & Penninx, B. W. (2016). Prediction of 6-yr symptom course trajectories of anxiety disorders by diagnostic, clinical and psychological variables. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 44, 92101.Google Scholar
Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2016). A systematic review of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among police officers, firefighters, EMTs, and paramedics. Clinical Psychology Review, 44, 2544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.12.002Google Scholar
Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Spencer-Thomas, S., & Joiner, T. E. (2017). Examining anxiety sensitivity as a mediator of the association between PTSD symptoms and suicide risk among women firefighters. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 50, 94102.Google Scholar
Stein, M. B., Simmons, A. N., Feinstein, J. S., & Paulus, M. P. (2007). Increased amygdala and insula activation during emotion processing in anxiety-prone subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(2), 318327.Google Scholar
Stewart, S. H., Karp, J., Pihl, R. O., & Peterson, R. A. (1997). Anxiety sensitivity and self-reported reasons for drug use. Journal of Substance Abuse, 9(1), 223240. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3289(97)90018–3Google Scholar
Stewart, S. H. & Pihl, R. O. (1994). Effects of alcohol administration on psychophysiological and subjective-emotional responses to aversive stimulation in anxiety-sensitive women. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 8, 2942.Google Scholar
Stewart, S. H., Samoluk, S. B., & MacDonald, A. B. (1999). Anxiety sensitivity and substance use and abuse. In Taylor, S. (ed.), Anxiety Sensitivity: Theory, Research, and Treatment of Fear of Anxiety (pp. 287320). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Stewart, S. H., & Zeitlin, S. B. (1995). Anxiety sensitivity and alcohol use motives. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 9(3), 229240. https://doi.org/10.1016/0887–6185(95)00004–8Google Scholar
Stewart, S. H., Zvolensky, M. J., & Eifert, G. H. (2001). Negative-reinforcement drinking motives mediate the relation between anxiety sensitivity and increased drinking behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(2), 157171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00213–0Google Scholar
Storch, E. A., Wu, M. S., Small, B. J., Crawford, E. A., Lewin, A. B., Horng, B., & Murphy, T. K. (2014). Mediators and moderators of functional impairment in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(3), 489496.Google Scholar
Taylor, C. T., Hirshfeld-Becker, D. R., Ostacher, M. J., Chow, C. W., LeBeau, R. T., Pollack, M. H., … Simon, N. M. (2008). Anxiety is associated with impulsivity in bipolar disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(5), 868876.Google Scholar
Taylor, S. (2014). Anxiety Sensitivity: Theory, Research, and Treatment of the Fear of Anxiety: New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Taylor, S., Koch, W. J., Woody, S., & McLean, P. (1996). Anxiety sensitivity and depression: How are they related? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105(3), 474479. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.474Google Scholar
Teale Sapach, M. J., Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., Weeks, J. W., & Heimberg, R. G. (2015). Cognitive constructs and social anxiety disorder: Beyond fearing negative evaluation. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44(1), 6373.Google Scholar
Telch, M. J., Lucas, J. A., & Nelson, P. (1989). Nonclinical panic in college students: An investigation of prevalence and symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98(3), 300306.Google Scholar
Torres, L. & Mata-greve, F. (2016). Anxiety sensitivity as a predictor of Latino alcohol use: A moderated mediational model. Journal of Latina/o Psychology, 5(2), 6175.Google Scholar
Tull, M. T., Barrett, H. M., McMillan, E. S., & Roemer, L. (2007). A preliminary investigation of the relationship between emotion regulation difficulties and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Behavior Therapy, 38(3), 303313.Google Scholar
Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychology Review, 117(2), 575600.Google Scholar
Viana, A. G., Paulus, D. J., Bakhshaie, J., Garza, M., Valdivieso, J., Ochoa-Perez, M., … Zvolensky, M. J. (2017). Emotional nonacceptance within the context of traumatic event exposure: The explanatory role of anxiety sensitivity for traumatic stress symptoms and disability among Latinos in a primary care setting. General Hospital Psychiatry, 44, 3037.Google Scholar
Vujanovic, A. A., Bernstein, A., Berenz, E. C., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2012). Single-session anxiety sensitivity reduction program for trauma-exposed adults: A case series documenting feasibility and initial efficacy. Behavior Therapy, 43(3), 482491.Google Scholar
Wald, J. & Taylor, S. (2007). Efficacy of interoceptive exposure therapy combined with trauma-related exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(8), 10501060.Google Scholar
Wald, J. & Taylor, S. (2008). Responses to interoceptive exposure in people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A preliminary analysis of induced anxiety reactions and trauma memories and their relationship to anxiety sensitivity and PTSD symptom severity. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 37(2), 90100.Google Scholar
Waszczuk, M., Zavos, H., & Eley, T. (2013). Genetic and environmental influences on relationship between anxiety sensitivity and anxiety subscales in children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(5), 475484.Google Scholar
Watt, M., Stewart, S., Birch, C., & Bernier, D. (2006). Brief CBT for high anxiety sensitivity decreases drinking problems, relief alcohol outcome expectancies, and conformity drinking motives: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Mental Health, 15(6), 683695. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638230600998938Google Scholar
Wheaton, M. G., Deacon, B. J., McGrath, P. B., Berman, N. C., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2012). Dimensions of anxiety sensitivity in the anxiety disorders: Evaluation of the ASI-3. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(3), 401408.Google Scholar
Woicik, P. A., Stewart, S. H., Pihl, R. O., & Conrod, P. J. (2009). The substance use risk profile scale: A scale measuring traits linked to reinforcement-specific substance use profiles. Addictive Behaviors, 34(12), 10421055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.07.001Google Scholar
Worden, B. L., Davis, E., Genova, M., & Tolin, D. F. (2015). Development of an anxiety sensitivity (AS) intervention for high-AS individuals in substance use disorders treatment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39(3), 343355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-014–9666-0Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO). ( 2002). Revised global burden of disease (GBD) 2002 estimates. Estimates by WHO Region and Sub-region. Disability adjusted life years (DALY).Google Scholar
Yang, Y., Lueken, U., Wittmann, A., Holtz, K., Kleint, N. I., Herrmann, M. J., … Straube, B. (2016). Neural correlates of individual differences in anxiety sensitivity: An fMRI study using semantic priming. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11(8), 12451254. http://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw024Google Scholar
Zerach, G. & Magal, O. (2016). Anxiety sensitivity among first-time fathers moderates the relationship between exposure to stress during birth and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204(5), 381387.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M., Ellison, W., Young, D., Chelminski, I., & Dalrymple, K. (2015). How many different ways do patients meet the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 56, 2934.Google Scholar
Zvielli, A., Bernstein, A., & Berenz, E. C. (2012). Exploration of a factor mixture-based taxonic-dimensional model of anxiety sensitivity and transdiagnostic psychopathology vulnerability among trauma-exposed adults. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41(1), 6378.Google Scholar
Zvolensky, M. J., Bakhshaie, J., Garza, M., Paulus, D. J., Valdivieso, J., Lam, H., … Vujanovic, A. (2015). Anxiety sensitivity and mindful attention in terms of anxiety and depressive symptoms and disorders among Latinos in primary care. Psychiatry Research, 229(1–2), 245251.Google Scholar
Zvolensky, M. J., Bakhshaie, J., Garza, M., Valdivieso, J., Ortiz, M., Bogiaizian, D., … Vujanovic, A. (2015). The role of anxiety sensitivity in the relation between experiential avoidance and anxious arousal, depressive, and suicidal symptoms among Latinos in primary care. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39(5), 688–669.Google Scholar
Zvolensky, M. J., Bakhshaie, J., Garza, M., Valdivieso, J., Ortiz, M., Bogiaizian, D., … Vujanovic, A. (2015). Anxiety sensitivity and subjective social status in relation to anxiety and depressive symptoms and disorders among Latinos in primary care. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 32, 3845.Google Scholar
Zvolensky, M. J., Paulus, D. J., Bakhshaie, J., Garza, M., Ochoa-Perez, M., Medvedeva, A., … Schmidt, N. B. (2016). Interactive effect of negative affectivity and anxiety sensitivity in terms of mental health among Latinos in primary care. Psychiatry Research, 243, 3542.Google Scholar

References

Adams, T. G. & Lohr, J. M. (2012). Disgust mediates the relation between attentional shifting and contamination aversion. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43(4), 975980. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.03.002Google Scholar
Allan, N. P., Short, N. A., Albanese, B. J., Keough, M. E., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). Direct and mediating effects of an anxiety sensitivity intervention on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in trauma-exposed individuals. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44(6), 512524. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2015.1075227Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Angyal, A. (1941). Disgust and related aversions. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 36(3), 393412.Google Scholar
Armstrong, T., Sarawgi, S., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012). Attentional bias toward threat in contamination fear: Overt components and behavioral correlates. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(1), 232237. doi: 10.1037/a0024453Google Scholar
Athey, A. J., Elias, J. A., Crosby, J. M., Jenike, M. A., Pope, H. G., Hudson, J. I., & Brennan, B. P. (2015). Reduced disgust propensity is associated with improvement in contamination/washing symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 4, 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2014.11.001Google Scholar
Badour, C. L. & Feldner, M. T. (2016). Disgust and imaginal exposure to memories of sexual trauma: Implications for the treatment of posttraumatic stress. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(3), 267275. doi: 10.1037/tra0000079Google Scholar
Badour, C. L., Ojserkis, R., McKay, D., & Feldner, M. T. (2014). Disgust as a unique affective predictor of mental contamination following sexual trauma. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(7), 704711. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.07.007Google Scholar
Barnes-Holmes, D., Barnes-Holmes, Y., Power, P., Hayden, E., Milne, R., & Stewart, I. (2006). Do you really know what you believe? Developing the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a direct measure of implicit beliefs. Irish Psychologist, 32, 169177.Google Scholar
Barsky, A. J., Ettner, S. L., Horsky, J., & Bates, D. W. (2001). Resource utilization of patients with hypochondriacal health anxiety and somatization. Medical Care, 39(7).Google Scholar
Berle, D., Starcevic, V., Brakoulias, V., Sammut, P., Milicevic, D., Hannan, A., & Moses, K. (2012). Disgust propensity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Cross-sectional and prospective relationships. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43(1), 656663. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.09.002Google Scholar
Blakey, S. M., Reuman, L., Jacoby, R. J., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2015). Tracing “Fearbola”: Psychological predictors of anxious responding to the threat of Ebola. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39(6), 816825. doi: 10.1007/s10608-015–9701-9Google Scholar
Bomyea, J. & Allard, C. B. (2017). Trauma‐related disgust in veterans with interpersonal trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(2), 149156. doi: 10.1002/jts.22169Google Scholar
Bomyea, J. & Amir, N. (2012). Disgust propensity as a predictor of intrusive cognitions following a distressing film. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(3), 190198. doi: 10.1007/s10608-010–9331-1Google Scholar
Borg, C., de Jong, P. J., Renken, R. J., & Georgiadis, J. R. (2013). Disgust trait modulates frontal-posterior coupling as a function of disgust domain. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8(3), 351358. doi: 10.1093/scan/nss006Google Scholar
Brady, R. E., Cisler, J. M., & Lohr, J. M. (2014). Specific and differential prediction of health anxiety by disgust sensitivity and propensity. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 27(1), 9099. doi: 10.1080/10615806.2013.772588Google Scholar
Brand, J., McKay, D., Wheaton, M. G., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2013). The relationship between obsessive compulsive beliefs and symptoms, anxiety and disgust sensitivity, and swine flu fears. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 2(2), 200206. doi: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.01.007Google Scholar
Calder, A. J., Lawrence, A. D., & Young, A. W. (2001). Neuropsychology of fear and loathing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 352363. doi: 10.1038/35072584Google Scholar
Capron, D. W. & Schmidt, N. B. (2016). Development and randomized trial evaluation of a novel computer-delivered anxiety sensitivity intervention. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 81, 4755. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2016.04.001Google Scholar
Carretié, L., Ruiz-Padial, E., López-Martín, S., & Albert, J. (2011). Decomposing unpleasantness: Differential exogenous attention to disgusting and fearful stimuli. Biological Psychology, 86, 247253. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.12.005Google Scholar
Cavanagh, K. & Davey, G. C. L. (2000). The development of a measure of individual differences in disgust. Paper presented to the British Psychological Society.Google Scholar
Chapman, H. A., Johannes, K., Poppenk, J. L., Moscovitch, M., & Anderson, A. K. (2013). Evidence for the differential salience of disgust and fear in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(4), 11001112. doi: 10.1037/a0030503Google Scholar
Charash, M. & McKay, D. (2002). Attention bias for disgust. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16(5), 529541. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00171–8Google Scholar
Charash, M. & McKay, D. (2009). Disgust and contamination fear: Attention, memory, and judgment of stimulus situations. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 2(1), 5365. doi: 10.1521/ijct.2009.2.1.53Google Scholar
Charash, M., McKay, D., & Dipaolo, N. (2006). Implicit attention bias for disgust. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 19(4), 353364. doi: 10.1080/10615800601055915Google Scholar
Cisler, J. M., Olatunji, B. O., & Lohr, J. M. (2009). Disgust sensitivity and emotion regulation potentiate the effect of disgust propensity on spider fear, blood-injection-injury fear, and contamination fear. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40(2), 219229. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2008.10.002Google Scholar
Cisler, J. M., Olatunji, B. O., Lohr, J. M., & Williams, N. L. (2009). Attentional bias differences between fear and disgust: Implications for the role of disgust in disgust-related anxiety disorders. Cognition and Emotion, 23(4), 675687. doi: 10.1080/02699930802051599Google Scholar
Cougle, J. R., Summers, B. J., Harvey, A. M., Dillon, K. H., & Allan, N. P. (2016). Contamination-focused exposure as a treatment for disgust-based fears: A preliminary test in spider-fearful women. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 44, 640651. doi: 10.1017/S1352465816000333Google Scholar
Craske, M. G. (2003). The Origins of Phobias and Anxiety Disorders: Why More Women Than Men? Oxford: Elsevier Science.Google Scholar
Curtis, V. & Biran, A. (2001). Dirt, disgust, and disease. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 44(1), 1731.Google Scholar
Curtis, V., de Barra, M., & Aunger, R. (2011). Disgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviour. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366, 389401. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0117Google Scholar
Darwin, C., Ekman, P., & Prodger, P. (2009). The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (200th Anniversary Edition). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1872).Google Scholar
Davey, G. C. L. & Bond, N. (2006). Using controlled comparisons in disgust psychopathology research: The case of disgust, hypochondriasis and health anxiety. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 37, 415. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.09.001Google Scholar
Davey, G. C., Buckland, G., Tantow, B., & Dallos, R. (1998). Disgust and eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review, 6(3), 201211. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099–0968(199809)6:3<201::AID-ERV224>3.0.CO;2-EGoogle Scholar
David, B., Olatunji, B. O., Armstrong, T., Ciesielski, B. G., Bondy, C. L., & Broman-Fulks, J. (2009). Incremental specificity of disgust sensitivity in the prediction of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms: Cross-sectional and prospective approaches. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40(4), 533543. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.07.004Google Scholar
Deacon, B. J. & Maack, D. J. (2008). The effects of safety behaviors on the fear of contamination: An experimental investigation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(4), 537547. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.01.010Google Scholar
Deacon, B. J. & Olatunji, B. O. (2007). Specificity of disgust sensitivity in the prediction of behavioral avoidance in contamination fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(9), 21102120. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.03.008Google Scholar
De Houwer, J. (2002). The Implicit Association Test as a tool for studying dysfunctional associations in psychopathology: Strengths and limitations. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 33, 115133.Google Scholar
de Jong, P. J., Andrea, H., & Muris, P. (1997). Spider phobia in children: Disgust and fear before and after treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(6), 559562. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00002–8Google Scholar
de Jong, P. J. & Merckelbach, H. (1998). Blood-injection-injury phobia and fear of spiders: Domain specific individual differences in disgust sensitivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 24(2), 153158. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00178–5Google Scholar
de Jong, P. J., Peters, M., & Vanderhallen, I. (2002). Disgust and disgust sensitivity in spider phobia: Facial EMG in response to spider and oral disgust imagery. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16, 477493.Google Scholar
de Jong, P. J., van Overveld, M., & Peters, M. L. (2011). Sympathetic and parasympathetic responses to a core disgust video clip as a function of disgust propensity and disgust sensitivity. Biological Psychology, 88(2–3), 174179. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.07.009Google Scholar
de Jong, P. J., Vorage, I., & van den Hout, M. A. (2000). Counterconditioning in the treatment of spider phobia: Effects on disgust, fear and valence. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(11), 10551069. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00135–7Google Scholar
Definitions of the RDoC Domains and Constructs. (n.d.). Retrieved October 23, 2017, from www.nimh.nih.gov/research-priorities/rdoc/definitions-of-the-rdoc-domains-and-constructs.shtml.Google Scholar
Druschel, B. A. & Sherman, M. F. (1999). Disgust sensitivity as a function of the Big Five and gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 739748.Google Scholar
Duchowski, A. T. (2002). A breadth-first survey of eye-tracking applications. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 34(4), 455470. doi: 10.3758/BF03195475Google Scholar
Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. V. (1978). Facial Action Coding System (FACS): A Technique for the Measurement of Facial Action. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
Elwood, L. S., Riskind, J. H., & Olatunji, B. O. (2011). Looming vulnerability: Incremental validity of a fearful cognitive distortion in contamination fears. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35, 4047. doi: 10.1007/s10608-009–9277-3Google Scholar
Engelhard, I. M., Olatunji, B. O., & de Jong, P. J. (2011). Disgust and the development of posttraumatic stress among soldiers deployed to Afghanistan. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(1), 5863. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.08.003Google Scholar
