Index

doi:10.1017/9781108917537.018

Index

Page numbers in italics indicate an illustration, and in bold indicate a table or chart.

abduction, 30, 38, 49–53, 148–152, 165–167

of children, 150

of free people, 155

prosecutions of, 51–52

O Abolicionista (newspaper), 13

abolition, 1, 8, 50, 134–135, 287

anniversary of, 4–5, 416–417

benefits of, 321–322

capitalism, driven by, 5

cities and, 191, 245–247

and citizenship, 4–5, 22, 36, 210, 290, 318

decadence as consequence of, 284–285

economic effects of, 225

enslaved peoples’ contribution to, 5, 16–18, 31, 252–253, 277–278, 364

Free Womb Law (Rio Branco Law/Lei do Ventre Livre, 1871), 12–13, 54, 55, 178, 247, 271, 321

gradualist impact of, 281–282, 360

and gender, 109

implementation of, 10

and independence, 9–10

Law 581 (1850), 10

law of November 7, 1831, 41, 42, 134

Lei Áurea (Golden Law, 1888), 16

as nonlinear process, 18, 177–178

opposition to, 12, 15, 280

origins of, 8–9

responsibility for, 16–18

royal support for, 15

Sexagenarian Law (1885), 13–14

and slave trafficking economy, 10

as support for military recruitment, 137–138

in United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, 135

in Uruguay, 50, 130, 135

in USA, 11

abolitionism, 13, 209, 210, 256, 262

in armed forces, 14

in Bahia, 277–278

Black, 252–253, 277–278

discrediting of, 263

vs. emancipationism, 281–282

increasing support for, 277–278

opposition to, 270

press support for, 241–242, 245–246, 248, 253–254, 289–290, 320–323

in Recife, 245–247

resistance to, 248, 271, 281, 282–283

Sociedade Brasileira contra a Escravidão (Brazilian Anti-Slavery Society), 13

sugar industry’s strategic support for, 277

Abreu, Limpo de, 149, 150

Abreu, Martha, 31

Academia de Letras, 285

Academia Imperial de Belas Artes (AIBA, Imperial Academy of the Arts), 341, 343, 347, 360

adoption, 371–372

advertisements

for manumission fees, 247

for runaway slaves, 245

for wet nurses, 113

affection, 20, 108–109, 123–125, 126

Africa, 317, 329–337, 404–405

Angola, 65

Benin, 74, 76

Christianity in, 330

land ownership in, 335

law and legal systems, 335

musical representations of, 404, 410

Pan-Africanism, 329, 330, 403

Pernambuco, journey to, 64

racism in, 334, 335

Republic of Transvaal, 334, 335

royalty, 76

slavery in, 332, 334

South Africa, 332–336

West Central Africa, 69, 70

African people

emancipation of, 43

enslaved, 8, 100, 101

children and young people, 49, 58–59, 60–63

preference for, 101

“liberated,” 43, 44, 62, 81

possession of freedom, determination of, 41

Afro-descendantssee Black people.

afterlife of slavery, 2, 26–29, 30, 32, 192

scholarship of, 2–7

agency, 2, 17

in abolition, 16

of Black people, 28, 364, 366–367, 416–417

legal, 11, 37, 46, 47, 48, 60–63, 81, 293

political, 398, 406, 409–411, 413–414

of enslaved people, 17, 178, 277

suppression of, 31

of women, 365, 366

see also autonomy.

Agostinha (enslaved wet nurse), 125

Agostinho (natural son of Manoel Gonsalves), 81

Agostinho de tal, 61

Agostini, Angelo, 360

agriculture

artistic representation of, 349–351

avoura branca (“white farming”), 233

democratization of, 326

export crops, 84

by freed people, 230–231, 232–234

mass production in, 84

meação (sharecropping), 232–233

parceira (partnership), 232, 233–234

post-abolition, 326–327

in post-emancipation period, 224, 225, 228–229, 362–363

small-holdings, 221, 228

subsistence, 221, 233, 236

Aguirre, President Astanasio, 128, 155

AIBA (Academia Imperial de Belas Artes, Imperial Academy of the Arts), 341, 347, 360

Albuquerque, Manoel Pereira Tavares de Mello e, 35, 36, 47

Albuquerque, Wlamyra, 27

Alfredo, João, 15

Almeida, Clarindo de, 305, 306

Almeida, Elisa Constança de, 92

Alonso, Angela, 246

Alves, Agostinho José, 291

Alves, Castro, 345

Alves, Clarindo, 303

Alves, Sinerio, 308

Amazonas, 13

Ambrosina (enslaved wet nurse), 126

Andrada e Silva, José Bonifácio de, 9

Andrade, Flávio José de, 291

Andrews, George Reid, 5

Angola, 65

Anselmo (enslaved person), 104

anti-Black racism, 125, 242, 255–261, 262, 263

anti-racism, 251–252

Antonil, André João, 221

APERJ (Arquivo Publico do Estado do Rio de Janeiro), 365

Aramaré, Viscount de (Costa Pinto, Manoel da), 266, 270, 276–277, 280–281, 284

Araújo Filho, José Tomás Nabuco de, 12

archives, 313

Arquivo Publico do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (APERJ), 365

civil registries, 364

communities, recorded in, 188

diaries, 315, 316

editing of, 319–320

and historiography, 19

inventories, post-mortem, 90, 91, 95, 99, 100

legal

paternity suits, 368, 370, 380–381, 383–386

re-enslavement, 36, 152

letters, 375–377

of manumission, 365

meia-siza (tax on sale of slaves) records, 365–366

microhistories, 18, 19, 368

property registries, 364

Rebouças, Antonio Pereira, 315, 319–320

silences of, 19, 128, 159, 200, 267

ways of reading, 216, 232, 364–366, 368

wet nursing in, 120

see also press.

Arcozelo, Viscountess of (Werneck, Maria Isabel de Lacerda), 105, 125

Argentina, 129, 140, 155, 156

Buenos Aires, 132

armed forces

abolitionists in, 14

enslaved people in, 11, 50, 137–138

Gaucho troops, 53

Arquivo Publico do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (APERJ), 365

Artigas, General José, 132, 133

artworks, 355–360 see also Brocos y Gómez, Modesto.

Assis Bueno, Dona Teresa, 381–383

Assis Bueno, Francisco, 381, 383, 384–385

Assis Bueno, José, 381–386

Assis Júnior, A. de, 69

Associação de Socorros Mútuos Auxílio Operário (The Worker’s Relief Mutual Aid Society), 291

Assunção, Joaquina Mathilde de, 86, 87, 88

asylum, 133

Atapus, 78

autonomy

bodily, 181

economic, 221, 230–231

of enslaved people, 97, 106

of freed people, 232, 236–237

lack of, 169, 230

of women, 164, 169, 171, 179, 268

see also agency.

Avellar, Antônia Ribeiro de, 87

Azara, Feliz de, 133

Azevedo, Arthur, 353

Azevedo, Candido Alves de, 218

Azevedo, Celia, 6

Azevedo, Domingas Maria de, 218

Azevedo, Elciene, 277

Azevedo, João Guedes de, 296

Azevedo, Thales de, 269

babies, abandoned/orphaned, 114–115, 173

baby wheels, 114–115, 173

Bahia, 24, 270, 271, 272, 277–278

Bahiana, João da, 418

Bahiana, Sinhô da, 418

baptism, 44, 51, 61, 62, 63

Baquaqua, Mohammah Gardo, 77–78

Barbosa, Antoinio Rodrigues, 122

Barbosa, Rui, 276, 282

Barra de Serinhaém, 70–71

Baú, João (enslaved African boy), 80

Beecher, Stowe, Harriet, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 254

Benin, 64

Berbel, Márcia, 242, 243

Berlin, Ira, 17, 185

Bernarda (enslaved wet nurse), 123–125

Bernardelli, Henrique, 361

Bernardelli, Rodolpho, 361

Bernardo Guimarães, 323

Bilac, Olavo, 353

Black organizations, 287–314

activities of, 294–296, 300–301

Centro Tipográfico Treze de Maio (13th of May Typographical Center), 291

Club Republicano dos Homens de Cor (Republican Club of Men of Color), 290, 308–311, 312–314

education by, 296–297

funding of, 295

Guarda Negra (Black Guard), 290, 301–306, 307–308, 311–312

legal status of, 292

Liga dos Homens de Cor (League of Colored Men), 290, 291–296, 312

monarchist, 303, 311–312

networks of, 310

objectives of, 302–303, 308

premises of, 294

press reporting on, 293–294, 300, 303–304, 305–306, 308–309

reported violence of, 303–304, 305–306, 312

republican, 308–311, 312–314

Sociedade Cooperativa da Raça Negra (Cooperative Society for the Black Race), 290, 291, 296–301

Sociedade Familiar de Dança Prazer da Violeta (Violeta’s Pleasure Family Dance Society), 288–289, 291

Sociedade Recreativa e Instrutiva (Recreational and Instructive Society), 291

Black people, 21–22, 31

abolition, contribution to, 5, 31, 252–253, 277–278, 364

agency of, 17, 28, 178, 277, 364, 366–367

activist, 398, 406, 409–411, 413–414, 416–417

legal, 11, 37, 46, 47, 48, 60–63, 81, 293

suppression of, 31

and class, 251–252, 258

communities, 217 see also maroons; plantations.

free, 8, 27, 195

and historiography, 29–30, 252–253

housing, 187, 188

musicians, 395, 417–418

political activism of, 5, 31, 277–278, 364

in public life, 252–253, 258–260

in Recife, 195, 242

representations of, 187–188, 268, 347–348, 350, 362–363, 372, 394, 398, 400, 404, 407, 410, 417, 419

in artworks, 356–360

polysemic, 413–414

rights of, 22, 40

in Rio de Janeiro, 287

women

redemption produced by, 366

representations of, 347–348, 350, 356–357, 358–359, 363, 366–367

sexualization of, 268–269

tias Baianas (Bahian Aunts), 287

blackface, 389, 398, 402, 406, 407, 412, 414

Blackness, 260, 262–263

anti-Black racism, 125, 242, 255–261, 262, 263

and culture, 108–109, 389, 393, 395, 417–418

erased through whitening, 25, 342, 354–355

and gender, 268–269, 287

representations of, 347–348, 350, 356–357, 358–359, 363, 366–367

identities of, 395, 398, 410

and immigration policies, 347

minstrelsy, 389, 407, 414

and the press, 255–258, 263, 289, 310

representations of, 187–188, 268, 347–348, 357, 362–363, 372, 394, 398, 400, 404, 407, 410, 417, 419

and gender, 347–348, 350, 356–357, 358–359, 363, 366–367

polysemic, 413–414

stereotypes of, 406

subjectivities of, 28, 318, 328–329, 331, 336

Black people

womensee also wet nurses.