Fallon, A. E., Rozin, P., & Pliner, P. (1984). The child’s conception of food: The development of food rejections with special reference to disgust and contamination sensitivity. Child Development, 55(2), 566575.Google Scholar
Fan, Q. & Olatunji, B. O. (2013). Individual differences in disgust sensitivity and health-related avoidance: Examination of specific associations. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(5), 454458. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.04.007Google Scholar
Fergus, T. A. & Valentiner, D. P. (2009). The Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity Scale – Revised: An examination of a reduced-item version. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 703710. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.02.009Google Scholar
Ferré, P., Haro, J., & Hinojosa, J. A. (2017). Be aware of the rifle but do not forget the stench: Differential effects of fear and disgust on lexical processing and memory. Cognition and Emotion, 116. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1356700Google Scholar
Goetz, A. R., Lee, H. J., Cougle, J. R., & Turkel, J. E. (2013). Disgust propensity and sensitivity: Differential relationships with obsessive-compulsive symptoms and behavioral approach task performance. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 2(4), 412419. doi: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.07.006Google Scholar
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 14641480.Google Scholar
Haidt, J., McCauley, C. R., & Rozin, P. (1994). Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors. Personality and Individual Differences, 16(5), 701713. doi: 10.1016/0191–8869(94)90212–7Google Scholar
Huijding, J. & de Jong, P. J. (2007). Beyond fear and disgust: The role of (automatic) contamination-related associations in spider phobia. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38, 200211. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.10.009Google Scholar
Husted, D. S., Shapira, N. A., & Goodman, W. K. (2006). The neurocircuitry of obsessive-compulsive disorder and disgust. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 30(3), 389399. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.11.024Google Scholar
Kang, J. I., Kim, S. J., Namkoong, K., & An, S. K. (2010). Association of DRD4 and COMT polymorphisms with disgust sensitivity in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychobiology, 61, 105112. doi: 10.1159/000275822Google Scholar
Keough, M. E. & Schmidt, N. B. (2012). Refinement of a brief anxiety sensitivity reduction intervention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(5), 766772. doi: 10.1037/a0027961Google Scholar
Kim, E. H., Ebesutani, C., Young, J., & Olatunji, B. O. (2013). Factor structure of the Disgust Scale-Revised in an adolescent sample. Assessment, 20(5), 620631. doi: 10.1177/1073191111434200Google Scholar
Kleinknecht, R. A., Kleinknecht, E. E., & Thorndike, R. M. (1997). The role of disgust and fear in blood and injection-related fainting symptoms: A structural equation model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(12), 10751087.Google Scholar
Knowles, K. A., Viar-Paxton, M. A., Riemann, B. C., Jacobi, D. M., & Olatunji, B. O. (2016). Is disgust proneness sensitive to treatment for OCD among youth? Examination of diagnostic specificity and symptom correlates. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 44, 4754. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.09.011Google Scholar
Koch, M. D., Neill, H. K. O., Sawchuk, C. N., & Connolly, K. (2002). Domain-specific and generalized disgust sensitivity in blood-injection-injury phobia: The application of behavioral approach/avoidance tasks. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16, 511527. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00170–6Google Scholar
Kollareth, D. & Russell, J. A. (2017). The English word disgust has no exact translation in Hindi or Malayalam. Cognition and Emotion, 31(6), 11691180. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1202200Google Scholar
Kraines, M. A., Kelberer, L. J. A., & Wells, T. T. (2016). Sex differences in attention to disgust facial expressions. Cognition and Emotion, 16. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1244044Google Scholar
Krusemark, E. A. & Li, W. (2011). Do all threats work the same way? Divergent effects of fear and disgust on sensory perception and attention. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(9), 34293434. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4394–10.2011Google Scholar
Leutgeb, V., Schäfer, A., Köchel, A., Scharmüller, W., & Schienle, A. (2010). Psychophysiology of spider phobia in 8- to 12-year-old girls. Biological Psychology, 85(3), 424431. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.09.004Google Scholar
Levenson, R. W. (1992). Autonomic nervous system differences among emotions. Psychological Science, 3(1), 2327. doi: 10.1111/j.1467–9280.1992.tb00251.xGoogle Scholar
Liu, Y., Zhang, D., & Luo, Y. (2015). How disgust facilitates avoidance: An ERP study on attention modulation by threats. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10, 598604. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsu094Google Scholar
Ludvik, D., Boschen, M. J., & Neumann, D. L. (2015). Effective behavioural strategies for reducing disgust in contamination-related OCD: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 42, 116129. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.07.001Google Scholar
Marzillier, S. & Davey, G. C. L. (2004). The emotional profiling of disgust-eliciting stimuli: Evidence for primary and complex disgusts. Cognition and Emotion, 18(3), 313336. doi: 10.1080/02699930341000130Google Scholar
Mason, E. C. & Richardson, R. (2010). Looking beyond fear: The extinction of other emotions implicated in anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(1), 6370. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.08.007Google Scholar
Mataix-Cols, D., An, S. K., Lawrence, N. S., Caseras, X., Speckens, A., Giampietro, V., … Phillips, M. L. (2008). Individual differences in disgust sensitivity modulate neural responses to aversive/disgusting stimuli. European Journal of Neuroscience, 27(11), 30503058. doi: 10.1111/j.1460–9568.2008.06311.xGoogle Scholar
Matchett, G. & Davey, G. C. L. (1991). A test of a disease-avoidance model of animal phobias. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29(1), 9194. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(09)80011–9Google Scholar
McEvedy, C. (1988). The bubonic plague. Scientific American, 258(2), 118123. www.jstor.org/stable/24988987Google Scholar
McKay, D. (2006). Treating disgust reactions in contamination-based obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 37(1), 5359. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.09.005Google Scholar
Mulkens, S. A. N., de Jong, P. J., & Merckelbach, H. (1996). Disgust and spider phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105(3), 464468. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.464Google Scholar
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Schmidt, H., & Tierney, S. (1999). Disgust sensitivity, trait anxiety and anxiety disorders symptoms in normal children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 953961. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00045–5Google Scholar
Muris, P., van der Heiden, S., & Rassin, E. (2008). Disgust sensitivity and psychopathological symptoms in non-clinical children. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39(2), 133146. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.02.001Google Scholar
Nicholson, E. & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2012). Developing an implicit measure of disgust propensity and disgust sensitivity: Examining the role of implicit disgust propensity and sensitivity in obsessive-compulsive tendencies. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43(3), 922930. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.02.001Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O. (2010). Changes in disgust correspond with changes in symptoms of contamination-based OCD: A prospective examination of specificity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(3), 313317. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.01.003Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O. (2015). Selective effects of excessive engagement in health-related behaviours on disgust propensity. Cognition and Emotion, 29(5), 3741. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2014.951314Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O., Adams, T., Ciesielski, B., David, B., Sarawgi, S., & Broman-Fulks, J. (2012). The Three Domains of Disgust Scale: Factor structure, psychometric properties, and conceptual limitations. Assessment, 19(2), 205225. doi: 10.1177/1073191111432881Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O., Armstrong, T., & Elwood, L. (2017). Is disgust proneness associated with anxiety and related disorders? A qualitative review and meta-analysis of group comparison and correlational studies. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(4), 613648. doi: 10.1177/1745691616688879Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O., Armstrong, T., Fan, Q., & Zhao, M. (2014). Risk and resiliency in posttraumatic stress disorder: Distinct roles of anxiety and disgust sensitivity. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(1), 5055.Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O. & Broman-Fulks, J. J. (2007). A taxometric study of the latent structure of disgust sensitivity: Converging evidence for dimensionality. Psychological Assessment, 19(4), 437448. doi: 10.1037/1040–3590.19.4.437Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O., Cisler, J. M., Deacon, B. J., Connolly, K. M., & Lohr, J. M. (2007). The Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity Scale-Revised: Psychometric properties and specificity in relation to anxiety disorder symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(7), 918930. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.12.005Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O., Cisler, J. M., McKay, D., & Phillips, M. L. (2010). Is disgust associated with psychopathology? Emerging research in the anxiety disorders. Psychiatry Research, 175(1–2), 110. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.04.007Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O., Ebesutani, C., David, B., Fan, Q., & McGrath, P. B. (2011). Disgust proneness and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a clinical sample: Structural differentiation from negative affect. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(7), 932938. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.05.006Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O., Ebesutani, C., & Kim, E. H. (2016). Does the measure matter? On the association between disgust proneness and OCD symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 44, 6372. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.10.010Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O., Haidt, J., McKay, D., & David, B. (2008). Core, animal reminder, and contamination disgust: Three kinds of disgust with distinct personality, behavioral, physiological, and clinical correlates. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 12431259. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2008.03.009Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O., Huijding, J., de Jong, P. J., & Smits, J. A. J. (2011). The relative contributions of fear and disgust reductions to improvements in spider phobia following exposure-based treatment. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42(1), 117121. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.07.007Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O., Lohr, J. M., Sawchuk, C. N., & Tolin, D. F. (2007). Multimodal assessment of disgust in contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(2), 263276. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.03.004Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O., Moretz, M. W., McKay, D., Bjorklund, F., de Jong, P. J., Haidt, J., … Schienle, A. (2009). Confirming the three-factor structure of the Disgust Scale-Revised in eight countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40(2), 234255.Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O., Moretz, M. W., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., McKay, D., McGrath, P. B., & Ciesielski, B. G. (2010). Disgust vulnerability and symptoms of contamination-based OCD: Descriptive tests of incremental specificity. Behavior Therapy, 41(4), 475490. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2009.11.005Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O., Sawchuk, C. N., de Jong, P. J., & Lohr, J. M. (2006). The structural relation between disgust sensitivity and blood-injection-injury fears: A cross-cultural comparison of US and Dutch data. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 37(1), 1629. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.09.002Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O., Sawchuk, C. N., de Jong, P. J., & Lohr, J. M. (2007). Disgust sensitivity and anxiety disorder symptoms: Psychometric properties of the Disgust Emotion Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29, 115124. doi: 10.1007/s10862-006–9027-8Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O., Sawchuk, C. N., Lohr, J. M., & de Jong, P. J. (2004). Disgust domains in the prediction of contamination fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 93104. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00102–5Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O., Tart, C. D., Ciesielski, B. G., McGrath, P. B., & Smits, J. A. J. (2011). Specificity of disgust vulnerability in the distinction and treatment of OCD. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(9), 12361242. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.01.018Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O., Williams, N. L., Lohr, J. M., Connolly, K. M., Cisler, J. M., & Meunier, S. A. (2007). Structural differentiation of disgust from trait anxiety in the prediction of specific anxiety disorder symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(12), 30023017. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.08.011Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O., Williams, N. L., Tolin, D. F., Abramowitz, J. S., Sawchuk, C. N., Lohr, J. M., & Elwood, L. S. (2007). The Disgust Scale: Item analysis, factor structure, and suggestions for refinement. Psychological Assessment, 19(3), 281297. doi: 10.1037/1040–3590.19.3.281Google Scholar
Page, A. C. (1994). Blood-injury phobia. Clinical Psychology Review, 14(5), 443461. doi: 10.1016/0272–7358(94)90036–1Google Scholar
Phillips, M. L., Fahy, T., David, A. S., & Senior, C. (1998). Disgust: The forgotten emotion of psychiatry. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 373375. doi: 10.1192/bjp.172.5.373Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32(1), 325. doi: 10.1080/00335558008248231Google Scholar
Quigley, J. F., Sherman, M. F., & Sherman, N. C. (1997). Personality disorder symptoms, gender, and age as predictors of adolescent disgust sensitivity. Personality & Individual Differences, 22(5), 661667.Google Scholar
Rachman, S. (2004). Fear of contamination. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(11), 12271255. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2003.10.009Google Scholar
Richardson, D. C. & Spivey, M. J. (2004). Eye tracking: Characteristics and methods. Encyclopedia of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, 3, 10281042.Google Scholar
Riskind, J. H. & Williams, N. L. (2006). A unique vulnerability common to all anxiety disorders: The looming maladaptive style. In Alloy, L. B. & Riskind, J. H. (eds.), Cognitive Vulnerability to Emotional Disorders (pp. 175206). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. doi: 10.4324/9781410615787Google Scholar
Rohner, J.-C. (2002). The time-course of visual threat processing: High trait anxious individuals eventually avert their gaze from angry faces. Cognition and Emotion, 16(6), 837844. doi: 10.1080/02699930143000572Google Scholar
Rozin, P. & Fallon, A. E. (1987). A perspective on disgust. Psychological Review, 94(1), 2341. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.94.1.23Google Scholar
Rozin, P., Fallon, A. E., & Augustoni-Ziskind, M. (1985). The child’s conception of food: The development of contamination sensitivity to “disgusting” substances. Developmental Psychology, 21(6), 10751079. doi: 10.1037/0012–1649.21.6.1075Google Scholar
Rozin, P., Fallon, A. E., & Mandell, R. (1984). Family resemblance in attitudes to foods. Developmental Psychology, 20(2), 309314. doi: 10.1037/0012–1649.20.2.309Google Scholar
Rozin, P., Haidt, J., & McCauley, C. R. (2008). Disgust. In Lewis, M., Haviland-Jones, J. M., & Barrett, L. F. (eds.), Handbook of Emotions (3rd edn) (pp. 757776). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Rozin, P., Haidt, J., McCauley, C. R., Dunlop, L., & Ashmore, M. (1999). Individual differences in disgust sensitivity: Comparisons and evaluations of paper-and-pencil versus behavioral measures. Journal of Research in Personality, 33(3), 330351. doi: 10.1006/jrpe.1999.2251Google Scholar
Rozin, P., Lowery, L., & Ebert, R. (1994). Varieties of disgust faces and the structure of disgust. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(5), 870881. doi: 10.1037/0022–3514.66.5.870Google Scholar
Rozin, P. & Millman, L. (1987). Family environment, not heredity, accounts for family resemblances in food preferences and attitudes: A twin study. Appetite, 8, 125134.Google Scholar
Rozin, P. & Nemeroff, C. (1990). The laws of sympathetic magic: A psychological analysis of similarity and contagion. In Stigler, J. W., Shweder, R. A., & Herdt, G. (eds.), Cultural Psychology: Essays on Comparative Human Development (pp. 205232). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sawchuk, C. N., Lohr, J. M., Lee, T. C., & Tolin, D. F. (1999). Exposure to disgust-evoking imagery and information processing biases in blood-injection-injury phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37(3), 249257. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00127–2Google Scholar
Sawchuk, C. N., Lohr, M., Tolin, D. F., Lee, T. C., & Kleinknecht, R. A. (2000). Disgust sensitivity and contamination fears in spider and blood-injection-injury phobias. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 753762. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00093–5Google Scholar
Sawchuk, C. N., Lohr, J. M., Westendorf, D. H., Meunier, S. A., & Tolin, D. F. (2002). Emotional responding to fearful and disgusting stimuli in specific phobics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(9), 10311046. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00093–6Google Scholar
Schmidt, N. B., Eggleston, A. M., Woolaway-Bickel, K., Fitzpatrick, K. K., Vasey, M. W., & Richey, J. A. (2007). Anxiety Sensitivity Amelioration Training (ASAT): A longitudinal primary prevention program targeting cognitive vulnerability. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(3), 302319. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.06.002Google Scholar
Schmidt, N. B., Zvolensky, M. J., & Maner, J. K. (2006). Anxiety sensitivity: Prospective prediction of panic attacks and Axis I pathology. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 40(8), 691699. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.07.009Google Scholar
Shapira, N. A., Liu, Y., He, A. G., Bradley, M. M., Lessig, M. C., James, G. A., … Goodman, W. K. (2003). Brain activation by disgust-inducing pictures in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 54(7), 751756. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00003–9Google Scholar
Sherlock, J. M., Zietsch, B. P., Tybur, J. M., & Jern, P. (2016). The quantitative genetics of disgust sensitivity. Emotion, 16(1), 4351. doi: 10.1037/emo0000101Google Scholar
Stein, D. J. & Bouwer, C. (1997). A neuro-evolutionary approach to the anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11(4), 409429. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6185(97)00019–4Google Scholar
Stein, D. J., Liu, Y., Shapira, N. A., & Goodman, W. K. (2001). The psychobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: How important is the role of disgust? Current Psychiatry Reports, 3(4), 281287. doi: 10.1007/s11920-001–0020-3Google Scholar
Stevenson, R. J., Oaten, M. J., Case, T. I., Repacholi, B. M., & Wagland, P. (2010). Children’s response to adult disgust elicitors: Development and acquisition. Developmental Psychology, 46(1), 165177. doi: 10.1037/a0016692Google Scholar
Taboas, W., Ojserkis, R., & McKay, D. (2014). Change in disgust reactions following cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety disorders. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 15(1), 17. doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2014.06.002Google Scholar
Teachman, B. A. (2006). Pathological disgust: In the thoughts, not the eye, of the beholder. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 19(4), 335351. doi: 10.1080/10615800601055923Google Scholar
Teachman, B. A., Gregg, A. P., & Woody, S. R. (2001). Implicit processing of fear-relevant stimuli among individuals with snake and spider fears. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(2), 226235. doi: 10.1037//0021-843X.110.2.226Google Scholar
Timpano, K. R., Raines, A. M., Shaw, A. M., Keough, M. E., & Schmidt, N. B. (2016). Effects of a brief anxiety sensitivity reduction intervention on obsessive compulsive spectrum symptoms in a young adult sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 83, 815. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.022Google Scholar
Thorpe, S. J., Barnett, J., Friend, K., & Nottingham, K. (2011). The mediating roles of disgust sensitivity and danger expectancy in relation to hand washing behaviour. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 39(2), 175190. doi: 10.1017/S1352465810000676Google Scholar
Thorpe, S. J., Patel, S. P., & Simonds, L. M. (2003). The relationship between disgust sensitivity, anxiety and obsessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 13971409. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00058–5Google Scholar
Tolin, D. F., Woods, C. M., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2006). Disgust sensitivity and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a non-clinical sample. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 37(1), 3040. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.09.003Google Scholar
Troop, N. A., Treasure, J. L., & Serpell, L. (2002). A further exploration of disgust in eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review, 10(3), 218226.Google Scholar
Tsao, S. D. & McKay, D. (2004). Behavioral avoidance tests and disgust in contamination fears: Distinctions from trait anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(2), 207216. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00119–0Google Scholar
Tybur, J. M., Lieberman, D., & Griskevicius, V. (2009). Microbes, mating, and morality: Individual differences in three functional domains of disgust. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(1), 103122. doi: 10.1037/a0015474Google Scholar
van Hooff, J. C., Devue, C., Vieweg, P. E., & Theeuwes, J. (2013). Disgust- and not fear-evoking images hold our attention. Acta Psychologica, 143, 16. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.02.001Google Scholar
van Overveld, W. J. M., de Jong, P. J., & Peters, M. L. (2009). Digestive and cardiovascular responses to core and animal-reminder disgust. Biological Psychology, 80, 149157. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.08.002Google Scholar
van Overveld, W. J. M., de Jong, P. J., & Peters, M. L. (2010). The Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity Scale – Revised: Its predictive value for avoidance behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(7), 706711. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.06.008Google Scholar
van Overveld, W. J. M., de Jong, P. J., Peters, M. L., Cavanagh, K., & Davey, G. C. L. (2006). Disgust propensity and disgust sensitivity: Separate constructs that are differentially related to specific fears. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 12411252. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.021Google Scholar
van Overveld, W. J. M., de Jong, P. J., Peters, M. L., van Hout, W. J. P. J., & Bouman, T. K. (2008). An Internet-based study on the relation between disgust sensitivity and emetophobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(3), 524531. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.04.001Google Scholar
Viar-Paxton, M. A., Ebesutani, C., Kim, E. H., Ollendick, T. H., Young, J., & Olatunji, B. O. (2015). Development and initial validation of the Child Disgust Scale. Psychological Assessment, 27(3), 115. doi: 10.1037/a0038925Google Scholar
Vossbeck-Elsebusch, A. N. & Gerlach, A. L. (2012). The relation between disgust-sensitivity, blood-injection-injury fears and vasovagal symptoms in blood donors: Disgust sensitivity cannot explain fainting or blood donation-related symptoms. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43, 607613. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.08.005Google Scholar
Vossbeck-Elsebusch, A. N., Steinigeweg, K., Vögele, C., & Gerlach, A. L. (2012). Does disgust increase parasympathetic activation in individuals with a history of fainting? A psychophysiological analysis of disgust stimuli with and without blood-injection-injury association. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(8), 849858. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.07.003Google Scholar
Vrana, S. R. (1993). The psychophysiology of disgust: Differentiating negative emotional contexts with facial EMG. Psychophysiology, 30(3), 279286. doi: 10.1111/j.1469–8986.1993.tb03354.xGoogle Scholar
Walls, M. M. & Kleinknecht, R. A. (1996). Disgust factors as predictors of blood-injury fear and fainting. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western Psychological Association, San Jose, CA.Google Scholar
Ware, J., Jain, K., Burgess, I., & Davey, G. C. L. (1994). Disease-avoidance model: Factor analysis of common animal fears. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32(1), 5763. doi: 10.1016/0005–7967(94)90084–1Google Scholar
Watkins, T. J., Di Iorio, C. R., Olatunji, B. O., Benningfield, M. M., Blackford, J. U., Dietrich, M. S., … Cowan, R. L. (2015). Disgust proneness and associated neural substrates in obesity. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11(3), 458465. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsv129Google Scholar
Weck, F., Esch, S., & Rohrmann, S. (2014). The role of disgust in patients with hypochondriasis. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 27(5), 576586. doi: 10.1080/10615806.2013.873793Google Scholar
Weierich, M. R., Treat, T. A., & Hollingworth, A. (2008). Theories and measurement of visual attentional processing in anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 22. doi: 10.1080/02699930701597601Google Scholar
Wheaton, M. G., Abramowitz, J. S., Berman, N. C., Fabricant, L. E., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012). Psychological predictors of anxiety in response to the H1N1 (swine flu) pandemic. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36, 210218. doi: 10.1007/s10608-011–9353-3Google Scholar
Whitton, A. E., Henry, J. D., & Grisham, J. R. (2014). Moral rigidity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Do abnormalities in inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility and disgust play a role? Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 45(1), 152159. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.10.001Google Scholar
Wicker, B., Keysers, C., Plailly, J., Royet, J.-P., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (2003). Both of us disgusted in my insula: The common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron, 40, 655664. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00679–2Google Scholar
Williams, N. L., Olatunji, B. O., Elwood, L. S., Connolly, K. M., & Lohr, J. M. (2006). Cognitive vulnerability to disgust: Development and validation of the Looming of Disgust Questionnaire. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 19(4), 365382. doi: 10.1080/10615800601053910Google Scholar
Woody, S. R., McLean, C., & Klassen, T. (2005). Disgust as a motivator of avoidance of spiders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 461475. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.04.002Google Scholar
Woody, S. R. & Tolin, D. F. (2002). The relationship between disgust sensitivity and avoidant behavior: Studies of clinical and nonclinical samples. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16(5),543559. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00173–1Google Scholar
Wright, P., He, G., Shapira, N. A., Goodman, W. K., & Liu, Y. (2004). Disgust and the insula: fMRI responses to pictures of mutilation and contamination. Neuroreport, 15(15), 23472351. doi: 10.1097/00001756–200410250-00009Google Scholar
Zhang, D., Liu, Y., Zhou, C., Chen, Y., & Luo, Y. (2014). Spatial attention effects of disgusted and fearful faces. PloS One, 9(7). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101608Google Scholar
Zinkernagel, A., Hofmann, W., Dislich, F. X. R., Gschwendner, T., & Schmitt, M. (2011). Indirect assessment of implicit disgust sensitivity. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 237243. doi: 10.1027/1015–5759/a000078Google Scholar

References

Akers, K. G., Yang, Z., DelVecchio, D. P., Reeb, B. C., Romeo, R. D., McEwen, B. S., & Tang, A. C. (2008). Social competitiveness and plasticity of neuroendocrine function in old age: Influence of neonatal novelty exposure and maternal care reliability. PLoS ONE, 3, e2840. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002840Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Arborelius, L., Owens, M. J., Plotsky, P. M., & Nemeroff, C. B. (1999). The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders. Journal of Endocrinology, 160, 112. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.1600001Google Scholar
Armfield, J. M. (2006). Cognitive vulnerability: A model of the etiology of fear. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 746768. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.03.007Google Scholar
Bach, D. R. & Dolan, R. J. (2012). Knowing how much you don’t know: A neural organization of uncertainty estimates. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13, 572586. doi: 10.1038/nrn3289Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191215. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44, 11751184. doi: 10.1037/0003-066x.44.9.1175Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Bar-Anan, Y., Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2009). The feeling of uncertainty intensifies affective reactions. Emotion, 9, 123127. doi: 10.1037/a0014607Google Scholar
Barlow, D. H. (2000). Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory. American Psychologist, 55, 12471263. doi: 10.1037/0003-066x.55.11.1247Google Scholar
Barlow, D. H., Ellard, K. K., Sauer-Zavala, S., Bullis, J. R., & Carl, J. R. (2014). The origins of neuroticism. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9, 481496. doi: 10.1177/1745691614544528Google Scholar
Barlow, D. H., Sauer-Zavala, S., Carl, J. R., Bullis, J. R., & Ellard, K. K. (2014). The nature, diagnosis, and treatment of neuroticism: Back to the future. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(3), 344365. doi: 10.1177/2167702613505532Google Scholar
Behar, E., DiMarco, I. D., Hekler, E. B., Mohlman, J., & Staples, A. M. (2009). Current theoretical models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): Conceptual review and treatment implications. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 10111023. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.006Google Scholar
Berenbaum, H., Bredemeier, K., & Thompson, R. J. (2008). Intolerance of uncertainty: Exploring its dimensionality and associations with need for cognitive closure, psychopathology, and personality. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 117125. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.01.004Google Scholar
Birrell, J., Meares, K., Wilkinson, A., & Freeston, M. (2011). Toward a definition of intolerance of uncertainty: A review of factor analytical studies of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 11981208. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.009Google Scholar
Boelen, P. A. & Reijntjes, A. (2009). Intolerance of uncertainty and social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 130135. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.04.007Google Scholar
Boelen, P. A., Reijntjes, A., & Smid, G. (2016). Concurrent and prospective associations of intolerance of uncertainty with symptoms of prolonged grief, posttraumatic stress, and depression after bereavement. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 6572. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.004Google Scholar
Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O. M., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In Heimberg, R., Turk, C., & Mennin, D. (eds.), Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Advances in Research and Practice (pp. 77108). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Borkovec, T. D., Ray, W. J., & Stöber, J. (1998). Worry: A cognitive phenomenon intimately linked to affective, physiological, and interpersonal behavioral processes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 561576. doi: 10.1023/A:1018790003416Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1973). Separation: Anxiety and Anger. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Brosschot, J. F., Verkuil, B., & Thayer, J. B. (2016). The default response to uncertainty and the importance of perceived safety in anxiety and stress: An evolution-theoretical perspective. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 2234. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.04.012Google Scholar
Brosschot, J. F., Verkuil, B., & Thayer, J. B. (2017). Exposed to events that never happen: Generalized unsafety, the default stress response, and prolonged autonomic activity. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 74, 287296. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.019Google Scholar
Brown, M., Roginson, L., Campione, G. C., Wuensch, K., Hildebrandt, T., & Micali, N. (2017). Intolerance of uncertainty in eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Eating Disorders Review. doi: 10.1002/erv.2523Google Scholar
Buhr, K. & Dugas, M. J. (2006). Investigating the construct validity of intolerance of uncertainty and its unique relationship with worry. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 222236. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.12.004Google Scholar
Buhr, K. & Dugas, M. J. (2009). The role of fear of anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty in worry: An experimental manipulation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 215223. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.12.004Google Scholar
Burke, H. M., Davis, M. C., Otte, C., & Mohr, D. C. (2005). Depression and cortisol responses to psychological stress: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 846856. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneune.2005.02.010Google Scholar
Capuron, L. & Miller, A. H. (2011). Immune system to brain signaling: Neuropsychopharmacological implications. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 130, 226238. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.014Google Scholar
Carl, J. R., Gallagher, M. W., Sauer-Zavala, S. E., Bentley, K. H., & Barlow, D. H. (2014). A preliminary investigation of the effects of the unified protocol on temperament. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55, 14261434.Google Scholar
Carleton, R. N. (2012). The intolerance of uncertainty construct in the context of anxiety disorders: Theoretical and practical perspectives. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 12, 937947. doi: 10.1586/ERN.12.82Google Scholar
Carleton, R. N. (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty and PTSD symptoms: Exploring the construct relationship in a community sample with a heterogeneous trauma history. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37, 725734. doi: 10.1007/s10608-013–9531-6Google Scholar
Carleton, R. N. (2016a). Fear of the unknown: One fear to rule them all? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 521. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.011Google Scholar
Carleton, R. N. (2016b). Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 39, 3043. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.007Google Scholar
Carleton, R. N., Collimore, K. C., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2010). “It’s not just the judgements – it’s that I don’t know”: Intolerance of uncertainty as a predictor of social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 189195. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.10.007Google Scholar
Carleton, R. N., Fetzner, M. G., Hackl, J. L., & McEvoy, P. (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty as a contributor to fear and avoidance symptoms of panic attacks. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 42, 328341. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2013.792100Google Scholar
Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., Thibodeau, M. A., McCabe, R. E., Antony, M. M., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2012). Increasingly certain about uncertainty: Intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 468479. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.011Google Scholar
Carleton, R. N., Norton, P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2007). Fearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 105117. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.014Google Scholar
Carleton, R. N., Sharpe, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2007). Anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty: Requisites of the fundamental fears? Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 23072316. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.006Google Scholar
Carleton, R. N., Weeks, J. W., Howell, A. N., Asmundson, G. J. G., Antony, M. M., & McCabe, R. E. (2012). Assessing the latent structure of the intolerance of uncertainty construct: An initial taxometric analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 150157. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.10.006Google Scholar
Clark, D. A. & Beck, A. T. (2010). Cognitive Therapy of Anxiety Disorders: Science and Practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Davis, M., Walker, D. L., Miles, L., & Grillon, C. (2009). Phasic vs sustained fear in rats and humans: Role of the extended amygdala in fear vs anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 105135. doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.109Google Scholar
de Moor, M. H. M., Costa, P. T., Terracciano, A., Krueger, R. F., de Geus, E. J. C., Toshiko, T., … Boomsma, D. I. (2012). Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for personality. Molecular Psychiatry, 17, 337349. doi: 10.1038/mp.2010.128Google Scholar
DeYoung, C. G., Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2011). Moderation of the association between childhood maltreatment and neuroticism by the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 gene. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 898906. doi: 10.1111/j.1469–7610.2011.02404.xGoogle Scholar
Drury, S. S., Sánchez, M. M., & Gonzalez, A. (2016). When mothering goes awry: Challenges and opportunities for utilizing evidence across rodent, nonhuman primate and human studies to better define the biological consequences of negative early caregiving. Hormones and Behavior, 77, 182192. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.10.007Google Scholar
Dugas, M. J., Brillon, P., Savard, P., Turcotte, J., Gaudet, A., Ladouceur, R., … Gervais, N. J. (2010). A randomized clinical trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy and applied relaxation for adults with generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 41, 4658. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2008.12.004Google Scholar
Dugas, M. J., Buhr, K., & Ladouceur, R. (2004). The role of intolerance of uncertainty in etiology and maintenance. In Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Mennin, D. S. (eds.), Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Advances in Research and Practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Dugas, M. J., Gagnon, F., Ladouceur, R., & Freeston, M. H. (1998). Generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary test of a conceptual model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 215226. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00070–3Google Scholar
Dugas, M. J., Ladouceur, R., Léger, E., Freeston, M. H., Langolis, F., Provencher, M. D., & Boisvert, J. M. (2003). Group cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: Treatment outcome and long-term follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 821825. doi: 10.1037/0022-006x.71.4.821Google Scholar
Dugas, M. J., Marchand, A., & Ladouceur, R. (2005). Further validation of a cognitive-behavioral model of generalized anxiety disorder: Diagnostic and symptom specificity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 329343. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.02.002Google Scholar
Einstein, D. A. (2014). Extension of the transdiagnostic model to focus on intolerance of uncertainty: A review of the literature and implications for treatment. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 21, 280300. doi: 10.1111/cpsp.12077Google Scholar
Eley, T. C., Gregory, A. M., Lau, J. Y. F., McGuffin, P., Napolitano, M., Rijsdijk, F. V., & Clark, D. M. (2008). In the face of uncertainty: A twin study of ambiguous information, anxiety and depression in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 5565. doi: 10.1007/s10802-007–9159-7Google Scholar
Fergus, T. A. & Bardeen, J. R. (2013). Anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty: Evidence of incremental specificity in relation to health anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 640644. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.05.016Google Scholar
Fetzner, MG, Horswill, SC, Boelen, PA, Carleton, RN. Intolerance of uncertainty and PTSD symptoms: Exploring the construct relationship in a community sample with a heterogeneous trauma history. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2013;37:725734. doi: 10.1007/s10608-013-9531-6.Google Scholar
Freeston, M., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry? Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 791802. doi: 10.1016/0191–8869(94)90048–5Google Scholar