Boa Vista, Baron of, 62, 63, 80

Boas, Franz, 3

bodies

autonomy of, 181

commodified, 110

women’s, 115, 178–182

Boherer, Felipe Rodrigues, 418

Bolivia, 140

borders, national

Brazil–Uruguay, 130–133

mobility of enslaved people across, 133–134, 136, 139, 143–145

trafficking across, 49–50

Brazil, 253, 254

beaches, 78, 79

constitution, 22, 35, 318–319

Constitutional Assembly, 9

Council of State, 144–145

Dutch occupation of, 244, 253

governance, 186

censuses, 188

patrimonial, 20

racial exclusion from, 251

and Great Britain, 134, 146–147, 149–150, 157–158

harbors, 58, 59

natural, 79

independence, 8, 9–10, 315

international position of, 145–148

liberalism, 22

as nation

character, formation of, 368–369

narratives of, 157–158

unity, illusive, 28

patria, slavery as sin against, 25

population, 8

slavery, corrosive effect on, 24–26

state-formation, 20, 23, 28, 157–158, 368–369

treaties for extradition of escaped slaves, 139–140, 141–142

and Uruguay

border with, 50, 131–133

diplomatic negotiations between, 152–153

invasion of, 128, 130, 155

treaties imposed on, 139

Brazilian Bar Institute (Instituto dos Advogados Brasileiros, IAB), 48

breastfeeding, 111–112, 117, 118, 174 see also wet-nursing.

Britain see Great Britain.

Brito, Jailton, 280

Broca, José Brito, 417

Brocos y Gómez, Modesto, 341, 342, 344, 348–351, 355, 364

Alegria, libertação dos escravos (Happiness, the Liberation of Slaves), 362

Black peasantry, representations of, 362–363

Cascata na Barreira do Soberbo (Waterfall at Barreira do Soberbo), 362

Crioula de Diamantina/Mulatinha (Black Woman of Diamantina/Young Mulata), 351, 352

Las cuarto edades/Las Estaciones (The Four Ages/The Seasons), 349, 349

Dedo de Deus, 362

Engenho de Mandioca (Manioc Mill), 349–350, 351, 355, 362

La familia (The Family), 349

Mandinga, 358, 358–359

Mangueira (Mango Tree), 362

Marcolina, ex-escrava da Barreira (Marcolina, Ex-Slave of Barreira), 363

Paineira (Silk Floss Tree), 362

post-emancipation, experience of, 359–365

A questão do ensino de Bellas Artes, 343, 347

Recanto do Soberbo (Soberbo Retreat), 362

Redenção de Cã (The Redemption of Ham), 32, 341–344, 343, 346–348, 367

Black agency in, 364, 366–367

Black protagonists in, 357

composition, 347–348, 352–353

inspiration for, 346–347, 359–360

models for, 346

racist reputation of, 355–356

reception, 353

women of color, centered in, 356–357

Retórica dos Pintores, 343

travel of, 347, 351, 360–363

Viaje a Marte, 347

Vista da senzala da Barreira do Soberbo (View of the Slave Quarters of Barreira do Soberbo), 363

Brody, Jennifer, 356

Brooks, Tim, 402

brutality, 4, 204, 205, 206–207, 209

Bueno, Fernando Pereira, 347

Burns, E. Bradford, 356

Burnside, John, 95

Cabo, 62

Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, 230–232

californias (raids), 147, 154

Calógeras, João Batista, 156

Camarão, Felipe, 253

Camilo (enslaved African boy), 60–63, 77–78, 81

Caminha, Adolpho, 353

Campo Belo, Baroness of (Correia e Castro, Eufrásia), 92, 95

Campofiorito, Quirino, 359

Campos, Antonio Ribeiro de, 219–220

Candido, Antônio, 369

Canot, Theodore, 72

Capel, Selma Fernandes, 342, 344

capitalism, 2

abolition, driver for, 5

of coffee economy, 26

slavery as logic of, 4

Capivary, Baron of (Ribeiro de Avellar, Joaquim), 92, 94

Caratti, Jonatas, 51

Cardim, Dr. Manoel Henrique, 201, 202–204, 209

Cardoso, Ciro Flamarion, 220–221

Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 4

Cardoso, Hermínio José, 165

Carlos, Arthur, 254

Carmo de Cantagalo, 213

Carneiro, Maria Elizabeth Ribeiro, 115

cartes-de-visite, 119–120, 120

Carvalho, Marcus, 6, 27

Casal, Aires de, 79

Castilho, Celso, 31, 198

Castro, Antônio Barros de, 220

Castro, Theophilo Dias de, 254

Catholicism, 330

Catuama, 60, 74, 80

Caulfield, Sueann, 27

causality, 17

Ceará, 13

Celso, Afonso, 303, 312

Centro Tipográfico Treze de Maio (13th of May Typographical Center), 291

Cerqueira, Tenente Coronel Pedro Ozorio de, 205, 206–207

Cerrito, 50

Cezar, João Baptista, 67, 75, 76–77

Chalhoub, Sidney, 6, 19, 243, 271

Chasteen, John, 356

Chaterjee, Partha, 190

childcare see wet nurses; wet-nursing.

children

abandoned/orphaned, 114–115, 173

abduction of, 150

African, 43

enslavement of, 58–59, 60–63

circulation of, 370–371

crioulos (Brazilian born slaves), 71, 101

death of, 72–73, 75

of enslaved women, 173

enslavement of, 12–13

in Africa, 58–59, 60–63

benefits to slave traders, 68–73

crias da casa, 371

as descendants of trafficked people, 42, 101

illegal, 39, 49, 50, 58–59, 60–63

moleques, 68–69

numbers of, 69

taxation on, 64

family connections, lack of, 101–102

in feitorias (slave outposts), 75–77

free, 48, 49

guardianship of, 372–373

illegitimate, regcognition of, 267, 373

labor of, 372–373

mixed-race, 27

mothers, separation from, 104, 110, 111, 113, 114–115, 124, 126

photographic portraits of, 119

of priests, 266

scarifications, lack of, 71, 73

on slave ships, 71–72

Chor Maio, Marcos, 344

Chude-Sokei, Louis, 403, 404, 406, 407

churches, 186

Cidade do Rio (newspaper), 289–290, 292, 294, 302, 303, 333

Cisplatine Province, 132

Cisplatine War (1825), 132, 133

cities, 184–185

and abolition, 191, 245–247

afterlife of slavery in, 192

freedom, spaces of, 191

and gender, 191, 192

growth of, 193–194

historiography of, 185, 188–193

inequalities in, 192

and liberalism, 192, 194, 212

and mobility, 27, 196

modernity of, 185–193, 198

paradigms of, 188–190

and progress, 189

rurality, connections to, 192, 196, 211

see also Porto Alegre; Recife; Rio de Janeiro; São Paulo.

citizenship, 20, 27

and abolition, 210, 290

definitions of, 141, 243

of freed people, 36

and gender, 22, 191

limitations of, 19, 20, 400

and literacy, 243

and race, 291

racialized exclusion from, 22, 318

and rights, 16

threats to, 151

city, slave, concept of, 185, 212

civil registration

of enslaved people, 12, 14, 54–55, 225

revolt against, 53

civil rights see rights.

Clapp, João, 13, 303

class, 21, 25

Black people and, 251–252, 258

consciousness, 31

differentiation, 122

elite

self-representation of, 119

slaveholding, 10, 84, 85, 92

slavery, support for, 9

wet nurses, use of, 111, 112–113, 118

family and, 61

formation, 301

identities, 292

in Recife, 195, 197

working, 196, 300

clientelism, 273, 275

Climaco de Espirito Santo, José, 208–209

Club Republicano dos Homens de Cor (Republican Club of Men of Color), 290, 308–311, 312–314

co-dependency, 371, 382

coffee economy, 8, 10, 230–232, 236, 326

abolition, opposition to, 12, 15

abolition, support for, 15

capitalism of, 26

enslaved workforce in, 88, 271

export value of, 88

in Paraíba Valley, 84–85

partnership farming in, 233–234

plantations, 122

Collaço, Felipe Neri, 31, 241–242, 243, 247, 261–262

biography, 248–249, 258–260

criticism, response to, 260–261

O Homen, political positioning of, 250–251

racism, experience of, 259–260

colonialism, 329–337

colonos (partner plantation workers), 233

color, 258–259

and identities, 168

in paternity suits, 385

and subjectivities, 250–253

terminology of, 265

commerce, 9

markers of, 186

markets, 220, 221

participation in, 31, 220–223

in Recife, 194–195

see also agriculture; coffee economy; sugar economy.

commodification, of bodies, 110

communications, 189

letters, 165–166

railroads, 168, 198

telegraph, 186

see also press; print culture.

communities, 27

archives of, 188

Black, 217

of enslaved people, 88, 93, 96–99, 101, 102, 103, 277

of freed people, 231

fugitive slave (maroons, quilombos), 2, 13, 97, 188, 198, 199, 206, 221, 307, 323

of peasantry, 217

plantation, 96–107

see also networks.

compensation, for loss of enslaved people, 137, 280, 285

complaints, 44, 51, 130, 136

diplomatic, 150, 151, 152–153, 154, 155, 156, 158

by enslaved people, 47, 163, 167, 169–172

by plantation owners, 224

by slaveholders, 137, 138, 142, 221

Conceição do Arroio, 43, 46

Conceição, Anísia Maria da, 183, 200–204, 209

Conceição, Antonia Maria da, 200, 201–202, 203, 204

Conceição, Dona Lauriana Rosa da, 374

concubinage, 379, 380, 381, 383–384

Conduru, Roberto, 343, 357–359

Congo, Manoel, 44–45, 93

Congo, Maria and Joaquim (enslaved African children), 61–63, 81

Congo, Narciso (enslaved African minor), 62–63

Congress of Vienna, 9

Congresso Operário de Beneficência (Worker’s Beneficence Congress), 299

Conrad, Robert, 14, 271

Conservative Party, 12, 249, 257

O Constitucional (newspaper), 118

Cook, Will Marion, 403

Corrêa, Alexandre, 227

Correia e Castro, Eufrásia (Baroness of Campo Belo), 92, 95

Costa Pinto Junior, Antonio da, 270

Costa Pinto, João Gabriel da, 267

Costa Pinto, L.A. da, 28

Costa Pinto, Major Francisco Antônio da (Count of Sergimirim), 267, 270

Costa Pinto, Manoel da (Viscount de Aramaré), 266, 270, 276–277, 280–281, 284

Costa Pinto, Manuel Lopes da, 270

Costa, Domingos Gonçalves da, 218

Costa, Emilia Viotti da, 4, 14

Costa, Laurindo José da, 148, 149, 155

Cotegipe, Baron of (Vanderlei, João Maurício), 14–15

cotton industry, 326–327

Cowper, Augustus, 70–71, 72–73, 78, 79–80

crime

flight, assistance with, 14

forgery, of enslavement documentation, 44

murder, 126, 207–209

reducing free person to slavery, 35–36, 41, 44, 45

sexual violence, 179, 180, 202, 203, 268–269

see also flight.

crioulos (Brazilian born slaves), 71, 408

cruelty, 204, 205, 206–207, 209

Cruz, José Rodrigues da, 87

Cuba, 11

culture, 2

Blackness and, 108–109, 389, 393, 395, 417–418

institutions of, 186

transnational exchanges of, 393

see also music; print culture; songs; visual art.

Cunha, Antônio Luís Pereira da (Marquis of Inhambupe), 134

Cunha, Euclides da, 192

Curse of Ham (Old Testament story), 342, 344–346, 347

Custódia (enslaved wet nurse), 122, 123

Custódio (enslaved person, Guaribú), 101

Daniel Domingues da Silva, 58

Dantas, Manoel Pinto de Sousa, 276, 280, 281

Dantas, Monica, 40

Dantas, Rodolfo, 280

Davis, Mike, 189

death

of children, 75

during Middle Passage, 65, 67, 72–73, 74

murder, 126, 207–209

suicide, 337

deflowerment suits, 202–203

Degler, Carl, 4

democracy

racial, 3, 20, 21, 109, 355

rural, 326

voting rights, 243, 263, 335

dependency, 20, 184, 192, 197

domestic, 196, 383, 386

enforced, 18

intimate, 211

and motherhood, 268

and slavery, 197, 285, 387

and women, 164, 175

Derby, Orville, 274, 284

diaries, 315, 316

Diário da Manha (newspaper), 224

Diário de Notícias (newspaper), 293, 295, 300, 303

Diário de Pernambuco (newspaper), 247, 249

Diário de Rio Claro (newspaper), 308

Dias, Henrique, 253

Dias, Henriqueta Josepha, 362, 364

Dias, Maria Odila Leite, 109

Dina (enslaved woman), 381–384

discipline, 206–207, 208, 209, 335

violent, 204, 209

disorder, social, 2, 11, 93, 225, 305–306

against civil registration, 53

Farroupilha Revolution (1835–1845), 50, 135, 147

specter of, 45–46, 227, 281

displacement, 163, 164, 165, 171, 178, 217, 223, 235

do Valle, Manoel, 201–203

Drescher, Seymour, 5

Drummond, Luíz de, 202–203, 209

du Bois, W.E.B., 407

Dumont, Santos, 416

Dunbar, Paul L., 403

Duque Estrada, Gonzaga, 351

economy, 2

coffee, 8, 10, 230–232, 236, 326

abolition, opposition to, 12, 15

abolition, support for, 15

capitalism of, 26

enslaved workforce in, 88, 271

export value of, 88

in Paraíba Valley, 84–85

partnership farming in, 233–234

plantations, 122

among enslaved/freed people, 220–221, 230–231

fluctuations, 11

mining, 2, 84, 351

among peasantry, 220

sugar

abolition, strategic support for, 280

abolitionism, resistance to, 248

enslaved laborers in, 61, 78, 194, 205, 244, 245

exports, 266, 270

modernization of, 326

plantations, 269–270

Ecuador, 140

education, 186, 272, 372

Black organizations, offered by, 295, 296–297

of enslaved laborers, 270–271

of filhos de criação (children by upbringing), 375–376

of freed people, 311

lack of, 311, 334, 335

racial prejudice in, 259–260, 297–299, 322

see also AIBA; ENBA; literacy.

Elkins, Stanley, 4

Elliot, William, 201

Eltis, David, 58, 64, 68

emancipation, 20, 23, 211

avoidance/prevention of, 45–46

completion of, 13

gradual, 11–13

through Lei Áurea (Golden Law, 1888), 16

of newly arrived Africans, 43

of slaves over 60 (Sexagenarian Law), 13–14

state funds for, 246

see also post-emancipation.

emancipationism, 280

vs. abolitionism, 281–282

sugar industry’s strategic support for, 280

emotion, 20, 122, 125–126

empires, agrarian, 91–96

employment

Black organizations’ support for, 296–297

see also agriculture; commerce; labor.

ENBA (Escola Nacional de Belas Artes), 341, 342, 343, 353, 360

enslaved laborers see also children; flight; wet nurses.

enslaved people

abolition, contribution to, 5, 16–18, 31, 252–253, 277–278, 364

African, 8, 100, 101

preference for, 101

agency of, 17, 178, 277

in armed forces, 11, 50, 137–138

asylum for, 133

autonomy of, 97, 106

Brazil, formative influence on, 4

in coffee economy, 88, 271

commercial activity of, 220–223

communities of, 88, 93, 96–99, 101, 102, 103, 277

concealment of, 137, 138

crioulos (Brazilian born slaves), 71, 100, 101, 390, 411

demographics of, 10, 63, 100, 271

age, 69, 100, 101, 283

gender, 98, 101

discipline of, 204, 206–207, 208, 209

as dowry, 123

and education, 270–271

family structures of, 88, 89, 98–107, 103

freed people, socialization with, 221

geographical distribution of, 50, 91–96, 94, 104–107, 123–125, 163, 245

housing of, 88, 93, 96, 102

humanity, recognition of, 4

land, grants of parcels of, 221

languages, spoken by, 69, 88

lawsuits

cruelty, 206–207

deflowerment, 202–203

freedom, 11, 37, 46, 47, 48, 60–63, 81

habeas corpus, 213–215

legal status of, 12, 178–179

marriage between, 100, 101

in mining economy, 2, 84, 351

mobility of, 104–107, 163

across national borders, 133–134, 136, 139

wet nurses, 123–125

networks of, 88, 89, 98–99

numbers of, 1, 8, 67, 85, 131

declining, 363–364

illegally trafficked, 42, 85

in Pernambuco, 245

slaveholding concentrations of, 91–96, 94

in Uruguay, 50, 132

in post-mortem inventories, 99

prices of, 10, 114

productivity of, 14, 98, 102, 195

purchase deeds of, 172

representation of, 187–188

reproduction of, 40, 179–180

resistance of, 2, 11, 13, 17, 99

family as form of, 89

female, 109

savings, right to, 12

selection of, 63–64

skills of, 114, 194, 365

slaveholders, negotiations with, 205

slaveholders, relationships with, 4, 97

affective bonds in, 108–109, 123–125, 126

contexts of, 90

domestic, 110–111

dominance in, 109, 125

post-abolition, 284–285

power inequalities in, 99

and slave family, 89

violence in, 126

state registration of, 12, 14, 225

in sugar economy, 61, 78, 194, 205, 244, 245

testimonies, lack of, 19

violence against, 20, 166

sexual, 179, 180, 202, 203, 268–269

women, 21, 96, 98, 100

bodies of, 178–182

sexuality of, 179–180

silencing of, 126

enslavement, 46

of children, 12–13, 58–59

benefits to slave traders, 68–73

crias da casa, 371

as descendants of trafficked people, 42, 101

illegal, 39, 49, 50, 60–63

moleques, 68–69

numbers of, 69

profitability of, 63–65

documentation, forged, 44

of free people, 35–36, 51

through abduction, 49–53, 155, 165–167

criminalized, 38–41

prosecutions for, 54

and gender, 49, 98, 101, 172–173

illegal, 39–40

of children, 39, 60–63

fears of, 53–54

good faith defense for, 45

increase of, following 1831 law, 42

legal collusion with, 55–56

legalization of, 54

punishments for, 54

tolerance of, in legal system, 27

of Indigenous people, 39

legal definition of, 41

re-enslavement, 39, 46–49, 152, 195, 226–227

silencing of stories of, 243

as violation of personhood, 40

enslavers, illegal

acquittals of, 54, 55

convictions of, 54

prosecutions of, 54

equalities, 257

formal, 21

lack of, 20, 27, 89, 99, 192, 211

escape see flight.