Fullerton, J., Cubin, M., Tiwari, H., Wang, C., Bomhra, A., Davidson, S., … Flint, J. (2003). Linkage analysis of extremely discordant and concordant sibling pairs identifies quantitative-trait loci that influence variation in the human personality trait neuroticism. American Journal of Human Genetics, 72, 879890. doi: 10.1086/374178Google Scholar
Gentes, E. L. & Ruscio, A. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of the relation of intolerance of uncertainty to symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 923933. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.001Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. P., Krueger, R. F., Andrews, G., & Hobbs, M. J. (2009). Emotional disorders: Cluster 4 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11. Psychological Medicine, 39, 20432059. doi: 10.1017/s0033291709990298Google Scholar
Goosens, L., Sunaert, S., Peeters, R., Griez, E., & Schruers, K. (2007). Amygdala hyper function in phobic fear normalizes after exposure. Biological Psychiatry, 62, 11191125. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.024Google Scholar
Gorka, S. M., Lieberman, L., Shankman, S. A., & Phan, K. L. (2017a). Association between neural reactivity and startle reactivity to uncertain threat in two independent samples. Psychophysiology, 54, 652662. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12829Google Scholar
Gorka, S. M., Lieberman, L., Shankman, S. A., & Phan, K. L. (2017b). Startle potentiation to uncertain threat as a psychophysiological indicator of fear-based psychopathology: An examination across multiple internalizing disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126, 818. doi: 10.1037/abn0000233Google Scholar
Gorka, S. M., Nelson, B. D., Sarapas, C., Campbell, M., Lewis, G. F., Bishop, J. R., … Shankman, S. A. (2013). Relation between respiratory sinus arrhythmia and startle response during predictable and unpredictable threat. Journal of Psychophysiology, 27, 95104. doi: 10.1027/0269–8803/a000091Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1976). The behavioural inhibition system: A possible substrate for anxiety. In Feldman, M. P. & Broadhurst, A. M. (eds.), Theoretical and Experimental Bases of Behaviour Modification (pp. 341). London: Wiley.Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. & McNaughton, N. (2003). The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampal System, Second Edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Greco, V. & Roger, D. (2003). Uncertainty, stress, and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 10571068. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00091–0Google Scholar
Grenier, S., Barrette, A. M., & Ladouceur, R. (2005). Intolerance of uncertainty and intolerance of ambiguity: Similarities and differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 593600. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2005.02.014Google Scholar
Grillon, C., Baas, J. M. P., Pine, D. S., Lissek, S., Lawley, M., Ellis, V., & Levine, J. (2006). The benzodiazepine alprazolam dissociates contextual fear from cued fear in humans as assessed by fear-potentiated startle. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 760766. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.11.027Google Scholar
Grillon, C., Chavis, C., Covington, M. F., & Pine, D. S. (2009). Two-week treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram reduces contextual anxiety but not cued fear in healthy volunteers: A fear-potentiated startle study. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34, 964971. doi: 10.1038/npp.2008.141Google Scholar
Gross, J. & Barrett, L. F. (2011). Emotion generation and emotion regulation: One or two depends on your point of view. Emotion Review, 3, 816. doi: 10.1177/1754073910380974Google Scholar
Grupe, D. W. & Nitschke, J. B. (2013). Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety: An integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 14, 488501. doi: 10.1038/nrn3524Google Scholar
Hale, W., Richmond, M., Bennett, J., Berzins, T., Fields, A., Weber, D., … Osman, A. (2016). Resolving uncertainty about the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale–12: Application of modern psychometric strategies. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98, 200208. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2015.1070355Google Scholar
Harvey, A., Watkins, E., Mansell, W., & Shafran, R. (2004). Cognitive Behavioural Processes across Psychological Disorders: A Transdiagnostic Approach to Research and Treatment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hebert, E. A., Dugas, M. J., Tulloch, T. G., & Holowka, D. W. (2014). Positive beliefs about worry: A psychometric evaluation of the Why Worry-II. Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 38. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.009Google Scholar
Helzer, J. E., Kraemer, H. C., & Krueger, R. F. (2006). The feasibility and need for dimensional psychiatric diagnoses. Psychological Medicine, 36, 1671. doi: 10.1017/s003329170600821xGoogle Scholar
Hettema, J. M., An, S. S., Neale, M. C., Bukszar, J., van den Oord, E. J. C. G., Kendler, K. S., & Chen, X. (2006). Association between glutamic acid decarboxylase genes and anxiety disorders, major depression, and neuroticism. Molecular Psychiatry, 11, 752762. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001845Google Scholar
Holaway, R. M., Heimberg, R. G., & Coles, M. E. (2006). A comparison of intolerance of uncertainty in analogue obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 158174. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.01.002Google Scholar
Holmes, E. A., Lang, T. J., & Deeprose, C. (2009). Mental imagery and emotion in treatment across disorders: Using the example of depression. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 38(S1), 2128. doi: 10.1080/16506070902980729Google Scholar
Holmes, E. A. & Mathews, A. (2005). Mental imagery and emotion: A special relationship? Emotion, 5, 489497. doi: 10.1037/1528–3542.5.4.489Google Scholar
Hong, R. Y. & Cheung, M. W. L. (2015). The structure of cognitive vulnerabilities to depression and anxiety: Evidence for a common core etiologic process based on a meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychological Science, 3, 892912. doi: 10.1177/2167702614553789Google Scholar
Hong, R. Y. & Lee, S. S. (2015). Further clarifying prospective and inhibitory intolerance of uncertainty: Factorial and construct validity of test scores from the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Psychological Assessment, 27, 605620. doi: 10.1037/pas0000074Google Scholar
Imada, H. & Nageishi, Y. (1982). The concept of uncertainty in animal experiments using aversive stimulation. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 573588. doi: 10.1037/0033–2909.91.3.573Google Scholar
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., … Wang, P. (2010). Research domain criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 748751. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379Google Scholar
Jacoby, R. J., Abramowitz, J. S., Buck, B. E., & Fabricant, L. E. (2014). How is the beads task related to intolerance of uncertainty in anxiety disorders? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 495503. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.05.005Google Scholar
Jacoby, R. J., Abramowitz, J. S., Reuman, L., & Blakey, S. M. (2016). Enhancing the ecological validity of the beads task as a behavioral measure of intolerance of uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 4349. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.003Google Scholar
Jacoby, R. J., Fabricant, L. E., Leonard, R. C., Riemann, B. C., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2013). Just to be certain: Confirming the factor structure of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27, 535542. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.07.008Google Scholar
Jensen, D. & Heimberg, R. G. (2015). Domain-specific intolerance of uncertainty in socially anxious and contamination-focused obsessive-compulsive individuals. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44, 5462. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2014.959039Google Scholar
Kagan, J. & Snidman, N. (2004). The Long Shadow of Temperament. Boston, MA: Harvard College.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Aggen, S. H., Jacobson, K. C., & Neale, M. C. (2003). Does the level of family dysfunction moderate the impact of genetic factors on the personality trait of neuroticism? Psychological Medicine, 33, 817825. doi: 10.1017/S0033291703007840Google Scholar
Koerner, N. & Dugas, M. J. (2006). A cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder: The role of intolerance of uncertainty. In Davey, G. C. L. & Wells, A. (eds.), Worry and Its Psychological Disorders: Theory, Assessment and Treatment (pp. 201216). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing. doi: 10.1002/9780470713143.ch12Google Scholar
Koerner, N. & Dugas, M. J. (2008). An investigation of appraisals in individuals vulnerable to excessive worry: The role of intolerance of uncertainty. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 619638. doi: 10.1007/s10608-007–9125-2Google Scholar
Koerner, N., Mejia, T., & Kusec, A. (2017). What’s in a name? Intolerance of uncertainty, other uncertainty-relevant constructs, and their differential relations to worry and generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 46, 141161. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2016.1211172Google Scholar
Kozak, M. J. & Cuthbert, B. N. (2016). The NIMH research domain criteria initiative: background, issues, and pragmatics. Psychophysiology, 53, 286297. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12518Google Scholar
Kuo, P.-H., Neale, M. C., Riley, B. P., Patterson, D. G., Walsh, D., Prescott, C. A., & Kendler, K. S. (2007). A genome-wide linkage analysis for the personality trait neuroticism in the Irish affected sib-pair study of alcohol dependence. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B-NeuroPsychiatric Genetics, 144B, 463468. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30478Google Scholar
Ladouceur, R., Blais, F., Freeston, M. H., & Dugas, M. J. (1998). Problem solving and problem orientation in generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12, 139152. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00002–4Google Scholar
Ladouceur, R., Dugas, M., Freeston, M., Léger, É., Gagnon, F., & Thibodeau, N. (2000). Efficacy of a cognitive-behavioural treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: Evaluation in a controlled clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 957964. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.68.6.957Google Scholar
Ladouceur, R., Talbot, F., & Dugas, M. J. (1997). Behavioral expressions of intolerance of uncertainty in worry: Experimental findings. Behavior Modification, 21, 355371. doi: 10.1177/01454455970213006Google Scholar
Lawford, B. R., Young, R., Noble, E. P., Kann, B., & Ritchie, T. (2006). The D-2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene is associated with co-morbid depression, anxiety and social dysfunction in untreated veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. European Psychiatry, 21, 180185. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.01.006Google Scholar
Lewinsohn, P. M., Shankman, S. A., Gau, J. M., & Klein, D. N. (2004). The prevalence and co-morbidity of subthreshold psychiatric conditions. Psychological Medicine, 34, 613622. doi: 10.1017/s0033291703001466Google Scholar
Lo, M.-T., Hinds, D. A., Tung, J. Y., Franz, C., Fan, C.-C., Wang, Y., … Chen, C.-H. (2017). Genome-wide analyses for personality traits identify six genomic loci and show correlations with psychiatric disorders. Nature Genetics, 49, 152156. doi: 10.1038/ng.3736Google Scholar
Mahoney, A. E. & McEvoy, P. M. (2012a). Changes in intolerance of uncertainty during cognitive behavior group therapy for social phobia. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43, 849854. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.12.004Google Scholar
Mahoney, A. E. & McEvoy, P. M. (2012b). Trait versus situation-specific intolerance of uncertainty in a clinical sample with anxiety and depressive disorders. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41, 2639. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2011.622131Google Scholar
Mahoney, A. E. & McEvoy, P. M. (2012c). A transdiagnostic examination of intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depressive disorders. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41, 212222. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2011.622130Google Scholar
Mathes, B. M., Oglesby, M. E., Short, N. A., Portero, A. K., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2017). An examination of the role of intolerance of distress and uncertainty in hoarding symptoms. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 72, 121129. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.10.007Google Scholar
McEvoy, P. M. & Erceg-Hurn, D. M. (2016). The search for universal transdiagnostic and trans-therapy change processes: Evidence for intolerance of uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 96107. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.002Google Scholar
McEvoy, P. M. & Mahoney, A. E. (2011). Achieving certainty about the structure of intolerance of uncertainty in a treatment-seeking sample with anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 112122. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.08.010Google Scholar
Merswolken, M., Deter, H.-C., Siebenhuener, S., Orth-Gomer, K., & Weber, C. S. (2013). Anxiety as predictor of the cortisol awakening response in patients with coronary heart disease. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20, 461467. doi: 10.1007/s12529-012–9233-6Google Scholar
Moehler, E., Kagan, J., Oelkers-Ax, R., Brunner, R., Poustka, L., Haffner, J., & Resch, F. (2008). Infant predictors of behavioural inhibition. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 26, 145150. doi: 10.1348/026151007X206767Google Scholar
Moors, A. (2009). Theories of emotion causation: A review. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 625662. doi: 10.1080/02699930802645739Google Scholar
Moors, A., Ellsworth, P. C., Scherer, K. R., & Frijda, N. H. (2013). Appraisal theories of emotion: State of the art and future development. Emotion Review, 5, 119124. doi: 10.1177/1754073912468165Google Scholar
Morriss, J., Christakou, A., & van Reekum, C. M. (2015). Intolerance of uncertainty predicts fear extinction in amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortical circuitry. Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders, 5, 113. doi: 10.1186/s13587-015–0019-8Google Scholar
Morriss, J., Christakou, A., & van Reekum, C. M. (2016). Nothing is safe: Intolerance of uncertainty is associated with compromised fear extinction learning. Biological Psychology, 121, 187193. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.05.001Google Scholar
Morriss, J., Macdonald, B., & van Reekum, C. M. (2016). What is going on around here? Intolerance of uncertainty predicts threat generalization. PLoS ONE, 11, e0154494. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154494Google Scholar
Murphy, T. M., O’Donovan, A., Mullins, N., O’Farrelly, C., McCann, A., & Malone, K. (2015). Anxiety is associated with higher levels of global DNA methylation and altered expression of epigenetic and interleukin-6 genes. Psychiatric Genetics, 25, 7178. doi: 10.1097/YPG.0000000000000055Google Scholar
Nash, M. W., Huezo-Diaz, P., Sterne, A., Purcell, S., Hoda, F., Cherny, S. S., … Sham, P. C. (2004). Genome-wide linkage analysis of a composite index of neuroticism and mood-related scales in extreme selected sibships. Human Molecular Genetics, 13, 21732182. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddh239Google Scholar
Nash, M. W., Sugden, K., Huezo-Diaz, P., Williamson, R., Sterne, A., Purcell, S., … Craig, I. W. (2005). Association analysis of monoamine genes with measures of depression and anxiety in a selected community sample of siblings. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B-Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 135B, 3337. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30063Google Scholar
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2016). Behavioral Assessment Methods for RDoC Constructs: A report by the National Advisory Mental Health Council Workgroup on Tasks and Measures for Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). Retrieved from www.nimh.nih.gov/about/advisory-boards-and-groups/namhc/reports/rdoc_council_workgroup_report_153440.pdf.Google Scholar
Nelson, B. D., Hajcak, G., & Shankman, S. A. (2015). Event-related potentials to acoustic startle probes during the anticipation of predictable and unpredictable threat. Psychophysiology, 52, 887894. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12418Google Scholar
Nelson, B. D., Liu, H., Sarapas, C., & Shankman, S. A. (2016). Intolerance of uncertainty mediates the relationship between panic and the startle reflex in anticipation of unpredictable threat. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 7, 172189. doi: 10.5127/jep.048115Google Scholar
Nelson, B. D. & Shankman, S. A. (2011). Does intolerance of uncertainty predict anticipatory startle responses to uncertain threat? International Journal of Psychophysiology, 81, 107115. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.05.003Google Scholar
Nelson, B. D., Shankman, S. A., & Proudfit, G. H. (2014). Intolerance of uncertainty mediates reduced reward anticipation in major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 158, 108113. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.014Google Scholar
Oglesby, M. E., Gibby, B. A., Mathes, B. M., Short, N. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2017). Intolerance of uncertainty and posttraumatic stress symptoms: An investigation within a treatment seeking trauma-exposed sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 72, 3440. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.08.011Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O. & Sawchuk, C. N. (2005). Disgust: Characteristic features, social manifestations, and clinical implications. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27, 932962.Google Scholar
Pan, Y., Cheng, Q., Shan, M.-S., & Yan, J. (2015). Association between polymorphism of the norepinephrine transporter gene rs2242446 and rs5669 loci and depression disorders. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 8, 1883718842. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4694404/Google Scholar
Ryu, S. H., Lee, S. H., Lee, H. J., Cha, J. H., Ham, B. J., Han, C. S., … Lee, M. S. (2004). Association between norepinephrine transporter gene polymorphism and major depression. Neuropsychobiology, 49, 174177. doi: 10.1159/000077361Google Scholar
Sacharin, V., Sander, D., & Scherer, K. R. (2012). The perception of changing emotion expressions. Cognition and Emotion, 26, 12731300. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2012.656583Google Scholar
Sanislow, C. A., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K. J., Kozak, M. J., Garvey, M. A., Heinssen, R. K., … Cuthbert, B. N. (2010). Developing constructs for psychopathology research: Research domain criteria. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 631639. doi: 10.1037/a0020909Google Scholar
Scherer, K. R. (2009). The dynamic architecture of emotion: Evidence for the component process model. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 13071351. doi: 10.1080/02699930902928969Google Scholar
Scherer, K. R. (2013). The nature and dynamics of relevance and valence appraisals: Theoretical advances and recent evidence. Emotion Review, 5, 150162. doi: 10.1177/1754073912468166Google Scholar
Schmitz, A. & Grillon, C. (2012). Assessing fear and anxiety in humans using the threat of predictable and unpredictable aversive events (the NPU-threat test). Nature Protocols, 7, 527532. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2012.001Google Scholar
Shihata, S., McEvoy, P. M., & Mullan, B. A. (2017). Pathways from uncertainty to anxiety: An evaluation of a hierarchical model of trait and disorder-specific intolerance of uncertainty on anxiety disorder symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 45, 7279. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.12.001Google Scholar
Shihata, S., McEvoy, P., Mullan, B. A., & Carleton, R. N. (2016). Intolerance of uncertainty in emotional disorders: What uncertainties remain? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 115124. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.05.001Google Scholar
Singer, T., Critchley, H. D., & Preuschoff, K. (2009). A common role of insula in feelings, empathy and uncertainty. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 334340. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2009.05.001Google Scholar
Smith, G. W., Aubry, J. M., Dellu, F., Contarino, A., Bilezikjian, L. M., Gold, L. H., … Lee, K. F. (1998). Corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1-deficient mice display decreased anxiety, impaired stress response, and aberrant neuroendocrine development. Neuron, 20, 10931102. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80491–2Google Scholar
Southwick, S. M., Vythilingam, M., & Charney, D. S. (2005). The psychobiology of depression and resilience to stress: Implications for prevention and treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 255291. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143948Google Scholar