Escola Nacional de Belas Artes (ENBA), 341, 342, 343, 353, 360

Esperança (freed person, Recife), 183, 207–209

Espírito Santo Castro, Antonio Luiz do, 291, 292–293, 294

Espírito Santo province, 232–236

Espírito Santo, Benedicta do, 175–177

eugenics, 25, 354–355

examinations, medical-legal, 181–182, 202, 207

Expilly, Charles, 119, 121

Expilly, Martha, 119, 127

expropriation, 144

Facchinetti, Nicolau Antonio, 361

family, 2, 20, 25, 231

artistic representation of, 351

and class, 61

among enslaved people, 88, 89–90, 96, 98–107, 176–177

generation of, 103

mobility of, 105–106

resilience, 104

stability of, 102–104

formation, 26

freedom and, 23

and inequality, 27

lack of, for children, 101–102

order of, 117, 118, 120

patriarchal, 368–369, 371, 386–387

redemption of, 352–353

resistance, form of, 89

slaveholders, relationships with, 89, 108–109

for wet nurses, 123–125

variable forms of, 369

Faria, Sheila, 227

Farias, Major Henrique Lins de Noronha, 61

Farroupilha Revolution (1835–1845), 50, 135, 147

fathers/fatherhood, 266–267, 373, 377–379, 386–387

Faustina (abducted free person), 51–52

Fávero, Flamínio, 385

favor, 20, 275, 413

domestic labor as, 169, 176

freedom as, 271

as protection, 169, 172, 177, 275

recognition of children as, 27, 373

vs. rights, 253

Fazenda Barreira do Soberbo (Guapimirim), 360–363, 361, 364–365

fazendas see plantations.

feitorias (slave outposts), 64, 74, 75–77

Felisberta (enslaved wet nurse), 123–125

Felisbino (enslaved person, Recife), 208–209

Felizarda (enslaved person, Guaribú), 101

Ferguson, James, 190

Fernandes, Florestan, 4, 26

Ferreira, Antônio José, 312

Figueria, Andrade, 280

filhos de criação (children by upbringing), 370, 371–373

family, position in, 386–387

free status of, 376, 381

and gender, 385

paternity claims of, 377–378

surrender of, 374

filiation, status of, 379, 380, 381, 384

Fischer, Brodwyn, 27

flight, 2, 13, 14, 30, 62, 97, 172, 178

assistance, criminalized, 14

to free-soil territories, 130, 133–134

fugitives, 14, 142, 163, 168, 169

communities of, 188, 198, 199, 323

return of, 133, 134, 139–140

treaties for extradition of, 139–140, 141–142

punishment for, 206

via railroads, 168

support networks for, 206, 256

transnational, 37

Florentino, Manolo, 69, 72

Flores, Venancio, 128, 152, 154

Fonseca, Claudia, 375

Forbes, Lieutenant R. N., 71–72, 73

forgery, of enslavement documentation, 44

Fox, Douglas, 188

França, Ernesto Ferreira, 213

France, 141

Francisca (enslaved person, Guaribú), 101

fraternity, 250

free people, enslavement of

through abduction, 49–53, 165–167

criminalized, 35–36, 38–41

prosecutions for, 54

release from, 54

Uruguyans, 51

free soil, 30, 37, 130, 140–141, 143–145

Free Womb Law (Rio Branco Law/Lei do Ventre Livre, 1871), 12–13, 54, 55, 178, 247, 271, 321

gradualist impact of, 281–282, 360

freed people, 31

agriculture by, 232–234

autonomy of, 232, 236–237

citizenship of, 36

commercial activity of, 220–223

communities of, 231

conditionally freed, 55

economic autonomy of, 221, 230–231

education, 311

enslaved people, socialization with, 221

labor conditions, negotiations of, 228–229

land bequests to, 217–220

migration of, 323

mobility of, 236–237, 323

murder of, 207–209

obligations of, 43

re-enslavement of, 46–49, 213, 226–227

rights of, 36, 319

as slaveholders, 25, 90, 371

and social disorder, 225

stigmatization of, 243, 283

women, 371

freedom, 5

through border-crossing, 143–145

cities as spaces of, 191

and definition of (il)legal enslavement, 41

evidence of, 168

expectations of, 231

and favor, 12, 271, 280, 281

gender, 48–49, 164

for illegally trafficked Africans, 135

legal possession of, 47–48

of “liberated Africans,” 10

limitations of, 23, 39, 195, 210–211

conditionality, 46, 48

manumission as restitution of, 49

meanings of, 18, 20, 23, 177, 183, 215, 236

paths to, 10–11, 18, 204

for women, 164, 169

see also abolition; emancipation; flight; manumission.

possession of, 41

precarious, 19, 37, 46

and race, 197

rights to, 45

United Provinces decree of, 133–134

see also emancipation; flight; manumission.

freedom lawsuits, 11, 37, 47, 81

of Camilo (enslaved African), 60–63

failed, 48

victims’ testimony in, 46

freedom letters, 122–123, 125, 168, 169, 204, 283

Freitas, Anacleto Alves de, 308, 309, 312–313

Freitas, Francisco Alves de, 308

Freitas, José Manuel de, 206

Freitas, Octavio de, 188

Freyre, Gilberto, 19–20, 21, 26, 192

Casa Grande e Senzala, 3–4

on children of priests, 266

criticism of, 28

on familial relationships, 108–109, 197, 368–369

on Recife, 198, 199, 212

on Teodoro Sampaio, 264–265, 285–286

on sexual violence, 268–269

Frontino, Manoel, 296

Galvão, Rafaella Valença de Andrade, 31

Gama, Luiz, 254

Gates, Henry Louis, 356

Gaucho separatist movement, 50

Gazeta da Tarde (newspaper), 306, 307, 308, 312

Gazeta de Notícias (newspaper), 293, 300, 304

Gazeta do Povo (newspaper), 227

gender

and abolition, 109

and Blackness, 268–269, 287, 366

representations of, 347–348, 350, 356–357, 358–359, 363, 366–367

and citizenship, 22, 191

and enslavement, 49, 98, 101, 172–173

and filhos de criação (children by upbringing), 385

and freedom, 48–49, 164

and labor, 195

and mobility, 164

norms, 169

and political rights, 252

and subjectivities, 20–21

and urbanity, 191, 192

General José Artigas, 133

Gilroy, Paul, 392, 395

O Globo (newspaper), 254

Godoy, José Geraldo de, 43

Goiana, 61

Góis Júnior, Inocêncio Marques de Araújo, 282

Golroy, Paul, 336

Gomes, Assindino, 291, 296

Gomes, Flávio, 31, 301

Gomes, Rodolpho, 308

Gómez, Modesto Brocos y see Brocos y Gómez, Modesto.

Gonçalves, Amélia, 230–231

Gonsalves, Manoel, 61, 81

Gordon, Robert, 134

Gorender, Jacob, 220

Goulart, Felipe Ferreira, 93

Graham, Sandra Lauderdale, 109

gratitude, 376

Great Britain, 9

Aberdeen Act (Slave Suppression Act, 1845), 10, 146

antislavery naval patrols, 71, 74–75

Brazil, commercial interests in, 9

Brazil, diplomatic relations with, 134, 146–147, 149–150, 157–158

independence, recognition of, 9

invasions of, 132

slavery, laws on, 10, 140–141, 146

South Africa, colonization of, 332–336

Grenfell Hill, Pascoe, 72

Grinberg, Keila, 27, 30

Guanabara, Baron of (Oliveira Roxo, José Gonçalves de), 96

Guarda Negra (Black Guard), 290, 294, 301–306, 307–308, 311–312

Guaribú plantation, 86, 86–89

Guaribú, Baron of (Ribeiro de Avellar, Claudio Gomes)

agrarian empire of, 91, 92, 95

enslaved laborers, bequeathed by, 87, 96, 99–100, 102, 105–106

post-mortem inventory, 86, 94, 95

Guerra Grande (Paraguyan War, 1846–70) see Paraguyan War.

Guerra Grande (Uruguayan Civil War, 1839–1851), 50, 128, 136–139

Guilherme (enslaved person), 183, 204–207

Guimarães, Francisco (Vagalume), 417

habitus, slavocratic, 85, 110, 111, 118, 284–285

domestic perpetuation of, 118

politics of favor, 124

reproduction of, 114, 120, 121, 126

Harms, Robert, 72

Herrera, Juan José, 154–155

hierarchies, 3

of interdependence, 197–198

of labor, 109

patriarchal, 195

historiography

archives and, 19

Black people’s construction of, 29

Brazilian, 5, 6–7, 29

of enslaved/freed people’ economic practices, 220–221

of international relations, 130–131

of Paraguayan War (1864–1870), 156–159

of post-emancipation, 217, 227, 231–232

of print culture, 247–248

of race, 29–30, 242–243

of race relations, 4

slavery, silence on, 156–159

social agency focus of, 317

of subjectivity, 317–318

translations of, 7

transnational, 3–7

urban, 185, 188–193

USA, 3

Holanda, Sérgio Buarque de, 192, 369

O Homem (newspaper), 241–242, 243–244, 245–246, 249, 261–262

abolitionism, 253–254

“The Illustrious Men of Color,” 251

“men of color” subjectivity, construction of, 250–253

political positioning of, 250–251

press opposition to, 255–258

honor, 121, 179–180, 204, 259, 381

housing

of Black people, 187, 188

of enslaved people, 93, 96, 102

mocambos (shacks/shantytowns), 188, 198, 199, 323

senzalas (slave quarters), 88, 93, 96, 97, 98, 101, 102, 103, 277

sobrados (townhouses), 197

humor, 399, 402, 410–412

IAB (Instituto dos Advogados Brasileiro, Brazilian Bar Institute), 48

Ianni, Octavio, 4

identities

abolition, disrupted by, 297

affirmation of, 410

ambiguous, 174, 175–177, 181

Black, 395, 398, 410

class, 292

and color, 168

racial, 21–22, 265, 267, 269, 274–275, 292

social, 164

IGHBa (Instituto Geográfico e Histórico da Bahia), 264

Ilha, Benedicta Maria da (aka Ovídia, enslaved woman), 163–182

body of, 178–182

fugitive slave, suspected, 168

identity, 174, 175–177, 181

as mother, 173, 174

narrative of enslavement, 165–167, 172–173

origin story as free woman, 169–172

as wet nurse, 172

illegitimacy, 61, 267, 269, 373, 374, 377–379

immigration

anti-black policies, 347

white European, 364

Indigenous people, 22, 39, 84, 253

inequalities, 20

familial, 27

power, 89, 99, 211

urban, 192

informality, 192

Inhambupe, Marquis of (Cunha, Antônio Luís Pereira da), 134

inheritance, 87

by children of enslaved people, 381–382

enslaved people as, 61, 88, 96, 218

filhos de criação (children by upbringing) and, 374, 377

freed people, slaveholders’ bequests to, 217–220

of land, 87, 222

manumission as, 218, 219, 371

Instituto dos Advogados Brasileiros (Brazilian Bar Institute, IAB), 48

Instituto Geográfico e Histórico da Bahia (IGHBa), 264

international relations, 145–148

Brazil–Britain, 134, 146–147, 149–150, 157–158

Brazil–Uruguay, 130–131

historiography of, 130–131

intimacies, 27, 184, 192

social, 197–198

unequal, 196, 197, 210

of wet nurse role, 110

inventories, post-mortem, 90, 91, 95, 99, 100

Irmandade de Nossa Senhora do Rosário e São Benedito (Catholic brotherhood), 291, 312

Isabel (Princess Imperial of Brazil), 15, 16, 284, 303

Jaguaribe Filho, Domingos, 295

Jaú, 381

Jiménez, José Sousa, 347

Johnson, George W., 413–414

Johnson, James Weldon, 407

Jonas (enslaved person, Jaú), 381

Jornal de Campos (newspaper), 224, 225, 226

Jornal do Comércio (newspaper), 227

José Maria (enslaved person, Guaribú), 101

Juárez, Benito, 253

Kaye, Anthony, 106

kidnapping see abduction.

kinship see family.