Tang, A. C., Akers, K. G., Reeb, B. C., Romeo, R. D., & McEwen, B. S. (2006). Programming social, cognitive, and neuroendocrine development by early exposure to novelty. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 1571615721. doi: 10.1073/pnas. 0607374103Google Scholar
Tang, A. C., Reeb-Sutherland, B. C., Romeo, R. D., & McEwen, B. S. (2012). Reducing behavioral inhibition to novelty via systematic neonatal novelty exposure: The influence of maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal regulation. Biological Psychiatry, 72, 150156. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.021Google Scholar
Taylor, S., Zvolensky, M. J., Cox, B. J., Deacon, B., Heimberg, R. G., Ledley, D. R., … Cardenas, S. J. (2007). Robust dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: Development and initial validation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3. Psychological Assessment, 19, 176188. doi: 10.1037/1040–3590.19.2.176Google Scholar
Teale Sapach, M. J. N., Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., Weeks, J. W., & Heimberg, R. G. (2015). Cognitive constructs and social anxiety disorder: Beyond fearing negative evaluation. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44, 6373. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2014.961539Google Scholar
Thayer, J. F., Åhs, F., Fredrikson, M., Sollers, J. J., & Wager, T. D. (2012). A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: Implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36, 747756. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.11.009Google Scholar
Thibodeau, M. A., Carleton, R. N., Gómez-Pérez, L., & Asmundson, G. J. (2013). “What if I make a mistake?”: Intolerance of uncertainty is associated with poor behavioral performance. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201, 760766. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182a21298Google Scholar
Thibodeau, M. A., Carleton, R. N., McEvoy, P., Zvolensky, M. J., Brandt, C. P., Boelen, P. A., … Asmundson, G. J. G. (2015). Developing scales measuring disorder-specific intolerance of uncertainty (DSIU): A new perspective on transdiagnostic. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 31, 4957. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.01.006Google Scholar
Thompson, S. C. (1981). Will it hurt less if I can control it? A complex answer to a simple question. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 89101. doi: 10.1037/0033–2909.90.1.89Google Scholar
Timpl, P., Spanagel, R., Sillaber, I., Kresse, A., Reul, J., Stalla, G. K., … Wurst, W. (1998). Impaired stress response and reduced anxiety in mice lacking a functional corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1. Nature Genetics, 19, 162166. doi: 10.1038/520Google Scholar
Tyrka, A. R., Wier, L. M., Price, L. H., Rikhye, K., Ross, N. S., Anderson, G. M., … Carpenter, L. L. (2008). Cortisol and ACTH responses to the Dex/CRH test: Influence of temperament. Hormones and Behavior, 53, 518525. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.12.004Google Scholar
van der Heiden, C., Muris, P., & van der Molen, H. T. (2012). Randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy and intolerance-of-uncertainty therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 100. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2011.12.005Google Scholar
Vukasovic, T. & Bratko, D. (2015). Heritability of personality: A meta-analysis of behavior genetic studies. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 769785. doi: 10.1037/bul0000017Google Scholar
Walker, S., O’Connor, D. B., Schaefer, A., Talbot, D., & Hendrickx, H. (2011). The cortisol awakening response: Associations with trait anxiety and stress reactivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 123127. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.026Google Scholar
Wever, M., Smeets, P., & Sternheim, L. (2015). Neural correlates of intolerance of uncertainty in clinical disorders. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 27, 345353. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.14120387Google Scholar
Wright, K. D., Lebell, M. A. N. A., & Carleton, R. N. (2016). Intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety sensitivity, health anxiety, and anxiety disorder symptoms in youth. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 3542. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.04.011Google Scholar
Yehuda, R., Daskalakis, N. P., Lehrner, A., Desarnaud, F., Bader, H. N., Makotkine, I., … Meaney, M. J. (2014). Influences of maternal and paternal PTSD on epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in Holocaust survivor offspring. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 872880. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13121571Google Scholar
Zlomke, K. R. & Jeter, K. M. (2014). Stress and worry: Examining intolerance of uncertainty’s moderating effect. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 27, 202215. doi: 10.1080/10615806.2013.835400Google Scholar

References

Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 217237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004Google Scholar
Allan, N. P., Macatee, R. J., Norr, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2014). Direct and interactive effects of distress tolerance and anxiety sensitivity on generalized anxiety and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38(5), 530540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-014–9623-yGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edn). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Amstadter, A. B., Daughters, S. B., MacPherson, L., Reynolds, E. K., Danielson, C. K., Wang, F., … Lejuez, C. W. (2012). Genetic associations with performance on a behavioral measure of distress intolerance. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46(1), 8794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.09.017Google Scholar
Anestis, M. D., Tull, M. T., Bagge, C. L., & Gratz, K. L. (2012). The moderating role of distress tolerance in the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters and suicidal behavior among trauma exposed substance users in residential treatment. Archives of Suicide Research, 16(3), 198211. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2012.695269Google Scholar
Auerbach, R. P., Abela, J. R. Z., & Ho, M. R. (2007). Responding to symptoms of depression and anxiety: Emotion regulation, neuroticism, and engagement in risky behaviors. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 21822191.Google Scholar
Banducci, A. N., Bujarski, S. J., Bonn-Miller, M. O., Patel, A., & Connolly, K. M. (2016). The impact of intolerance of emotional distress and uncertainty on veterans with co-occurring PTSD and substance use disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 7381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.003Google Scholar
Banducci, A. N., Connolly, K. M., Vujanovic, A. A., Alvarez, J., & Bonn-Miller, M. O. (2017). The impact of changes in distress tolerance on PTSD symptom severity post-treatment among veterans in residential trauma treatment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 47, 99105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.01.004Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44(9), 1175.Google Scholar
Barlow, D. H., Farchione, T. J., Bullis, J. R., Gallagher, M. W., Murray-Latin, H., Sauer-Zavala, S., … Cassiello-Robbins, C. (2017). The unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders compared with diagnosis-specific protocols for anxiety disorders: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.2164Google Scholar
Battaglia, M., Pesenti-Gritti, P., Medland, S. E., Ogliari, A., Tambs, K., & Spatola, C. A. (2009). A genetically informed study of the association between childhood separation anxiety, sensitivity to CO2, panic disorder, and the effect of childhood parental loss. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 6471.Google Scholar
Berenz, E. C., Vujanovic, A. A., Coffey, S. F., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2012). Anxiety sensitivity and breath-holding duration in relation to PTSD symptom severity among trauma exposed adults. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(1), 134139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.10.004Google Scholar
Berenz, E. C., Vujanovic, A. A., Rappaport, L., Kevorkian, S., Gonzalez, R. E., Chowdhury, N., … Amstadter, A. B. (in press). Multimodal study of childhood trauma and distress tolerance in young adulthood. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & TraumaGoogle Scholar
Berenz, E. C., Vujanovic, A. A., Rappaport, L., Kevorkian, S., Gonzalez, R. E., Chowdhury, N., … Amstadter, A. B. (2018). Childhood trauma and distress tolerance in a trauma-exposed acute-care psychiatric inpatient sample. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10, 368–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000300Google Scholar
Berking, M., Wirtz, C. M., Svaldi, J., & Hofmann, S. G. (2014). Emotion regulation predicts symptoms of depression over five years. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 57, 1320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.03.003Google Scholar
Bernstein, A., Zvolensky, M. J., Vujanovic, A. A., & Moos, R. (2009). Integrating anxiety sensitivity, distress tolerance, and discomfort intolerance: A hierarchical model of affect sensitivity and tolerance. Behavior Therapy, 40, 291301.Google Scholar
Bibb, J. L. & Chambless, D. L. (1986). Alcohol use and abuse among diagnosed agoraphobics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 4958.Google Scholar
Blakey, S. M., Jacoby, R. J., Reuman, L., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2016). The relative contributions of experiential avoidance and distress tolerance to OC symptoms. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 44(04), 460471. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465815000703Google Scholar
Bornovalova, M. A., Gratz, K. L., Daughters, S. B., Hunt, E. D., & Lejuez, C. W. (2012). Initial RCT of a distress tolerance treatment for individuals with substance use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 122(1–2), 7076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.09.012Google Scholar
Brandon, T. H., Herzog, T. A., Juliano, L. M., Irvin, J. E., Lazev, A. B., & Simmons, V. N. (2003). Pretreatment task persistence predicts smoking cessation outcome. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(3), 448456. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.112.3.448Google Scholar
Brandt, C. P., Johnson, K. A., Schmidt, N. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2012). Main and interactive effects of emotion dysregulation and breath-holding duration in relation to panic-relevant fear and expectancies about anxiety-related sensations among adult daily smokers. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(1), 173181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.10.007Google Scholar
Brandt, C. P., Zvolensky, M. J., & Bonn-Miller, M. O. (2013). Distress tolerance, emotion dysregulation, and anxiety and depressive symptoms among HIV+ individuals. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(3), 446455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-012–9497-9Google Scholar
Brown, R. A., Kahler, C. W., Zvolensky, M. J., Lejuez, C. W., & Ramsey, S. E. (2001). Anxiety sensitivity: Relationship to negative affect smoking and smoking cessation in smokers with past major depressive disorder. Addictive Behaviors, 26(6), 887899.Google Scholar
Brown, R. A., Lejuez, C. W., Kahler, C. W., Strong, D. R., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2005). Distress tolerance and early smoking lapse. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(6), 713733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.05.003Google Scholar
Brown, R. A., Lejuez, C. W., Strong, D. R., Kahler, C. W., Zvolensky, M. J., Carpenter, L. L., … Price, L. H. (2009). A prospective examination of distress tolerance and early smoking lapse in adult self-quitters. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 11(5), 493502. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntp041Google Scholar
Brown, R. A., Palm, K. M., Strong, D. R., Lejuez, C. W., Kahler, C. W., Zvolensky, M. J., … Gifford, E. V. (2008). Distress tolerance treatment for early-lapse smokers. Behavior Modification, 32(3), 302332. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445507309024Google Scholar
Buckner, J. D., Keough, M. E., & Schmidt, N. B. (2007). Problematic alcohol and cannabis use among young adults: The roles of depression and discomfort and distress tolerance. Addictive Behaviors, 32(9), 19571963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.12.019Google Scholar
Butler, A., Chapman, J., Forman, E., & Beck, A. (2006). The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(1), 1731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.003Google Scholar
Capron, D. W., Norr, A. M., Macatee, R. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2013). Distress tolerance and anxiety sensitivity cognitive concerns: Testing the incremental contributions of affect dysregulation constructs on suicidal ideation and suicide attempt. Behavior Therapy, 44(3), 349358.Google Scholar
Carleton, R. N. (2012). The intolerance of uncertainty construct in the context of anxiety disorders: Theoretical and practical perspectives. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 12(8), 937947. https://doi.org/10.1586/ern.12.82Google Scholar
Carleton, R. N. (2016). Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 39, 3043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.007Google Scholar
Chambless, D. L. & Ollendick, T. H. (2001). Empirically supported psychological interventions: Controversies and evidence. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 685716.Google Scholar
Cisler, J. M., Olatunji, B. O., Feldner, M. T., & Forsyth, J. P. (2010). Emotion regulation and the anxiety disorders: An integrative review. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 6882.Google Scholar
Clark, L. A. & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 316336.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. R., Danielson, C. K., Adams, Z. W., & Ruggiero, K. J. (2016). Distress tolerance and social support in adolescence: Predicting risk for internalizing and externalizing symptoms following a natural disaster. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(4), 538546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-016–9545-yGoogle Scholar
Cole, D. A. & Maxwell, S. E. (2003). Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: Questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(4), 558577. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.558Google Scholar
Cook, M. R., Gerkovich, M. M., O’Connell, K. A., & Potocky, M. (1995). Reversal theory constructs and cigarette availability predict lapse early in smoking cessation. Research in Nursing & Health, 18(3), 217224.Google Scholar
Cougle, J. R., Timpano, K. R., Fitch, K. E., & Hawkins, K. A. (2011). Distress tolerance and obsessions: An integrative analysis. Depression and Anxiety, 28(10), 906914. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20846Google Scholar
Cougle, J. R., Timpano, K. R., & Goetz, A. R. (2012). Exploring the unique and interactive roles of distress tolerance and negative urgency in obsessions. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(4), 515520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.017Google Scholar
Creed, A. T. & Funder, D. C. (1998). Social anxiety: From the inside and outside. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 1933.Google Scholar
Cronbach, L. J. & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), 281.Google Scholar
Cummings, J. R., Bornovalova, M. A., Ojanen, T., Hunt, E., MacPherson, L., & Lejuez, C. (2013). Time doesn’t change everything: The longitudinal course of distress tolerance and its relationship with externalizing and internalizing symptoms during early adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(5), 735748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012–9704-xGoogle Scholar
Cuthbert, B. N. & Insel, T. R. (2010). Toward new approaches to psychotic disorders: The NIMH Research Domain Criteria Project. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36(6), 10611062. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbq108Google Scholar
Daughters, S. B., Lejuez, C. W., Kahler, C. W., Strong, D. R., & Brown, R. A. (2005). Psychological distress tolerance and duration of most recent abstinence attempt among residential treatment-seeking substance abusers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 19(2), 208211. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.19.2.208Google Scholar
Daughters, S. B., Ross, T. J., Bell, R. P., Yi, J. Y., Ryan, J., & Stein, E. A. (2017). Distress tolerance among substance users is associated with functional connectivity between prefrontal regions during a distress tolerance task: Neural indices of DT. Addiction Biology, 22(5), 13781390. https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12396Google Scholar
Dennhardt, A. A. & Murphy, J. G. (2011). Associations between depression, distress tolerance, delay discounting, and alcohol-related problems in European American and African American college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(4), 595604. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025807Google Scholar
Doherty, K., Kinnunen, T., Militello, F. S., & Garvey, A. J. (1995). Urges to smoke during the first month of abstinence: Relationship to relapse and predictors. Psychopharmacology, 119(2), 171178.Google Scholar
Ellis, A. J., Vanderlind, W. M., & Beevers, C. G. (2013). Enhanced anger reactivity and reduced distress tolerance in major depressive disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(3), 498509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-012–9494-zGoogle Scholar
Etkin, A. & Wager, T. D. (2007). Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: A meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(10), 14761488.Google Scholar
Farris, S. G., Vujanovic, A. A., Hogan, J., Schmidt, N. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2014). Main and interactive effects of anxiety sensitivity and physical distress intolerance with regard to PTSD symptoms among trauma-exposed smokers. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 15(3), 254270. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2013.834862Google Scholar
Farris, S. G., Zvolensky, M. J., Otto, M. W., & Leyro, T. M. (2015). The role of distress intolerance for panic and nicotine withdrawal symptoms during a biological challenge. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 0269881115575536.Google Scholar
Felton, J. W., Banducci, A. N., Shadur, J. M., Stadnik, R., MacPherson, L., & Lejuez, C. W. (2017 ).The developmental trajectory of perceived stress mediates the relations between distress tolerance and internalizing symptoms among youth. Development and Psychopathology, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417000335Google Scholar
Forsyth, J. P., Eifert, G. H., & Barrios, V. (2006). Fear conditioning in an emotion regulation context: A fresh perspective on the origins of anxiety disorders. In Craske, M. G., Hermans, D., & Vansteenwegen, D. (eds.), Fear and Learning: From Basic Processes to Clinical Implications (pp. 133153). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Frenkel-Brunswik, E. (1948). Review of Personality: A biosocial approach to origins and structure. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/bul/45/4/348/.Google Scholar
Gorka, S. M., Ali, B., & Daughters, S. B. (2012). The role of distress tolerance in the relationship between depressive symptoms and problematic alcohol use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 26(3), 621626. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026386Google Scholar
Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Dufour, M. C., Compton, W., … Kaplan, K. (2006). Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Alcohol Research & Health, 29(2), 107121.Google Scholar
Greenberg, P. E., Sisitsky, T., Kessler, R. C., Finkelstein, S. N., Berndt, E. R., Davidson, J. R. T., … Fyer, A. J. (1999). The economic burden of anxiety disorders in the 1990s. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 427435.Google Scholar
Gross, J. J. & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In Gross, J. J. (ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Hajek, P., Belcher, M., & Stapelton, J. (1987). Breath-holding endurance as a predictor of success in smoking cessation. Addictive Behaviors, 12, 285288.Google Scholar
Harned, M. S., Korslund, K. E., Foa, E. B., & Linehan, M. M. (2012). Treating PTSD in suicidal and self-injuring women with borderline personality disorder: Development and preliminary evaluation of a dialectical behavior therapy prolonged exposure protocol. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(6), 381386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2012.02.011Google Scholar
Harrington, N. (2005). The Frustration Discomfort Scale: Development and psychometric properties. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 12(5), 374387. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.465Google Scholar
Hashoul-Andary, R., Assayag-Nitzan, Y., Yuval, K., Aderka, I. M., Litz, B., & Bernstein, A. (2016). A longitudinal study of emotional distress intolerance and psychopathology following exposure to a potentially traumatic event in a community sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(1), 113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-015–9730-4Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 11521168.Google Scholar
Henderson, J. (1973). A multiprofessional outpatient psychotherapy clinic: (An open letter to government). Canadian Journal of Public Health [Revue Canadienne de Santé Publique], 64, 455464.Google Scholar
Hettema, J. M., Prescott, C. A., Myers, J. M., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2005). The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for anxiety disorders in men and women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(2), 182189.Google Scholar
Hindorff, L. A., Sethupathy, P., Junkins, H. A., Ramos, E. M., Mehta, J. P., Collins, F. S., & Manolio, T. A. (2009). Potential etiologic and functional implications of genome-wide association loci for human diseases and traits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(23), 93629367.Google Scholar
Hines, E. A. & Brown, G. E. (1932). A standard stimulus for measuring vasomotor reactions: its application in the study of hypertension. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 7.Google Scholar
Insel, T. R. & Cuthbert, B. N. (2009). Endophenotypes: Bridging genomic complexity and disorder heterogeneity. Biological Psychiatry, 66(11), 988989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.008Google Scholar
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., … Wang, P. (2010). Research domain criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 748751.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Aggen, S. H., Knudsen, G. P., Røysamb, E., Neale, M. C., & Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2011). The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for syndromal and subsydromal common DSM-IV axis I and axis II disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 2939.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Neale, M. C., Kessler, R. C., Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1992). Major depression and generalized anxiety disorder: Same genes,(partly) different environments? Archives of General Psychiatry, 49(9), 716722.Google Scholar
Keough, M. E., Riccardi, C. J., Timpano, K. R., Mitchell, M. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2010). Anxiety symptomatology: The association with distress tolerance and anxiety sensitivity. Behavior Therapy, 41, 567574.Google Scholar
Kertz, S. J., Stevens, K. T., McHugh, R. K., & Björgvinsson, T. (2015). Distress intolerance and worry: The mediating role of cognitive variables. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 28(4), 408424. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2014.974571Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617627.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Gruber, M., Hettema, J. M., Hwang, I., Sampson, N., & Yonkers, K. A. (2008). Co-morbid major depression and generalized anxiety disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey follow-up. Psychological Medicine, 38(3).Google Scholar
Koball, A. M., Himes, S. M., Sim, L., Clark, M. M., Collazo-Clavell, M. L., Mundi, M., … Grothe, K. B. (2016). Distress tolerance and psychological comorbidity in patients seeking bariatric surgery. Obesity Surgery, 26(7), 15591564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-015–1926-xGoogle Scholar
Laposa, J. M., Collimore, K. C., Hawley, L. L., & Rector, N. A. (2015). Distress tolerance in OCD and anxiety disorders, and its relationship with anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 33, 814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.04.003Google Scholar
Lejeuz, C. W., Daughters, S. B., Danielson, C. W., & Ruggiero, K. (2006). The Behavioral Indicator of Resiliency to Distress (BIRD).Google Scholar
Lejeuz, C. W., Kahler, C. W., & Brown, R. A. (2003). A modified computer version of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) as a laboratory-based stressor. The Behavior Therapist, 26, 290293.Google Scholar
Leyro, T. M., Zvolensky, M. J., & Bernstein, A. (2010). Distress tolerance and psychopathological symptoms and disorders: A review of the empirical literature among adults. Psychological Bulletin, 136(4), 576600. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019712Google Scholar
Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Linehan, M. M., Bohus, M., & Lynch, T. R. (2007). Dialectical behavior therapy for pervasive emotion dysregulation. In Gross, J. J. (ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation (1st edn) (pp. 581605). New York, NY: Guildford Press.Google Scholar
Linehan, M. M., Dimeff, L. A., Reynolds, S. K., Comtois, K. A., Welch, S. S., Heagerty, P., & Kivlahan, D. R. (2002). Dialectical behavior therapy versus comprehensive validation therapy plus 12-step for the treatment of opioid dependent women meeting criteria for borderline personality disorder. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 67(1), 1326.Google Scholar
Lynch, T. R., Trost, W. T., Salsman, N., & Linehan, M. M. (2007). Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 181205. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095229Google Scholar
Macatee, R. J., Albanese, B. J., Allan, N. P., Schmidt, N. B., & Cougle, J. R. (2016). Distress intolerance as a moderator of the relationship between daily stressors and affective symptoms: Tests of incremental and prospective relationships. Journal of Affective Disorders, 206, 125132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.035Google Scholar
Macatee, R. J., Capron, D. W., Guthrie, W., Schmidt, N. B., & Cougle, J. R. (2015). Distress tolerance and pathological worry: Tests of incremental and prospective relationships. Behavior Therapy, 46(4), 449462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2015.03.003Google Scholar
Macatee, R. J., Capron, D. W., Schmidt, N. B., & Cougle, J. R. (2013). An examination of low distress tolerance and life stressors as factors underlying obsessions. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(10), 14621468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.06.019Google Scholar
Macatee, R. J. & Cougle, J. R. (2013). The roles of emotional reactivity and tolerance in generalized, social, and health anxiety: A multimethod exploration. Behavior Therapy, 44(1), 3950.Google Scholar
MacDonald, E. M., Pawluk, E. J., Koerner, N., & Goodwill, A. M. (2015). An examination of distress intolerance in undergraduate students high in symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44(1), 7484. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2014.964303Google Scholar
Magidson, J. F., Listhaus, A. R., Seitz-Brown, C. J., Anderson, K. E., Lindberg, B., Wilson, A., & Daughters, S. B. (2013). Rumination mediates the relationship between distress tolerance and depressive symptoms among substance users. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(3), 456465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-012–9488-xGoogle Scholar
Marshall, E. C., Zvolensky, M. J., Vujanovic, A. A., Gregor, K., Gibson, L. E., & Leyro, T. M. (2008). Panic reactivity to voluntary hyperventilation challenge predicts distress tolerance to bodily sensations among daily cigarette smokers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 16(4), 313321. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012752Google Scholar
Marshall-Berenz, E. C., Vujanovic, A. A., Bonn-Miller, M. O., Bernstein, A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2010). Multimethod study of distress tolerance and PTSD symptom severity in a trauma-exposed community sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(5), 623630. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20568Google Scholar
Matthews, K. A. & Stoney, C. M. (1988). Influences of sex and age on cardiovascular responses during stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 50(1), 4656.Google Scholar
Maxwell, S. E. & Cole, D. A. (2007). Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation. Psychological Methods, 12, 2344.Google Scholar
Maxwell, S. E., Cole, D. A., & Mitchell, M. A. (2011). Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation: Partial and complete mediation under an autoregressive model. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 46(5), 816841. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2011.606716Google Scholar
McHugh, R. K., Daughters, S. B., Lejuez, C. W., Murray, H. W., Hearon, B. A., Gorka, S. M., & Otto, M. W. (2011). Shared variance among self-report and behavioral measures of distress intolerance. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35(3), 266275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-010–9295-1Google Scholar
McHugh, R. K., Kertz, S. J., Weiss, R. B., Baskin-Sommers, A. R., Hearon, B. A., & Björgvinsson, T. (2014). Changes in distress intolerance and treatment outcome in a partial hospital setting. Behavior Therapy, 45(2), 232240.Google Scholar
McHugh, R. K. & Otto, M. W. (2011). Domain-general and domain-specific strategies for the assessment of distress intolerance. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(4), 745749. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025094Google Scholar
McHugh, R. K. & Otto, M. W. (2012). Refining the measurement of distress intolerance. Behavior Therapy, 43(3), 641651.Google Scholar
McHugh, R. K., Weiss, R. D., Cornelius, M., Martel, M. O., Jamison, R. N., & Edwards, R. R. (2016). Distress intolerance and prescription opioid misuse among patients with chronic pain. Journal of Pain, 17(7), 806814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2016.03.004Google Scholar
Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M. (2002). Applying an emotion regulation framework to integrative approaches to generalized anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 8590.Google Scholar
Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M. (2005). Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 12811310.Google Scholar
Mennin, D. S., Holaway, R. M., Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007). Delineating components of emotion and its dysregulation in anxiety and mood pathology. Behavior Therapy, 38, 284302.Google Scholar
Mennin, D. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Flanagan, T. J. (2009). Emotion regulation deficits in generalized anxiety disorders, social anxiety disorder, and their co-occurrence. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 866871.Google Scholar
Merikangas, K. R., He, J., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., … Swendsen, J. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication–Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 980989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017Google Scholar
Michel, N. M., Rowa, K., Young, L., & McCabe, R. E. (2016). Emotional distress tolerance across anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 40, 94103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.04.009Google Scholar
Mitchell, M. A., Riccardi, C. J., Keough, M. E., Timpano, K. R., & Schmidt, N. B. (2013). Understanding the associations among anxiety sensitivity, distress tolerance, and discomfort intolerance: A comparison of three models. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(1), 147154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.12.003Google Scholar
Mitte, K. (2005). Meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatments for generalized anxiety disorder: A comparison with pharmacotherapy. Psychological Bulletin, 131(5), 785795. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033–2909.131.5.785Google Scholar
Moskowitz, D. S. & Zuroff, D. C. (2005). Robust predictors of flux, pulse, and spin. Journal of Research in Personality, 39, 130147.Google Scholar
Neale, M. C. & Cardon, L. (1992). Methodology for Genetic Studies of Twins and Families (Vol. 67). Springer Science & Business Media.Google Scholar
Nelemans, S. A., Hale, W. W., Branje, S. J. T., Raaijmakers, Q. A. W., Frijns, T., van Lier, P. A. C., & Meeus, W. H. J. (2014). Heterogeneity in development of adolescent anxiety disorder symptoms in an 8-year longitudinal community study. Development and Psychopathology, 26(1), 181202. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579413000503Google Scholar
Newman, M. G., Llera, S. J., Erickson, T. M., Przeworski, A., & Castonguay, L. G. (2013). Worry and generalized anxiety disorder: A review and theoretical synthesis of evidence on nature, etiology, mechanisms, and treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9(1), 275297. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212–185544Google Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(3), 504.Google Scholar
Norr, A. M., Allan, N. P., Macatee, R. J., Keough, M. E., & Schmidt, N. B. (2014). The effects of an anxiety sensitivity intervention on anxiety, depression, and worry: Mediation through affect tolerances. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 59, 1219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.011Google Scholar
Norr, A. M., Oglesby, M. E., Capron, D. W., Raines, A. M., Korte, K. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2013). Evaluating the unique contribution of intolerance of uncertainty relative to other cognitive vulnerability factors in anxiety psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(1), 136142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.063Google Scholar
Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group. (2005). Psychometric validation of the obsessive belief questionnaire and interpretation of intrusions inventory: Part 2: Factor analyses and testing of a brief version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(11), 15271542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.07.010Google Scholar
Pawluk, E. J. & Koerner, N. (2016). The relationship between negative urgency and generalized anxiety disorder symptoms: The role of intolerance of negative emotions and intolerance of uncertainty. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 29(6), 606615. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2015.1134786Google Scholar
Peterson, R. A. & Reiss, S. (1992). Anxiety Sensitivity Index Manual (2nd edn). Worthington, OH: International Diagnostic Systems.Google Scholar
Pine, D. S. & Fox, N. A. (2015). Childhood antecedents and risk for adult mental disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 459485.Google Scholar
Potter, C. M., Vujanovic, A. A., Marshall-Berenz, E. C., Bernstein, A., & Bonn-Miller, M. O. (2011). Posttraumatic stress and marijuana use coping motives: The mediating role of distress tolerance. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(3), 437443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.11.007Google Scholar
Quinn, E. P., Brandon, T. H., & Copeland, A. L. (1996). Is task persistence related to smoking and substance abuse? The application of learned industriousness theory to addictive behaviors. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 4(2), 186.Google Scholar
Radkovsky, A., McArdle, J. J., Bockting, C. L. H., & Berking, M. (2014). Successful emotion regulation skills application predicts subsequent reduction of symptom severity during treatment of major depressive disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(2), 248262. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035828Google Scholar
Rappaport, L. M., Moskowitz, D. S., & D’Antono, B. (2014). Naturalistic interpersonal behavior patterns differentiate depression and anxiety symptoms in the community. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(2), 253263. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035625Google Scholar
Rappaport, L. M., Moskowitz, D. S., & D’Antono, B. (2017). Depression symptoms moderate the association between emotion and communal behavior. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64, 269279.Google Scholar
Reiss, S., Peterson, R. A., Gursky, D. M., & McNally, R. J. (1986). Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency and the prediction of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 18.Google Scholar
Ricciardi, J. N. & McNally, R. J. (1995). Depressed mood is related to obsessions, but not to compulsions, in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 9(3), 249256.Google Scholar
Robinson, L. J. & Freeston, M. H. (2014). Emotion and internal experience in obsessive compulsive disorder: Reviewing the role of alexithymia, anxiety sensitivity and distress tolerance. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(3), 256271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.03.003Google Scholar
Safer, D. L., Telch, C. F., & Agras, W. S. (2001). Dialectical behavior therapy for bulimia nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(4), 632634.Google Scholar
Salters-Pedneault, K., Roemer, J., Tull, M. T., Rucker, L., & Mennin, D. S. (2006). Evidence of broad deficits in emotion regulation associated with chronic worry and generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30, 469480.Google Scholar
Sanislow, C. A., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K. J., Kozak, M. J., Garvey, M. A., Heinssen, R. K., … Cuthbert, B. N. (2010). Developing constructs for psychopathology research: Research domain criteria. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119(4), 631639. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020909Google Scholar
Shrout, P. E., Keyes, K., & Ornstein, K. (eds.). (2011). Causality and Psychopathology: Finding the Determinants of Disorders and Their Cures. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Simons, J. S. & Gaher, R. M. (2005). The Distress Tolerance Scale: Development and validation of a self-report measure. Motivation and Emotion, 29(2), 83102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-005–7955-3Google Scholar
Slaap, B. R. & den Boer, J. A. (2001). The prediction of nonresponse to pharmacotherapy in panic disorder: A review. Depression and Anxiety, 14, 112122.Google Scholar
Starr, L. R. & Davila, J. (2012). Responding to anxiety with rumination and hopelessness: Mechanism of anxiety-depression symptom co-occurrence? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(4), 321337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011–9363-1Google Scholar
Strong, D. R., Lejeuz, C. W., Daughters, S., Marinello, M., Kahler, C. W., & Brown, R. A. (2003). The computerized mirror tracing task. unpublished manual.Google Scholar
Thompson, S. C. (1981). Will it hurt less if I can control it? A complex answer to a simple question. Psychological Bulletin, 90(1), 89.Google Scholar
Tracey, T. J. G. & Rohlfing, J. E. (2010). Variations in the understanding of interpersonal behavior: Adherence to the interpersonal circle as a moderator of the rigidity–psychological well-being relation. Journal of Personality, 78(2), 711746. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467–6494.2010.00631.xGoogle Scholar
Trafton, J. A. & Gifford, E. V. (2011). Biological bases of distress tolerance. In Zvolensky, M. J., Bernstein, A., & Vujanovic, A. A. (eds.), Distress Tolerance: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Tull, M. T., Gratz, K. L., Coffey, S. F., Weiss, N. H., & McDermott, M. J. (2013). Examining the interactive effect of posttraumatic stress disorder, distress tolerance, and gender on residential substance use disorder treatment retention. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(3), 763773. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029911Google Scholar
Tull, M. T., Rodman, S. A., & Roemer, L. (2008). An examination of the fear of bodily sensations and body hypervigilance as predictors of emotion regulation difficulties among individuals with a recent history of uncued panic attacks. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(4), 750760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.08.001Google Scholar
Tull, M. T. & Roemer, L. (2007). Emotion regulation difficulties associated with the experience of uncued panic attacks: Evidence of experiential avoidance, emotional nonacceptance, and decreased emotional clarity. Behavior Therapy, 38(4), 378391.Google Scholar
Tutoo, D. N. (1971). Psychodiagnostic applications of the mirror tracing test. Indian Educational Review, 6, 293303.Google Scholar
Twohig, M. P. (2009). The application of acceptance and commitment therapy to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16(1), 1828.Google Scholar
Vujanovic, A. A., Bakhshaie, J., Martin, C., Reddy, M. K., & Anestis, M. D. (2017). Posttraumatic stress and distress tolerance: Associations with suicidality in acute-care psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 205(7), 531541. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000690Google Scholar
Vujanovic, A. A., Bonn-Miller, M. O., Potter, C. M., Marshall, E. C., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2011). An evaluation of the relation between distress tolerance and posttraumatic stress within a trauma-exposed sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33(1), 129135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-010–9209-2Google Scholar
Vujanovic, A. A., Dutcher, C. D., & Berenz, E. C. (2016). Multimodal examination of distress tolerance and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in acute-care psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.08.005Google Scholar
Vujanovic, A. A., Hart, A. S., Potter, C. M., Berenz, E. C., Niles, B., & Bernstein, A. (2013). Main and interactive effects of distress tolerance and negative affect intensity in relation to PTSD symptoms among trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 35(2), 235243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-012–9325-2Google Scholar