Klein, Herbert, 6, 58, 59

Koster, Henry, 185

labor, 31

child, 372–373

conditions of, 110, 230, 231

negotiation of, 228–229

domestic, 109, 169, 170–171, 187

washerwomen/laundresses, 171, 175, 187

see also wet nurses.

free, 194, 195, 228

and gender, 195

meação (sharecropping), 232–233

parceira (partnership), 232, 233–234

and racism, 259–260

semi-free, 195

shortages, 225, 228–229, 272

subsistence, 362

in USA, 323

wages, 194, 230

of women, 170–171, 187, 195

washerwomen/laundresses, 171, 175, 187see also wet nurses.

see also agriculture; commerce; plantations.

labor relations, 31, 232–234

Lacerda, João Batista de, 354–355

Lacerda, Quintino de, 307

Laet, Carlos de, 346

Lage, Lana, 227

Lamas, Andrés, 139, 145–146, 149, 151

land, 31

access to, 216–220, 230, 231, 236, 322

“Brazilian system,” 221

grants of parcels of, 221

inheritance of, 87, 217–220

ownership, 199

in Africa, 335

agrarian empires, 91–96

by Brazilians, in Uruguay, 136, 142–144, 152–154

concentrated, 84

democratization of, 326

by freed people, 230–231

sesmarias, 86, 87, 94

Landes, Ruth, 21

Lane, Kristin, 356

language

of enslaved laborers, 69, 88

racial, 163, 167, 201, 243

Lanna, Ana Lúcia Duarte, 233

law and legal systems, 27

asymmetrical, 42

Black peoples’ roles in, 293

Civil Code (1916), 377, 379

commercial activity of enslaved people, regulation of, 222–223

convictions, 51–52, 54

Criminal Code, 38–41, 55

article 179, 35, 36, 38, 41, 49, 250

cruelty lawsuits, 206–207

deflowerment suits, 202–203

Eusebio de Queiroz Law, 57

Free Womb Law (Rio Branco Law/Lei do Ventre Livre, 1871), 12–13, 54, 55, 178, 247, 271, 321

gradualist impact of, 281–282, 360

freedom suits, 11, 37, 47, 81

failed, 48

of Camilo (enslaved African), 60–63

victims’ testimony in, 46

habeas corpus suits, 213–215

illegal enslavement, collusion with, 55–56

illegal enslavement, punishments for, 54

and illegitimacy, 377–379

in Africa, 335

Law 581 (1850), 10

Lei Áurea (Golden Law, 1888), 15–16

Louisiana (Livingston) Code, 40–41

municipal regulations, 222–223

November 7, 1831 (abolition), 41, 42, 134

and paternity, 368, 370, 377–379, 380–381, 383–387

Philippine Code/Ordinances, 38, 39, 112

policing, 9, 10, 214, 260, 303

proof, burden of, 45

prosecutions, 51–52, 54, 207–209

failed, 43–45

Sexagenarian Law (1885), 13–14, 256

witnesses, 209, 380, 383–385

Law, Robin, 78

legislation see law and legal systems.

legitimacy, 61, 267, 269, 353, 373, 374, 377–379

of filhos de criação (children by upbringing), 370

Lei do Ventre Livre see Free Womb Law.

Leite, José Roberto Teixeira, 355

Leite, Miriam Moreira, 173

Leme, Caetana Rosa de, 93

Lemos Magalhães, Francisco José de, 296

Leopoldina (enslaved woman), 365

Lepkowski, Tadeusz, 220

Levine, Robert, 5

Lewin, Linda, 378

Liberal Party, 201, 256, 275–276, 292–293, 312

abolition, views on, 257, 280

emancipation, views on, 11

O Homem, support for, 255

Saraiva in, 129, 276

liberalism, 22–23

Liceu de Artes e Oficios, 299

Lidgerwood, John, 324, 325

Liga de Lavoura and Commércio (League of Agriculture and Commerce), 282

Liga dos Homens de Cor (League of Colored Men), 290, 291–296, 312

Lima, Arnaldo do Rosário, 276

Lima, Heloisa, 343

Lima, Henrique Espada, 19

Lima, Ignácio de Araújo, 254, 310

Lisboa, José Francisco de Azevedo, 63–64, 74

literacy, 195, 197, 201, 243, 247–248, 334

Lobo, Elias, 253

Lopes Vieira, Adelina Amelia, 350

Lotierzo, Tatiana, 342, 344

Lourenço Marques (Maputo), 331, 332

Lovejoy, Paul, 78

Luanda, 65

A Luz (newspaper), 248, 254

lynching, 335, 398

Macedo, Buarque de, 275

Machado de Assis, Joaquim Maria, 1, 254

Machado, Maria Helena, 6, 30, 126, 268, 277, 372

Machado, Oliveira, 226

Machado, Paulo Vicente, 232, 235

Maciel Pinheiro, Luiz Ferreira, 46

Maciel, Manoel Silveira, 167

A Mãe de Família (newspaper), 118

Magalhães, Geraldo, 409

Magé, 363–364

Maia, Capitolina Moreira, 279

Maia, Joaquim Fernandez, 54

Malhei, Agostinho Marques Perdigão, 49

Malheiro, Perdigão, 345

malungos (slave shipmates), 61, 62

Mamigonia, Beatriz, 27

Mann, Kirstin, 190

Manuel, Fuão, 170

manumission, 4, 8, 11, 23, 122–123

archives, 365

conditional, 13, 46, 48, 55, 218, 219

debated, 36

documents of, 142, 283

falsified, 45

possession of, 48, 54

slaveholders’ control of, 271

for wet nurses, 125

as domestic matter, 279

fundraising for, 247

as gift of slaveholder, 277, 279, 280–281

following military service, 137

negotiations for, 276–279

obligatory, 247

of prostituted slaves, 180

purchase of, 272, 275

rates of, 35

as restitution of freedom, 49

revokable, 39, 46

as right, 277

through Sexagenarian Law, 14

voluntary, 205, 207, 211

wills, specified in, 218, 219, 371

Maranhão, Sebastião Rufino dos Santos, 213, 215

Marcellino Ferreira, D., 150

Marcolina (freed woman), 363, 365

Marcus Carvalho, 376

Mariano, José, 204, 206, 255–257

maroon communities (quilombos), 2, 13, 97, 188, 198, 199, 206, 221, 307, 323

Marques, João Pedro, 16–17

Marquese, Rafael, 84, 242, 243

marriage

between enslaved laborers, 100, 101

forced, 381

interracial, 249, 353

polygamy, 373

Marta, Segundina, 148

Martins, Jorge Fortunato, 296

Martins, Robson, 31

Martyr, Deocleciano, 308, 309, 313

Mascarenhas, Sebastião, 292–293

masters see slaveholders.

Mata Mineira, 233

matriculation

of enslaved people, 12, 14, 54–55, 225

revolt against, 53

Matson, Captain Henry James, 64, 69

Mattos, Hebe, 5, 6, 32, 228

on silencing, 243, 297

Mattos, Ilmar, 118

meação (sharecropping), 232–233

Meade, Teresa, 356

Medeiros, Senator Viriato de, 273

Mello, Augusto Xavier de Souza Coelho, 308

Meneses, Rodrigo Otávio Langgaard de, 346

Menezes, José Ferreira de, 254

Mercês, Geraldo das, 291

Middle Passage

length of voyages, 64–68

mortality rates, 64, 65, 67, 72–73, 74, 80

overcrowding, 72–73, 74, 82

recovery from, 77

migration, 196, 232

of freed people, 323

immigration

anti-black policies, 347

white European, 364

seasonal, 234–235

Miller, Joseph, 50, 69

Minas Gerais, 15, 233, 234, 235

mining economy, 2, 84, 351

minstrelsy, 389, 407, 414

Mintz, Sidney, 220

Miranda, Francisca Xavier Rodrigues de, 200

Miranda, Francisco Rodrigues de, 200

Miranda, João Rodrigues de, 200

Miranda, Joaquim Euclides de, 312

Miranda, Julio Antonio de, 289

mobility, 23

of enslaved people, 104–107, 163

across national borders, 133–134, 136, 139

wet nurses, 123–125

of formerly enslaved people, 164, 223–224, 230–231

of freed people, 234–237, 323

and gender, 164

immigration

anti-black policies, 347

white European, 364

migration, 196, 232

of freed people, 323

seasonal, 234–235

social, 27, 201

urban, 27, 196

of women, 165, 171

mocambos (shacks/shantytowns), 188, 198, 199, 323

modernity, 184–185, 190

exclusion from, 336

transnational, 190

urban, 185–193, 198

modernization

agrarian, 270, 326

vs. slavery, 22–23, 25

moleques (enslaved children), 68–69

monarchism, 328

Black organizations for, 303, 311–312

see also republicanism.

Monjola, Julia (enslaved wet nurse), 119, 127

Moraes, Evaristo de, 309

Moreno, Alessandra, 371

mortality rates

among enslaved people, 80

of Middle Passage, 64, 65, 67, 72–73, 74, 80

mothers/motherhood, 30, 103–104, 117, 118, 373

amas secas (nannies), 110

children, separation from, 104, 110, 111, 113, 114–115, 124, 126

and enslavement, 12–13, 357

sale of, 365

slaveholders’ rights over, 12

to filhos de criação (children by upbringing), 372, 375

silencing of, 110, 111, 173, 174

Mott, Maria Lúcia, 173

Muaze, Mariana, 26, 30, 372

Muniz Dias da Cruz, Bráulio, 165–166, 167–169

music

by Black people, 395 see also Neves, Eduardo das; Williams, Bert.

cakewalk, 404, 407, 414

minstrelsy, 389, 407, 414

and racism, 397

ragtime, 402, 403, 404, 407, 412

recordings, 389, 392, 413

Neves, Eduardo das, 411–413, 418

Williams, Bert, 402–403, 405–406

representations of Africa in, 404, 410

in USA, 392

see also songs.