Vujanovic, A. A., Litz, B. T., & Farris, S. G. (2015). Distress tolerance as risk and maintenance factor for PTSD: Empirical and clinical implications. In Martin, C. R., Preedy, V. R., & Patel, V. B. (eds.), Comprehensive Guide to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (pp. 113). Cham: Springer International Publishing. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978–3-319–08613-2_66–1Google Scholar
Vujanovic, A. A., Marshall-Berenz, E. C., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2011). Posttraumatic stress and alcohol use motives: A test of the incremental and mediating role of distress tolerance. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 25(2), 130141. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889–8391.25.2.130Google Scholar
Vujanovic, A. A., Rathnayaka, N., Amador, C. D., & Schmitz, J. M. (2016). Distress tolerance: Associations with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among trauma-exposed, cocaine-dependent adults. Behavior Modification, 40(1–2), 120143.Google Scholar
Waller, N. G., Yonce, L. J., Grove, W. M., Faust, D., & Lenzenweger, M. F. (eds.). (2006). A Paul Meehl Reader: Essays on the Practice of Scientific Psychology. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Watson, D., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J. S., Clark, L. A., Strauss, M. E., & McCormick, R. A. (1995). Testing a tripartite model: I. Evaluating the convergent and discriminant validity of anxiety and depression symptom scales. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 314.Google Scholar
Williams, A. D., Thompson, J., & Andrews, G. (2013). The impact of psychological distress tolerance in the treatment of depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(8), 469475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2013.05.005Google Scholar
Wolitzky-Taylor, K., Guillot, C. R., Pang, R. D., Kirkpatrick, M. G., Zvolensky, M. J., Buckner, J. D., & Leventhal, A. M. (2015). Examination of anxiety sensitivity and distress tolerance as transdiagnostic mechanisms linking multiple anxiety pathologies to alcohol use problems in adolescents. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 39(3), 532539. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12638Google Scholar
Wolitzky-Taylor, K., McBeth, J., Guillot, C. R., Stone, M. D., Kirkpatrick, M. G., Zvolensky, M. J., … Leventhal, A. M. (2016). Transdiagnostic processes linking anxiety symptoms and substance use problems among adolescents. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 35(4), 266277. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2016.1207969Google Scholar
Yang, J., Lee, S. H., Goddard, M. E., & Visscher, P. M. (2011). GCTA: A tool for Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis. American Journal of Human Genetics, 88(1), 7682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.11.011Google Scholar
Zuroff, D. C., Fournier, M. A., & Moskowitz, D. S. (2007). Depression, perceived inferiority, and interpersonal behavior: Evidence for the involuntary defeat strategy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26, 751778.Google Scholar
Zvolensky, M. J., Bernstein, A., Cardenas, S. J., Colotla, V., Marshall, E., & Feldner, M. (2007). Anxiety sensitivity and early relapse to smoking: A test among Mexican daily, low-level smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 9(4), 483491. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200701239621Google Scholar
Zvolensky, M. J., Schmidt, N. B., Bernstein, A., & Keough, M. E. (2006). Risk-factor research and prevention programs for anxiety disorders: A translational research framework. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(9), 12191239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2006.06.001Google Scholar
Zvolensky, M. J., Vujanovic, A. A., Bernstein, A., & Leyro, T. (2010). Distress tolerance: Theory, measurement, and relations to psychopathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(6), 406410. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721410388642Google Scholar

References

Abramowitz, J. S. (1997). Effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A quantitative review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 4452.Google Scholar
Abramowitz, J. S. & Arch, J. J. (2014). Strategies for improving long-term outcomes in cognitive behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Insights from learning theory. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 21, 2031.Google Scholar
Abramowitz, J. S., Foa, E. B., & Franklin, M. E. (2003). Exposure and ritual prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Effects of intensive versus twice-weekly sessions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 394398.Google Scholar
Abramowitz, J. S., Lackey, G. R., & Wheaton, M. G. (2009). Obsessive-compulsive symptoms: The contribution of obsessional beliefs and experiential avoidance. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 160166.Google Scholar
Antony, M. M., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1997). Response to hyperventilation and 5.5% CO2 inhalation of subjects with types of specific phobia, panic disorder, or no mental disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 10891095.Google Scholar
Arch, J. & Mitchell, J. (2016). An acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) group intervention for cancer survivors experiencing anxiety at re‐entry. Psycho‐Oncology, 25, 610615.Google Scholar
Austin, D. & Kiropoulos, L. (2008). An Internet-based investigation of the catastrophic misinterpretation model of panic disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 233242.Google Scholar
Baker, R., Holloway, J., Thomas, P. W., Thomas, S., & Owens, M. (2004). Emotional processing and panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 12711287.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., Gailliot, M., DeWall, C. N., & Oaten, M. (2006). Self‐regulation and personality: How interventions increase regulatory success, and how depletion moderates the effects of traits on behavior. Journal of Personality, 74, 17731802.Google Scholar
Berman, N. C., Wheaton, M. G., McGrath, P., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2010). Predicting anxiety: The role of experiential avoidance and anxiety sensitivity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 109113.Google Scholar
Blakey, S. M., Jacoby, R. J., Reuman, L., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2016). The relative contributions of experiential avoidance and distress tolerance to OC symptoms. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 44, 460471.Google Scholar
Bonanno, G. A., Wortman, C. B., Lehman, D. R., Tweed, R. G., Haring, M., Sonnega, J., … & Nesse, R. M. (2002). Resilience to loss and chronic grief: A prospective study from preloss to 18-months postloss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 11501164.Google Scholar
Bond, F. W. & Bunce, D. (2003). The role of acceptance and job control in mental health, job satisfaction, and work performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 10571067.Google Scholar
Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., Waltz, T., & Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire – II: A revised measure of psychological flexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42, 676688.Google Scholar
Bond, F. W., Lloyd, J., & Guenole, N. (2013). The work‐related acceptance and action questionnaire: Initial psychometric findings and their implications for measuring psychological flexibility in specific contexts. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86, 331347.Google Scholar
Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Mennin, D. S. (eds.), Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Advances in Research and Practice (77108). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Borkovec, T. D. & Roemer, L. (1995). Perceived functions of worry among generalized anxiety disorder subjects: Distraction from more emotionally distressing topics?. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26, 2530.Google Scholar
Bouton, M. E., Mineka, S., & Barlow, D. H. (2001). A modern learning theory perspective on the etiology of panic disorder. Psychological Review, 108, 432.Google Scholar
Breen, W. E. & Kashdan, T. B. (2011). Anger suppression after imagined rejection among individuals with social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 879887.Google Scholar
Briggs, E. S. & Price, I. R. (2009). The relationship between adverse childhood experience and obsessive-compulsive symptoms and beliefs: The role of anxiety, depression, and experiential avoidance. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 10371046.Google Scholar
Brockman, C., Snyder, J., Gewirtz, A., Gird, S. R., Quattlebaum, J., Schmidt, N., … & Zettle, R. (2016). Relationship of service members’ deployment trauma, PTSD symptoms, and experiential avoidance to postdeployment family reengagement. Journal of Family Psychology, 30, 5262.Google Scholar
Brown, T. A., Barlow, D. H., & Liebowitz, M. R. (1994). The empirical basis of generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 12721280.Google Scholar
Buhr, K. & Dugas, M. J. (2012). Fear of emotions, experiential avoidance, and intolerance of uncertainty in worry and generalized anxiety disorder. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 5, 117.Google Scholar
Casey, L. M., Oei, T. P., & Newcombe, P. A. (2004). An integrated cognitive model of panic disorder: The role of positive and negative cognitions. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 529555.Google Scholar
Cassidy, J., Lichtenstein-Phelps, J., Sibrava, N. J., Thomas, C. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (2009). Generalized anxiety disorder: Connections with self-reported attachment. Behavior Therapy, 40, 2338.Google Scholar
Chawla, N. & Ostafin, B. (2007). Experiential avoidance as a functional dimensional approach to psychopathology: An empirical review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 871890.Google Scholar
Crouch, T. A., Lewis, J. A., Erickson, T. M., & Newman, M. G. (2017). Prospective investigation of the contrast avoidance model of generalized anxiety and worry. Behavior Therapy, 48, 544556.Google Scholar
De Castella, K., Goldin, P., Jazaieri, H., Ziv, M., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion beliefs in social anxiety disorder: Associations with stress, anxiety, and well‐being. Australian Journal of Psychology, 66, 139148.Google Scholar
Dugas, M. J., Gagnon, F., Ladouceur, R., & Freeston, M. H. (1998). Generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary test of a conceptual model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 215226.Google Scholar
Dugas, M. J., Marchand, A., & Ladouceur, R. (2005). Further validation of a cognitive-behavioral model of generalized anxiety disorder: Diagnostic and symptom specificity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 329343.Google Scholar
Eifert, G. H. & Heffner, M. (2003). The effects of acceptance versus control contexts on avoidance of panic-related symptoms. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34, 293312.Google Scholar
Feldner, M. T., Zvolensky, M. J., Eifert, G. H., & Spira, A. P. (2003). Emotional avoidance: An experimental test of individual differences and response suppression using biological challenge. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 403411.Google Scholar
Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365376.Google Scholar
Gámez, W., Chmielewski, M., Kotov, R., Ruggero, C., & Watson, D. (2011). Development of a measure of experiential avoidance: The Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 23, 692713.Google Scholar
Gregg, J. A., Callaghan, G. M., Hayes, S. C., & Glenn-Lawson, J. L. (2007). Improving diabetes self-management through acceptance, mindfulness, and values: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 336343.Google Scholar
Haxhe, S. (2016). Parentification and related processes: Distinction and implications for clinical practice. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 27, 185199.Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 125.Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An Experiential Approach to Behavior Change. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D., … Stewart, S. H. (2004). Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model. Psychological Record, 54, 553578.Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 11521168.Google Scholar
Hezel, D. M. & McNally, R. J. (2015). A theoretical review of cognitive biases and deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychology, 121, 221232.Google Scholar
Hoehn-Saric, R., Lee, J. S., McLeod, D. R., & Wong, D. F. (2005). Effect of worry on regional cerebral blood flow in nonanxious subjects. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 140, 259269.Google Scholar
Juarascio, A., Forman, E., Timko, C. A., Butryn, M., & Goodwin, C. (2011). The development and validation of the food craving acceptance and action questionnaire (FAAQ). Eating Behaviors, 12, 182187.Google Scholar
Kämpfe, C. K., Gloster, A. T., Wittchen, H. U., Helbig-Lang, S., Lang, T., Gerlach, A. L., … Hamm, A. O. (2012). Experiential avoidance and anxiety sensitivity in patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia: Do both constructs measure the same? International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 12, 522.Google Scholar
Kashdan, T. B., Barrios, V., Forsyth, J. P., & Steger, M. F. (2006). Experiential avoidance as a generalized psychological vulnerability: Comparisons with coping and emotion regulation strategies. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 13011320.Google Scholar
Kashdan, T. B., Breen, W. E., & Julian, T. (2010). Everyday strivings in war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: Suffering from a hyper-focus on avoidance and emotion regulation. Behavior Therapy, 41, 350363.Google Scholar
Kashdan, T. B., Farmer, A. S., Adams, L. M., Ferssizidis, P., McKnight, P. E., & Nezlek, J. B. (2013). Distinguishing healthy adults from people with social anxiety disorder: Evidence for the value of experiential avoidance and positive emotions in everyday social interactions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 645655.Google Scholar
Kashdan, T. B., Goodman, F. R., Machell, K. A., Kleiman, E. M., Monfort, S. S., Ciarrochi, J., & Nezlek, J. B. (2014). A contextual approach to experiential avoidance and social anxiety: Evidence from an experimental interaction and daily interactions of people with social anxiety disorder. Emotion, 14, 769781.Google Scholar
Kashdan, T. B., Morina, N., & Priebe, S. (2009). Posttraumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder, and depression in survivors of the Kosovo war: Experiential avoidance as a contributor to distress and quality of life. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 185196.Google Scholar
Kashdan, T. B. & Rottenberg, J. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 865878.Google Scholar
Kashdan, T. B. & Steger, M. F. (2006). Expanding the topography of social anxiety: An experience-sampling assessment of positive emotions, positive events, and emotion suppression. Psychological Science, 17, 120128.Google Scholar
Kashdan, T. B., Uswatte, G., & Julian, T. (2006). Gratitude and hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in Vietnam war veterans. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 177199.Google Scholar
Kashdan, T. B., Weeks, J. W., & Savostyanova, A. A. (2011). Whether, how, and when social anxiety shapes positive experiences and events: A self-regulatory framework and treatment implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 786799.Google Scholar
Karekla, M., Forsyth, J. P., & Kelly, M. M. (2004). Emotional avoidance and panicogenic responding to a biological challenge procedure. Behavior Therapy, 35, 725746.Google Scholar
Kelly, M. M. & Forsyth, J. P. (2007a). Observational fear conditioning in the acquisition and extinction of attentional bias for threat: An experimental evaluation. Emotion, 7, 324335.Google Scholar
Kelly, M. M. & Forsyth, J. P. (2007b). Sex differences in response to an observational fear conditioning procedure. Behavior Therapy, 38, 340349.Google Scholar
Kelly, M. M. & Forsyth, J. P. (2009). Associations between emotional avoidance, anxiety sensitivity, and reactions to an observational fear challenge procedure. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 331338.Google Scholar
Kumpula, M. J., Orcutt, H. K., Bardeen, J. R., & Varkovitzky, R. L. (2011). Peritraumatic dissociation and experiential avoidance as prospective predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 617627.Google Scholar
Lee, J. K., Orsillo, S. M., Roemer, L., & Allen, L. B. (2010). Distress and avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: Exploring the relationships with intolerance of uncertainty and worry. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 39, 126136.Google Scholar
Lee, D. J., Witte, T. K., Weathers, F. W., & Davis, M. T. (2015). Emotion regulation strategy use and posttraumatic stress disorder: Associations between multiple strategies and specific symptom clusters. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37, 533544.Google Scholar
Levin, M. E., Haeger, J., & Smith, G. S. (2017). Examining the role of implicit emotional judgments in social anxiety and experiential avoidance. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 39, 264278.Google Scholar
Levitt, J. T., Brown, T. A., Orsillo, S. M., & Barlow, D. H. (2004). The effects of acceptance versus suppression of emotion on subjective and psychophysiological response to carbon dioxide challenge in patients with panic disorder. Behavior Therapy, 35, 747766.Google Scholar
Lillis, J. & Hayes, S. C. (2008). Measuring avoidance and inflexibility in weight related problems. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 4, 348354.Google Scholar
Llera, S. J. & Newman, M. G. (2010). Effects of worry on physiological and subjective reactivity to emotional stimuli in generalized anxiety disorder and nonanxious control participants. Emotion, 10, 640650.Google Scholar
Llera, S. J. & Newman, M. G. (2014). Rethinking the role of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: Evidence supporting a model of emotional contrast avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 45, 283299.Google Scholar
Lundgren, T., Dahl, J., & Hayes, S. C. (2008). Evaluation of mediators of change in the treatment of epilepsy with acceptance and commitment therapy. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31, 225235.Google Scholar
Luoma, J., Drake, C. E., Kohlenberg, B. S., & Hayes, S. C. (2011). Substance abuse and psychological flexibility: The development of a new measure. Addiction Research & Theory, 19, 313.Google Scholar
Machell, K. A., Goodman, F. R., & Kashdan, T. B. (2015). Experiential avoidance and well-being: A daily diary analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 29, 351359.Google Scholar
MacKenzie, M. B. & Kocovski, N. L. (2010). Self-reported acceptance of social anxiety symptoms: Development and validation of the Social Anxiety – Acceptance and Action Questionnaire. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 6, 214232.Google Scholar
Manos, R. C., Cahill, S. P., Wetterneck, C. T., Conelea, C. A., Ross, A. R., & Riemann, B. C. (2010). The impact of experiential avoidance and obsessive beliefs on obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a severe clinical sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 700708.Google Scholar
Marx, B. P. & Sloan, D. M. (2002). The role of emotion in the psychological functioning of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Behavior Therapy, 33, 563577.Google Scholar
McKay, D., Abramowitz, J. S., Calamari, J. E., Kyrios, M., Radomsky, A., Sookman, D., Taylor, S., & Wilhelm, S. (2004). A critical evaluation of obsessive-compulsive disorder subtypes: Symptoms versus mechanisms. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 283313.Google Scholar
Merwin, R. M., Rosenthal, M. Z., & Coffey, K. A. (2009). Experiential avoidance mediates the relationship between sexual victimization and psychological symptoms: Replicating findings with an ethnically diverse sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33, 537542.Google Scholar
Metcalfe, J. & Mischel, W. (1999). A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: Dynamics of willpower. Psychological Review, 106, 319.Google Scholar
Meyer, E. C., Morissette, S. B., Kimbrel, N. A., Kruse, M. I., & Gulliver, S. B. (2013). Acceptance and Action Questionnaire – II scores as a predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among war veterans. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 5, 521528.Google Scholar
Moscovitch, D. A. (2009). What is the core fear in social phobia? A new model to facilitate individualized case conceptualization and treatment. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16, 123134.Google Scholar
Moscovitch, D. A., Rowa, K., Paulitzki, J. R., Ierullo, M. D., Chiang, B., Antony, M. M., & McCabe, R. E. (2013). Self-portrayal concerns and their relation to safety behaviors and negative affect in social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51, 476486.Google Scholar
Muraven, M. & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126, 247259.Google Scholar
Newman, M. G. & Llera, S. J. (2011). A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: A review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 371382.Google Scholar
Orcutt, H. K., Pickett, S. M., & Pope, E. B. (2005). Experiential avoidance and forgiveness as mediators in the relation between traumatic interpersonal events and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 10031029.Google Scholar