Nabuco, Joaquim, 1, 2, 13, 28, 31

O Abolicionismo, 24, 25

abolitionism of, 15, 24–28

cruelty, exposure of, 204

election to parliament, 204

Um estadista do Império, 129

on Paraguayan War (1864–1870), 155, 156–157

names

change of, 380

loss of, 61, 63

Nascimento, Abdias do, 28–31, 355

O Negro Revoltado, 28

Nazário (enslaved person, Guaribú), 102, 104

Nepomuceno, Alberto, Suite Brezilienne, 391

Neto, General Antonio de Souza, 153

networks

of Black organizations, 310

of Black people, 242

of enslaved laborers, 88, 89, 98–99

support, for flight, 206, 256

Neves, Eduardo das (Dudu), 31, 389–392, 395–396, 397, 398–400, 407–419

activism, 398, 409–411, 413–414, 416–417

A canoa virada (The Capsized Canoe), 416–417

“O Crioulo,” 408

fame of, 399–400

humor, use of, 399, 410–412, 414–416

legacy and reputation, 417–419

“Pai João,” 412

“pega na chaleira,” 413

performance career, 408–409, 414–416, 418–419

racism, experience of, 398, 417

recordings, 411–413, 418

“Roda Yáyá,” 411

A sentença da viúva alegre (The Sentence of the Happy Widow), 414–416

song styles of, 409–410

gargalhadas (laughing songs), 413–414

lundus, 409, 411–413

sambas, 417–418

slave songs, 410

songbooks, 408, 409

Mistérios do Violão, 408, 411

Trovador da Malandragem, 408, 411

“Tasty Lundu,” 412

newspapers see press.

Nobre, Maria Duarte, 52

Noronha, Manoel Marques, 51–52

O Novo Mundo (newspaper), 320–323, 326–328

Nunes Cabral, Dona Regina, 374, 375–377, 380

Nunes Cabral, Dona Teresa, 374

Nunes Cabral, Gustavo, 373–381

Nunes Cabral, Sabino, 374, 380

Oliveira Roxo, José Gonçalves de (Baron of Guanabara), 96

Oliveira Veado, Francisco Paula de, 296

Oliveira, Benjamim de, 414, 415

Oliveira, Caetano Alves de, 122–123

Oliveira, Francisco Antonio de, 65, 67

Oliveira, Joaquim Álvares de, 36

Oliveira, José Ramos de, 79–80

Oliveira, Manoel Justiniano de, 296

organizations, Black see Black organizations.

Oribe, Manuel, 136–137

orphanages, 114–115, 173, 199

Ovídia, enslaved woman (aka Ilha, Benedicta Maria da), 163–182

body of, 178–182

fugitive slave, suspected, 168

identity, 174, 175–177, 181

as mother, 173, 174

narrative of enslavement, 165–167, 172–173

origin story as free woman, 169–172

as wet nurse, 172

Paixão do Carmo, Domingas da, 266, 267, 268, 270, 276, 278–279, 284

Paixão, Vitor Gustavo da, 312

Palmerston, Lord, 52

Pan-Africanism, 329, 330, 403

Paraguay, 128

Paraguayan War (1864–1870), 11, 30, 53, 128–129, 155, 156–159

Paraíba Valley, 10–11, 83–85, 122, 165

agrarian empires, 91–96

categories of slaveholders in, 90–96

Paranhos Junior, José Maria da Silva (Baron of Rio Branco), 12, 157, 271

Paranhos, José Maria da Silva, 142–143

parceira (partnership), 232, 233–234

Parlagreco, Carlo, 346

paternalism, 20, 27, 273, 277, 282, 369, 372

paternity, 266–267, 373

laws on, 377–379, 386–387

A Patria (newspaper), 310

patriarchy, 109, 195

familial, 368–369, 371, 386–387

patrimonialism, 20, 22, 25, 26, 373

Patrocínio, José do, 13, 254, 277–278, 290, 312

Estevão da Silva, support for, 299

and Guarda Negra, 303, 304–305, 311–312

in Liga dos Homens de Cor, 291, 292–294, 312

Paty do Alferes, Baron of (Werneck, Francisco Peixoto de Lacerda), 92, 94

Pau Grande sesmaria, 86, 87

Paula, José Joaquim de, 44–45

Paula, Manoel de, 226

Paull, E.T., A warmin’ up in dixie, 390

Pavido, Jeronymo Mizisur Nogueira, 213

peasantry

communities of, 217

economic practices of, 220

itinerant, 216–217

in post-emancipation period, 362–363

Pedro I (Emperor of Brazil), 134, 316

Pedro II (Emperor of Brazil), 15, 249, 284, 311, 321, 328

exile, 328

Peixoto, President Marechal Floriano, 313

Pelotas, 148

Pereira, José Clemente, 38

Pereria, José Martins Souza Coelho, 308

Pernambuco, 24, 27, 58–59, 77–82, 194, 244, 246

Africa, accessibility from, 64

enslaved people in, 245

Ginásio Pernambucano, 249

slave landings in, 59

Perory, 61

Peru, 140

Pestana, Joaquim Maximiano, 202–203

Petiz, Silmei de Sant’Ana, 49

photography, 119–122

Pimenta da Cunha, Arnaldo, 268

Pinheiro da Silva Moraes, Fernando, 164, 166–167, 170, 171–173

Pinheiro, Captain Fernando, 165

Pinheiro, Fernanda Domingos, 39

Pinho, Antonio Pedro Francisco, 35

Pinto, Ana Flávia Magalhães, 31, 250, 254

Pinto, Antonio da Costa, 121

Pinto, Carolina, 316

Pinto, João José de Andrade, 213

plantations, 58, 62

abandoned, 228, 230

abolitionism, strategic support for, 277

“big houses,” 85, 92, 93

dependency of, 285

filhos de criação in, 380, 381

intimacy within, 368

labor in, 110, 270

and sexuality, 268

coffee, 85, 92, 122

communities within, 96–107

Guaribú, 86, 86–89, 99–107

and illegal slave trade, 79–80, 81–82

mobility of enslaved people in, 104–107

owners of, 59, 60

complaints, 224

and illegal slave trade, 78–80

political power of, 81, 85

post-mortem inventories of, 86

power relations within, 97–98

smuggled captives held at, 60, 61, 77

sugar, 61, 78, 266, 269–270

policing, 9, 10, 214, 260, 303, 305

Porfíria (enslaved free person), 35–36, 47, 48

Porto Alegre, 35, 43, 44, 418–419

Porto de Galinhas, 62, 80

portraits, 119

of children, 119

of wet nurses, 119–122

Portugal, 8, 9, 39, 69

and United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, 133–134

and Uruguay, 131, 132

possession

of freedom, 41

legal definition of, 47–48, 55

as property, 47

post-abolition, 16, 24–29, 215–216, 217, 327, 352, 360, 393–400

agriculture, 326–327

anxieties in, 224–227

historiography of, 217, 227, 301

immigration, 347

inequalities in, 21–22

labor, 227–236

labor in, 227–229

nostalgia in, 372

slave songs, 393–394

in the USA, 327

see also Black organizations.

post-emancipation, 32, 200, 215–216, 327, 352, 359–365

abolitionism, discrediting of, 263

agriculture, 224, 225

agriculture in, 362–363

anxieties in, 224–227

historiography of, 217, 227, 231–232

labor in, 229, 232–233

race in, 353, 359

in the USA, 326, 327

poverty, 25, 170, 176, 197, 212, 221, 305

power, 20

inequalities, 89, 211

patriarchal, 109

political, 92

relational, 21, 27, 192, 197

and autonomy, 97–98

in Recife, 199–200, 211–212

Prado Júnior, Caio, 4

Prazeres, Heitor dos, 287

Prazeres, Martinho dos, 296

press, 186

abolitionist, 241–242, 245–246, 248, 289–290, 320–323

advertisements, 113, 245, 247

anti-Black positions of, 255–258

Black, 263, 310

Black absence from, 289

post-emancipation, coverage of, 224–227

republicanism, reporting on, 306–308

priests, 266, 268

print culture, 247–249

and abolitionism, 360

advertisements, 113, 245, 247

Black people and, 248

cartes-de-visite, 119–120, 120

historiography, 247–248

maps, 188

photography, 119–122

postcards, 187–188

racist iconography in, 398

sheet music, 412

see also press.

productivity, 14, 98, 102, 195

progress, 186

urbanity of, 189

property

enslaved people as, 178, 180

expropriation, 144

possessions as, 47

rights, 16

see also land.

prostitution, 180

protection

favor as, 169, 172, 177, 275

in labor market, 195

value of, to women, 169

A Provincia (newspaper), 255–258, 262

public life

Black people in, 252–253, 258–260

racial policing of, 260

public space, 197, 198

women in, 169, 187, 191

punishment, 207, 208, 209, 335

for illegal enslavement, 54

violent, 204, 206–207, 209

Queiroz, Eusébio de, 144

quilombos (maroon communities), 2, 13, 97, 188, 198, 199, 206, 221, 307, 323

race

and breastfeeding, 111–112, 118, 174

consciousness, 31, 207–209, 255, 263

historiography of, 29–30, 242–243

identities of, 21–22, 265, 267, 269, 274–275, 292

Black, 395, 398, 410

“improvement,” via miscegenation, 25, 342, 346, 353–355

policies on, 29

politicizing of, 292

and slavery, 8, 100, 101, 141

as basis for abduction, 30, 38, 49–53, 148–152, 155, 165–167

terminology of, 163, 167, 201

see also Blackness; Whiteness.

race relations, 3, 4, 410–412

racial categories, 163, 167, 201, 243, 292, 385–386

racial democracy, 3, 20, 21, 109, 355

racial science, 342, 346, 353–354, 394

racial silencing, 242–244, 257, 258, 261, 262–263, 315

breaking of, 317

racism, 21–22, 23, 243

acceptability of, 257

in Africa, 334, 335

anti-Black, 125, 242, 255–261, 262, 263

in artworks, 355–356

downplaying of, 273–274

in education, 259–260, 297–299

in employment, 296–297

eugenicist, 25

experiences of, 200–209, 259–260, 273–274, 276, 320, 323–325, 398, 417

iconography of, 398

in immigration policies, 347

and labor, 259–260

and legal freedom, 27

in music, 397

opposition to, 251–252

pan-American, 396–398

silencing of experience of, 319–320

railroads, 168, 198

Ramos, José de Oliveira, 67, 79–80

Rangel, Izabel da Silva, 218

Real, Regina, 359

rebellion, 17

Rebouças Filho, Antônio Pereira, 316, 325, 326

Rebouças, André, 13, 15, 32, 271, 315, 316–317

Africa, writings on, 329–337

Black subjectivity of, 328–329, 331, 336

death, 337

editing of father’s papers, 319–320

and Guarda Negra, 303

letters, 328–337

melancholy of, 329

monarchism, 328

“New Propaganda – Dressing 300,000,000 African Negroes,” 332

O Novo Mundo, contributions to, 326–328

O Problema da África, 329

racism, experience of, 320, 323–325

religious views of, 330, 336

USA, visit to, 320, 323–325

Rebouças, Antonio Pereira, 252–253, 315–316, 326

archives of, 315, 319–320

Rebouças, José Pereira, 271, 316

Rebouças, Manoel Maurício, 316

Recife, 27, 60, 184–185, 193–200, 244–248

abolitionism in, 245–247

Arraial, 201, 202, 203

Arsenal de Marinha, 62

Black population, 242

Boa Vista, 200, 204, 205

census in, 188

class in, 195, 197

commerce in, 194–195

demography, 195–196

development of, 193–194

freedom in, 210–211

housing, 187

judicial system, criticism of, 208–209

literacy in, 248

maps of, 188

mobility in, 196

mocambos (shacks/shantytowns), 199

modernity of, 185–193, 198, 212

population, 193, 194

postcards of, 187–188

public life, exclusion from, 251

slave landings at, 65, 67

slavery in, 194, 195, 198

social heterogeneity of, 196–197

social intimacy in, 197–198

sugar economy, 194, 205

topography, 193, 196

Recôncavo Baiano, 266, 270, 272, 273, 277

redemption, 352–353, 357, 366

re-enslavement, 39, 46–49, 195, 226–227

registration, 53

of enslaved people, 12, 14, 54–55, 225

Reis Junior, J. M., 359

Reis, João José, 6

relationality

of power, 21, 27, 192, 197

and autonomy, 97–98

in Recife, 199–200, 211–212

of slavery, 20

relationships

informal, 20

interracial, 368–369

sexual, 20

concubinage, 379, 380, 381, 383–384

slaveholder-slave, 4, 97

affective bonds in, 108–109, 123–125, 126

after abolition, 284–285

contexts of, 90

domestic, 110–111

dominance in, 109, 125

familial, 108–109, 123–125

power inequalities in, 99

and slave family, 89

violent, 126

see also family; marriage.

religion, 186, 359

baptism, 44, 51, 61, 62, 63

Christianity, in Africa, 330

Curse of Ham, 342, 344–346

priests, 266, 268

religious brotherhoods, 2, 249, 291, 312

representations

of Africa, in music, 404, 410

of Black people, 268, 347–348, 362–363, 372, 394, 398, 400, 404, 407, 410, 417, 419

in artworks, 357–360

polysemic, 413–414

women, 350, 356–357, 358–359, 366–367

of enslaved people, 187–188

A Republica Federativa (newspaper), 248

republicanism, 226–227, 303–304, 305, 328

Black organizations for, 312–314

Black support for, 306–310

demonstrations, 307

see also monarchism.

resistance, of enslaved laborers, 2, 11, 13, 17, 99

female, 109

slave family as, 89

violent, 13

Ressurreição, João Baptista da, 203

Restall, Matthew, 356

revolt, 2, 11, 53, 93

Ribeiro de Avellar, Claudio Gomes (Baron of Guaribú)

agrarian empire of, 91, 92, 95

enslaved laborers, bequeathed by, 87, 96, 99–100, 102, 105–106

post-mortem inventory, 86, 94, 95

Ribeiro de Avellar, Joaquim (Baron of Capivary), 92, 94

Ribeiro de Avellar, Joaquim (Viscount of Ubá), 123–125

Ribeiro de Avellar, Mariana (Viscountess of Ubá), 123–125

Ribeiro, Luís Gomes, 86, 87–89, 91, 92, 95, 101

Ribeiro, Luiz Antonio, 296

rights

of Black people, 40

citizenship and, 16

civil, 318

constitutional, 250

discourse of, 250

of enslaved laborers

legal, 12

vs. favor, 253

of freed people, 319

restriction of, 36

to freedom, 45

and gender, 252

maternal, 119–122

property, 16

of slaveholders, 12

voting, 243, 263, 335

Rio Branco Law see Free Womb Law.

Rio Branco, Baron of (Paranhos Junior, José Maria da Silva), 12, 157, 271

Rio de Janeiro, 15, 24, 31, 170–172

Cidade Nova, 287–288, 294, 299

Colégio São Salvador, 271

Escola Central (Escola Politécnica), 271

Radical Club, 45

Rio Grande do Sul, 42–43, 49, 50, 149, 151–153

Rio, João do, 359, 417

O Rio-Grandense (newspaper), 149

Rio-Grandense Republic, 147

Rios, Ana Maria Lugão, 216–217

Rivera, José Fructuoso, 136–137

Rocha, Antonio Ladislau de Figueredo, 44

Rochêdo, Joaquim de Mattos Alcantilado, 60

Roda de Expostos (orphanage), 114–115

Rodrigues, José Carlos, 320, 323, 324, 325, 328

Rodrigues, Nina, 359

Rogers, Alex, 403

Romualdo (enslaved African, Guaribú), 101, 103–104

Rosa, Juan, 30, 148

Rosa, Juana, 148

Rouède, Emilio, 302, 306

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 117

Rufina (abducted and enslaved woman), 30, 52, 148, 149

rurality

artistic representation of, 349–351

urban space, connections to, 192, 196, 211

see also agriculture; plantations.

SAAP (Society to Aid Agriculture in Pernambuco), 248

Sabino (enslaved person), 167

Sacramento, Paulino, 414

Sadlier, Darlene Joy, 356

Sagastume, José Vasquez, 151

Saint-Hilaire, Augustin, 133

Salga, José Vaz, 248

Salles, Ricardo, 26

Sampaio, Ezequiel, 270, 272, 276–277, 279

Sampaio, Father Manoel Fernandes, 266, 267, 268, 271

Sampaio, Joaquim Fernandes, 267

Sampaio, José Teodoro, 267

Sampaio, Martinho, 270, 272

Sampaio, Matias, 270, 272, 279, 280–281, 284

Sampaio, Teodoro, 264–286

Academia de Letras, rejected by, 285

biographies of, 268

birth, 266

Costa Pinto family, connections with, 275

death, 267

Dom Pedro II, meeting with, 284

early life, 269–270

education, 270–271, 272

on elderly slaves, 283

on emancipationism, 281–282

on end of slavery, 284–285

engineering career, 272–273, 275–276, 279, 284

family of, 266–268

marriage, 279

purchases manumission of brothers, 272, 275, 276–279

racial identity of, 269, 274–275

as pardo, 265, 267

racism, downplaying of, 273–274

racism, experience of, 273–274, 276

Santa Rosa, Antonio Honorato de, 291, 295

Santos Gomes, Flávio dos, 97

Santos Guterres, Nicolau dos, 43

Santos, Ana Cândida dos, 235

Santos, Antônio dos, 87

Santos, Gabriel Monteiro dos, 235, 236

São João do Príncipe, 175

São José dos Campos, 165

São José, Anna Joaquina de, 92

São Paulo, 15, 24, 307–308, 310

Saraiva, José Antonio, 128, 129, 152–153, 156, 276

savings, enslaved peoples’ right to, 12

Scarborough, William Kauffman, 91

scarifications, 71, 73

Schneider, L., 157

schools see education.

Schwarcz, Lilia, 344

Scott, Dred, 141

Scott, Rebecca, 5, 6

second slavery, 22, 84, 91

segregation, 196

seignorialism, 244, 277, 279, 282

self-purchase, 12, 13

senzalas (slave quarters), 88, 93, 96, 97, 98, 101, 102, 103, 277

Serapio, João, 150

Sergimirim, Count of (Costa Pinto, Major Francisco Antônio da), 267, 270

servants, domestic, 116

sesmarias (land allocations), 86, 87, 94

Severino (freed person), 201, 202, 203

sexual relationships, 20

sexual violence, 179, 180, 202, 203, 268–269

sexuality

of enslaved women, 179–180

and honor, 202–203

interracial, 410–412

Whiteness and, 411

sexualization, of Black women, 268–269

Seyferth, Giralda, 342, 356

sharecropping (meação), 232–233

Sheila Faria, 371

Shipp, J. A., 403

ships/boats, slave, 65–68, 67, 80

Camões, 74–75

capture of, 60, 62, 70–71, 72, 74–75, 76, 146

cargo, related to slave trade, 68

deaths on board, 72–73

Eugenia, 80

Fair Rosamond, 74–75

Feiticeira, 78

Formiga, 65, 68

Jovem Marie, 65

landing of, 59

Leal Portuense, 80

Maria Gertrudes, 65

Mariquinhas, 74

Novo Despique, 65

Oriente Africano, 65

overloading of, 65, 70–71, 74, 82

São José, 74

Sete de Abril, 138

smaller, 58, 71–72, 73–74

speeds of, 64, 65

Triumfo, 72

Veloz, 74–75

see also Middle Passage.