O’Toole, M. S., Jensen, M. B., Fentz, H. N., Zachariae, R., & Hougaard, E. (2014). Emotion differentiation and emotion regulation in high and low socially anxious individuals: An experience-sampling study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38, 428438.Google Scholar
Panayiotou, G., Karekla, M., & Mete, I. (2014). Dispositional coping in individuals with anxiety disorder symptomatology: Avoidance predicts distress. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 3, 314321.Google Scholar
Pickett, S. M., Bardeen, J. R., & Orcutt, H. K. (2011). Experiential avoidance as a moderator of the relationship between behavioral inhibition system sensitivity and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 10381045.Google Scholar
Pickett, S. M. & Kurby, C. A. (2010). The impact of experiential avoidance on the inference of characters’ emotions: Evidence for an emotional processing bias. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 493500.Google Scholar
Plasencia, M. L., Alden, L. E., & Taylor, C. T. (2011). Differential effects of safety behaviour subtypes in social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 665675.Google Scholar
Rapee, R. M., Brown, T. A., Antony, M. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1992). Response to hyperventilation and inhalation of 5.5% carbon dioxide-enriched air across the DSM-III – R anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 538552.Google Scholar
Reddy, M. K., Pickett, S. M., & Orcutt, H. K. (2006). Experiential avoidance as a mediator in the relationship between childhood psychological abuse and current mental health symptoms in college students. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 6, 6785.Google Scholar
Reddy, M. K., Seligowski, A. V., Rabenhorst, M. M., & Orcutt, H. K. (2015). Predictors of expressive writing content and posttraumatic stress following a mass shooting. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7, 286294.Google Scholar
Robinson, L. J. & Freeston, M. H. (2014). Emotion and internal experience in obsessive compulsive disorder: Reviewing the role of alexithymia, anxiety sensitivity and distress tolerance. Clinical Psychology Review, 34, 256271.Google Scholar
Rodebaugh, T. L. & Heimberg, R. G. (2008). Measurement of ambivalent and purposeful engagement after aversive social experiences. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 693706.Google Scholar
Roemer, L., Molina, S., & Borkovec, T. D. (1997). An investigation of worry content among generally anxious individuals. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 314319.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, M. Z., Hall, M. L. R., Palm, K. M., Batten, S. V., & Follette, V. M. (2005). Chronic avoidance helps explain the relationship between severity of childhood sexual abuse and psychological distress in adulthood. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 14, 2541.Google Scholar
Sandin, B., Sánchez-Arribas, C., Chorot, P., & Valiente, R. M. (2015). Anxiety sensitivity, catastrophic misinterpretations and panic self-efficacy in the prediction of panic disorder severity: Towards a tripartite cognitive model of panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 67, 3040.Google Scholar
Sandoz, E. K., Wilson, K. G., Merwin, R. M., & Kellum, K. K. (2013). Assessment of body image flexibility: The body image-acceptance and action questionnaire. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 2, 3948.Google Scholar
Seligowski, A. V., Lee, D. J., Bardeen, J. R., & Orcutt, H. K. (2015). Emotion regulation and posttraumatic stress symptoms: A meta-analysis. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44, 87102.Google Scholar
Shahar, B. & Herr, N. R. (2011). Depressive symptoms predict inflexibly high levels of experiential avoidance in response to daily negative affect: A daily diary study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 676681.Google Scholar
Shawyer, F., Ratcliff, K., Mackinnon, A., Farhall, J., Hayes, S. C., & Copolov, D. (2007). The voices acceptance and action scale (VAAS): Pilot data. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 593606.Google Scholar
Skodzik, T., Zettler, T., Topper, M., Blechert, J., & Ehring, T. (2016). The effect of verbal and imagery-based worry versus distraction on the emotional response to a stressful in-vivo situation. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 52, 5158.Google Scholar
Spinhoven, P., Drost, J., de Rooij, M., van Hemert, A. M., & Penninx, B. W. (2014). A longitudinal study of experiential avoidance in emotional disorders. Behavior Therapy, 45, 840850.Google Scholar
Tamir, M., John, O. P., Srivastava, S., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Implicit theories of emotion: Affective and social outcomes across a major life transition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 731744.Google Scholar
Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self‐control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72, 271324.Google Scholar
Tull, M. T., Jakupcak, M., Paulson, A., & Gratz, K. L. (2007). The role of emotional inexpressivity and experiential avoidance in the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity and aggressive behavior among men exposed to interpersonal violence. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 20, 337351.Google Scholar
Tull, M. T. & Roemer, L. (2007). Emotion regulation difficulties associated with the experience of uncued panic attacks: Evidence of experiential avoidance, emotional non-acceptance, and decreased emotional clarity. Behavior Therapy, 38, 378391.Google Scholar
Venta, A., Sharp, C., & Hart, J. (2012). The relation between anxiety disorder and experiential avoidance in inpatient adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 24, 240248.Google Scholar
Viana, A. G. & Rabian, B. (2008). Perceived attachment: Relations to anxiety sensitivity, worry, and GAD symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 737747.Google Scholar
Vohs, K. D., Baumeister, R. F., & Ciarocco, N. J. (2005). Self-regulation and self-presentation: Regulatory resource depletion impairs impression management and effortful self-presentation depletes regulatory resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 632657.Google Scholar
Wegner, D. M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 101, 3452.Google Scholar

References

Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 217237. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004Google Scholar
Aldao, A., Sheppes, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation flexibility. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39, 263278. doi: 10.1007/s10608-014–9662-4Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Bandelow, B. & Michaelis, S. (2015). Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 17(3), 327335.Google Scholar
Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and Its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic (2nd edn). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Barlow, D. H. (2004). Anxiety and Its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Barlow, D. H., Sauer-Zavala, S., Carl, J. R., Bullis, J. R., & Ellard, K. K. (2014). The nature, diagnosis, and treatment of neuroticism: Back to the future. Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 344365. doi: 10.1177/2167702613505532Google Scholar
Barrera, T. L. & Norton, P. J. (2009). Quality of life impairment in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(8), 10861090. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.011Google Scholar
Benca, R. M., Obermeyer, W. H., Thisted, R. A., & Gillin, J. C. (1992). Sleep and psychiatric disorders: A meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49(8), 651668.Google Scholar
Blalock, D. V., Kashdan, T. B., & Farmer, A. S. (2017). Trait and daily emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(3), 416425. doi: 10.1007/s10608-015–9739-8Google Scholar
Brosschot, J. F., Gerin, W., & Thayer, J. F. (2006). The perseverative cognition hypothesis: A review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60(2), 113124. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.06.074Google Scholar
Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 179192. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.107.2.179Google Scholar
Chawla, N. & Ostafin, B. (2007). Experiential avoidance as a functional dimensional approach to psychopathology: An empirical review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 871890. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20400Google Scholar
Clark, L. A. & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 316336.Google Scholar
De Beurs, E., Chambless, D. L., & Goldstein, A. J. (1997). Measurement of panic disorder by a modified panic diary. Depression and Anxiety, 6(4), 133139. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1520–6394(1997)6:4<133::AID-DA1>3.0.CO;2-DGoogle Scholar
Decker, M. L., Turk, C. L., Hess, B., & Murray, C. E. (2008). Emotion regulation among individuals classified with and without generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(3), 485494. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.04.002Google Scholar
Eisner, L. R., Johnson, S. L., & Carver, C. S. (2009). Positive affect regulation in anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(5), 645649. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.02.001Google Scholar
Etkin, A., Büchel, C., & Gross, J. J. (2015). The neural bases of emotion regulation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16, 693700. doi: 10.1038/nrn4044Google Scholar
Fernandez, K. C., Jazaieri, H., & Gross, J. J. (2016). Emotion regulation: A transdiagnostic perspective on a new RDoC domain. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(3), 426440. doi: 10.1007/s10608-016–9772-2Google Scholar
Goldin, P. R., Jazaieri, H., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. In Hofmann, S. & DiBartolo, P. (eds.), Social Anxiety (3rd edn) (pp. 511529). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Gratz, K. L. & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 4154. doi: 10.1023/b:joba.0000007455.08539.94Google Scholar
Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271.Google Scholar
Gross, J. J. (2015a). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 126. doi: 10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781Google Scholar
Gross, J. J. (2015b). The extended process model of emotion regulation: Elaborations, applications, and future directions. Psychological Inquiry, 26, 130137. doi: 10.1080/1047840X.2015.989751Google Scholar
Gross, J. J. & Jazaieri, H. (2014). Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: An affective science perspective. Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 387401. doi: 10.1177/2167702614536164Google Scholar
Gross, J. J., Sheppes, G., & Urry, H. L. (2011). Emotion generation and emotion regulation: A distinction we should make (carefully). Cognition and Emotion, 25, 765781. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2011.555753Google Scholar
Henning, E. R., Turk, C. L., Mennin, D. S., Fresco, D. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007). Impairment and quality of life in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety, 24(5), 342349. doi: 10.1002/da.20249Google Scholar
Hollifield, M., Katon, W., Skipper, B., & Chapman, T. (1997). Panic disorder and quality of life: Variables predictive of functional impairment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(6), 766772.Google Scholar
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Kozak, M., Pine, D. S., … Wang, P. (2010). Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379Google Scholar
Jazaieri, H., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2014). The role of emotion and emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17(1), 531. doi: 10.1007/s11920-014–0531-3Google Scholar
Jazaieri, H., Urry, H. L., & Gross, J. J. (2013). Affective disturbance and psychopathology: An emotion regulation perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 4, 584599.Google Scholar
Kashdan, T. B. (2007). Social anxiety spectrum and diminished positive experiences: Theoretical synthesis and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(3), 348365. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.12.003Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593602.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617627.Google Scholar
Langer, J. K. & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2013). Social anxiety and gaze avoidance: Averting gaze but not anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(6), 11101120. doi: 10.1007/s10608-013–9546-zGoogle Scholar
Levitt, J. T., Brown, T. A., Orsillo, S. M., & Barlow, D. H. (2004). The effects of acceptance versus suppression of emotion on subjective and psychophysiological response to carbon dioxide challenge in patients with panic disorder. Behavior Therapy, 35, 747766. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80018–2Google Scholar
Limmer, J., Kornhuber, J., & Martin, A. (2015). Panic and comorbid depression and their associations with stress reactivity, interoceptive awareness and interoceptive accuracy of various bioparameters. Journal of Affective Disorders, 185, 170179. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.07.010Google Scholar
Mathews, A. (1990). Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 455468. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0005–7967(90)90132–3Google Scholar
Mauss, I. B., Levenson, R. W., McCarter, L., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2005). The tie that binds? Coherence among emotion experience, behavior, and physiology. Emotion, 5, 175190. doi: 10.1037/1528–3542.5.2.175Google Scholar
McManus, F., Sacadura, C., & Clark, D. M. (2008). Why social anxiety persists: An experimental investigation of the role of safety behaviours as a maintaining factor. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39(2), 147161. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.12.002Google Scholar
Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M. (2005a). Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(10), 12811310.Google Scholar
Mennin, D. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Flanagan, T. J. (2009). Emotion regulation deficits in generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and their co-occurrence. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(7), 866871. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.04.006Google Scholar
Mennin, D., Turk, C., Heimberg, R., & Carmin, C. (2004). Focusing on the Regulation of Emotion: A New Direction for Conceptualizing and Treating Generalized Anxiety Disorder. New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Moscovitch, D. A., Orr, E., Rowa, K., Reimer, S. G., & Antony, M. M. (2009). In the absence of rose-colored glasses: ratings of self-attributes and their differential certainty and importance across multiple dimensions in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(1), 6670. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.10.007Google Scholar
Newman, M. G. & Llera, S. J. (2011). A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: A review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(3), 371382. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.008Google Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400424. doi: 10.1111/j.1745–6924.2008.00088.xGoogle Scholar
O’Toole, M. S., Jensen, M. B., Fentz, H. N., Zachariae, R., & Hougaard, E. (2014). Emotion differentiation and emotion regulation in high and low socially anxious individuals: An experience-sampling study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38(4), 428438. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-014–9611-2Google Scholar
Palmer, C. A. & Alfano, C. A. (2017). Sleep and emotion regulation: An organizing, integrative review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 31, 616. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2015.12.006Google Scholar
Piccirillo, M. L., Dryman, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2016). Safety behaviors in adults with social anxiety: Review and future directions. Behavior Therapy, 47(5), 675.Google Scholar
Rapee, R. M. (1994). Detection of somatic sensations in panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32(8), 825831. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005–7967(94)90162–7Google Scholar
Richards, J. C., Cooper, A. J., & Winkelman, J. H. (2003). Interoceptive accuracy in nonclinical panic. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(4), 447461. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1025476514714Google Scholar
Rosellini, A. J. & Brown, T. A. (2011). The NEO Five-Factor Inventory: Latent structure and relationships with dimensions of anxiety and depressive disorders in a large clinical sample. Assessment, 18, 2738. doi: 10.1177/1073191110382848Google Scholar
Roy-Byrne, P. P., Stein, M. B., Russo, J., Mercier, E., Thomas, R., McQuaid, J., … Sherbourne, C. D. (1999). Panic disorder in the primary care setting: Comorbidity, disability, service utilization, and treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry; Journal of Clinical Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Ruscio, A. M., Gentes, E. L., Jones, J. D., Hallion, L. S., Coleman, E. S., & Swendsen, J. (2015). Rumination predicts heightened responding to stressful life events in major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124(1), 1726. doi: 10.1037/abn0000025Google Scholar
Salovey, P., Mayer, J. D., Goldman, S. L., Turvey, C., & Palfai, T. P. (1995). Emotional attention, clarity, and repair: Exploring emotional intelligence using the Trait Meta-Mood Scale. In Pennebaker, J. W. (ed.), Emotion, Disclosure, & Health (pp. 125154). Washington, DC:American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Salters-Pedneault, K., Roemer, L., Tull, M. T., Rucker, L., & Mennin, D. S. (2006). Evidence of broad deficits in emotion regulation associated with chronic worry and generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30, 469480.Google Scholar
Schmidt, N. B., Lerew, D. R., & Trakowski, J. H. (1997). Body vigilance in panic disorder: Evaluating attention to bodily perturbations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(2), 214220.Google Scholar
Schneier, F. R., Heckelman, L. R., Garfinkel, R., Campeas, R., Fallon, B. A., Gitow, A., … Liebowitz, M. R. (1994). Functional impairment in social phobia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55(8), 322331.Google Scholar
Sheppes, G., Suri, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation and psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 11, 379405. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814–112739Google Scholar
Spinhoven, P., Drost, J., de Rooij, M., van Hemert, A. M., & Penninx, B. W. (2014). A longitudinal study of experiential avoidance in emotional disorders. Behavior Therapy, 45, 840850. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2014.07.001Google Scholar
Taylor, C. T. & Alden, L. E. (2010). Safety behaviors and judgmental biases in social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(3), 226237. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.11.005Google Scholar
Tull, M. T., Rodman, S. A., & Roemer, L. (2008). An examination of the fear of bodily sensations and body hypervigilance as predictors of emotion regulation difficulties among individuals with a recent history of uncued panic attacks. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(4), 750760. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.08.001Google Scholar
Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., Luterek, J. A., Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2005). Emotion dysregulation in generalized anxiety disorder: A comparison with social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 5(1), 89106.Google Scholar
Voncken, M. J., Dijk, C., de Jong, P. J., & Roelofs, J. (2010). Not self-focused attention but negative beliefs affect poor social performance in social anxiety: An investigation of pathways in the social anxiety-social rejection relationship. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(10), 984.Google Scholar
Weeks, J. W., Heimberg, R. G., Rodebaugh, T. L., & Norton, P. J. (2008). Exploring the relationship between fear of positive evaluation and social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(3), 386400. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.04.009Google Scholar
Wells, A. (2007). Cognition about cognition: Metacognitive therapy and change in generalized anxiety disorder and social phobia. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 14(1), 1825. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2006.01.005Google Scholar
Wells, A., Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P., Ludgate, J., Hackmann, A., & Gelder, M. (1995). Social phobia: The role of in-situation safety behaviors in maintaining anxiety and negative beliefs. Behavior Therapy, 26(1), 153161. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80088–7Google Scholar
Werner, K. H., Goldin, P. R., Ball, T. M., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Assessing emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder: The emotion regulation interview. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33, 346354. doi: 10.1007/s10862-011–9225-xGoogle Scholar
Zoellner, L. A. & Craske, M. G. (1999). Interoceptive accuracy and panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37(12), 11411158. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00202–2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×