Sierra Leone, 75, 76

silence

archival, 19, 159, 200, 267

historiographic, 156–159

racial, 242–244, 256, 257, 258, 261, 262–263, 315

breaking of, 250, 317

silencing

of enslaved women, 126

of enslavement stories, 243

of experiences of racism, 319–320

of mothers/motherhood, 110, 111, 173, 174

Silva Jardim, Antônio da, 309, 313

Silva, Antonio Candido da, 67, 75

Silva, Daniel Domingues da, 68

Silva, Estevão Roberto da, 296, 297–300

Silva, Ezequiel Alves da, 312

Silva, Florinda Maria da, 122

Silva, Mizael Gomes da, 296

Silva, Pinto da Fonseca e, 68

Silva, Ricardo Caíres, 77

Silva, Thomaz José da, 312

Silveira Martins, Gaspar, 44–45

Sinha, Manisha, 17

Sinimbu, Cansansão de, 149

Sinimbu, João Lins Vieira Cansanção de, 272, 273, 276

Siqueira e Silva, Lourenço Izidro de, 296

Siqueira, Herculina de, 207–209

Skidmore, Thomas, 355

slave city, concept of, 185, 212

slave family see family.

slave hunters, 206

slave landings, 42–43, 58, 67, 77–78

clandestine, 59, 78, 80

slave neighborhoods, 106–107

slave purchase, 10

slave raids, 147–148, 154

slave ships see ships/boats, slave.

slave soil, 37

slave songs, 388–389, 390, 391, 393–395, 410

lundus, 399, 411–413

political value of, 394, 395

post-abolition, 393–394

publication of, 389

slave trade

Atlantic, 10, 57–59 see also Middle Passage.

in children, 27, 60–63, 71–72

in Africa, 58–59

benefits to slave traders, 68–73

illegal, 39, 49, 50

profitability of, 63–65

of children

taxation on, 64

domestic, 10, 11, 42, 246, 256, 272

geography of, 57

illegal, 27

earnings from, 80

economic importance of, 57

operation of, 57–58, 59–60

plantation owners, role in, 78–80, 81–82, 85, 100

prosecutions of, 30

tolerance of, 22–23, 63

volume of, 9–10, 135, 149–150

inter-provincial, 246, 256, 272

mortality rates, 64, 65, 67, 72–73, 74, 80

policing of, 9, 10

in Río de la Plata region, 131–133

supply side, 70

slave traders, 65, 67

plantation owners as, 78–80

slave trafficking, 10, 42, 57

through abduction of free people, 148–152

criminalization of, 41–46, 135

suppression of, 151–152

transnational, 49–50

slaveholders, 87, 94

abolition, strategic support for, 280

agrarian empires of, 90–96, 99–100

arrests of, 43

authority of, superseded, 247

bequests to freed people, 217–220

Brazilian, in Uruguay, 137

categories of, 91

children, rights over, 12

compensation for, 137, 280, 285

female, 21, 86, 87, 88, 92, 93, 95

and wet-nursing, 111

wills of, 371

former slaves as, 90

freed people as, 25, 125

“good,” 123

locations of, 10

and manumission

documents, control of, 271

as gift, 277, 279, 280–281

voluntary, 205, 207, 211

political power of, 92

prosecutions of, 207–209

failed, 43–45

sexual violence of, 180

slaveholder-slave relationships, 4, 97

affective bonds in, 108–109, 123–125, 126

contexts of, 90

domestic, 110–111

dominance in, 109, 125

post-abolition, 284–285

power inequalities in, 99

and slave family, 89

violence in, 126, 180

slavery

in Africa, 332, 334

afterlife of, 2–7, 28–29, 30, 32, 192

Brazil, defining feature of, 1

Brazil, formative influence on, 2–3, 4

Curse of Ham as justification for, 344–346

domination, ideology of, 109

effacement of, 186

enduring legitimacy of, 245

frontiers of, 37, 177

historical overview, 8–16

patria, sin against, 25

and race, 8, 100, 101

as basis for abduction, 30, 38, 49–53, 148–152, 155, 165–167

reducing a free person to, crime of, 35–36, 41, 44, 45

second, 22, 84, 91

slaveholders’ ambivalence about, 205

spectrum of, 18

stigma, 319

slaves see enslaved people.

slaving frontier, 147

slavocratic habitus, 85, 110, 111, 118, 284–285

domestic perpetuation of, 118

politics of favor, 124

reproduction of, 114, 120, 121, 126

Slenes, Robert, 6

Soares, Caetano Alberto, 49

Soares, Luiz Carlos, 115

sociability, 98, 221, 289 see also Black organizations; networks.

Sociedade Beneficente dos Artistas do Arsenal da Marinha da Corte (Beneficent Society for Rio’s Navy Artisans), 299

Sociedade Cooperativa da Raça Negra (Cooperative Society for the Black Race), 290, 291, 296–301

Sociedade Familiar de Dança Prazer da Violeta (Violeta’s Pleasure Family Dance Society), 288–289, 291

Sociedade Recreativa e Instrutiva (Recreational and Instructive Society), 291

Society for Agriculture, Commerce and Industry of the Province of Bahia, 270

Society to Aid Agriculture in Pernambuco (SAAP), 248

solidarity, racial, 242, 250, 259

Sollors, Werner, 356

Somerset, James, 140

songbooks, 408, 409

songs

coon songs, 402, 403, 414

gargalhadas (laughing songs), 413–414

recordings, 389, 392, 413

Neves, Eduardo das, 411–413, 418

Williams, Bert, 402–403, 405–406

slave, 388–389, 390, 391, 393–395, 410

lundus, 399, 411–413

political value of, 394, 395

post-abolition, 393–394

publication of, 389

on slave past, 416

Souza Coelho, José Pedro Ferreira de, 308

Souza, Paulino José Soares de (1st Viscount of Uruguai), 52, 139, 148

space

freedom and, 191

public, 197, 198, 211

women in, 169, 187, 191

rural, 349–351

rural-urban connections, 192, 196, 211

of slavery, 230

see also housing; urban space.

Spain, 131, 132

Spitzer, Leo, 329

state registration, 53

of enslaved people, 12, 14, 54–55, 225

state-formation, 2, 28, 37, 157–158, 368–369

Stepan, Nancy Leys, 356

stigma, 243, 283, 319

Strangford, Lord (Percy Smythe), 134

subjectivities, 20

Black, 28, 318, 328–329, 331, 336

gendered, 20–21

historiography of, 317–318

of “men of color,” 250–253

racial, 21–22, 257, 259, 262, 315

suffrage, 243, 263, 335

sugar economy

abolition, strategic support for, 280

abolitionism, resistance to, 248

enslaved laborers in, 61, 78, 194, 205, 244, 245

exports, 266, 270

modernization of, 326

plantations, 269–270

Tannenbaum, Frank, Slave and Citizen, 4–5

Taunay, Alfredo, 331, 334, 335, 336

Tavares Júnior, João José, 296

Tavares, José Miguel de, 180

taxation, 12, 64, 365–366

Telles, Correia, 47

Teresópolis, 361, 362

terminology

of color, 167, 265

racial, 163, 167, 201, 243

Thereza (enslaved African, Guaribú), 101, 103–104

Thornton, Edward, 155

Tinhorã, José Ramos, 414

Tollenare, Louis François de, 63–65, 79

Tolstoy, Leon, 331

Tomich, Dale, 84

Torres, Captain Manoel Pereira, 213, 214–215

Tosta, Manuel Vieira, 143–144

Tramandai, 42–43

treaties, 9

Brazil–Uruguay (1851), 139–140, 141–142, 146

Treaty of Madrid (1750), 131

Treaty of San Ildefonso (1777), 132

Tribuna Liberal (newspaper), 306

Trouillot, Michel Rolph, 318

Tupper, Manoel Fernandes, 296

Ubá, Viscount of (Ribeiro de Avellar, Joaquim), 123–125

Ubá, Viscountess of (Ribeiro de Avellar, Mariana), 123–125

Umbelina (enslaved woman), 374

Una river, 74

A União (journal), 258, 262

União Operária (Worker’s Union), 299

United Kingdom see Great Britain.

United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, 132, 133–134

United States of America (USA), 254, 317, 326

abolition in, 11

Brazilian press accounts of, 320–323

Civil War, 321

and free soil, 141

Freedmen’s Bureau, 322

Harlem, 403

historiography of, 3

music industry, 392

Rebouças, André, visit to, 320, 323–325

urban space, 184–185

and abolition, 245–247

afterlife of slavery in, 192

freedom, spaces of, 191

and gender, 191, 192

growth of, 193–194

historiography of, 185, 188–193

inequalities in, 192

and mobility, 196

modernity of, 185–193, 198

paradigms of, 188–190

and progress, 189

rurality, connections to, 192, 196, 211

see also Porto Alegre; Recife; Rio de Janeiro; São Paulo.

Uruguay, 49, 50

abduction in, 148–152

abolition in, 130, 137

Blancos, 136–139

Brazil

border with, 131–133

treaties imposed by, 139

Brazil’s invasion of, 128, 130

Colorados, 129, 136–139, 152

Montevideo, 132, 133

origins of, 132

slave raids, 147–148

slavery in, 135–136

USA see United States of America.

vagrancy, 195, 214, 225, 323

Valencia Villa, Carlos, 69

Valle Porto, Manoel Wenceslau do, 296

Vanderlei, João Maurício (Baron of Cotegipe), 14–15

Vasconcelos, Bernardo Pereira de, 38, 40

Vassouras, 85, 90, 91–96, 94

Venceslau (enslaved person, Guaribú), 102

Venezuela, 140

Ventura Santos, Ricardo, 344

Vereker, Henry, 149, 150

Vianna, Antônio Joaquim Barbosa, 185–193

Vieira, João Pedro Dias, 153

violence

anti-monarchist, 305

Black organizations, reported of, 303–304, 305–306, 312

toward enslaved people, 20, 166, 204–209

murder, 126, 207–209

sexual, 179, 180, 202, 203, 268–269

intimate, 20, 179, 180, 202, 203, 268–269

lynching, 335, 398

monarchist-republican, 310–311

as punishment, 204, 209

in resistance, 13

sexual, 179, 180, 202, 203, 268–269

in slaveholder-slave relationships, 126, 180

virginity, 202–203

visual art, 355–360 see also Brocos y Gómez, Modesto.

Vitorina (enslaved wet nurse), 121

voting rights, 243, 263, 335

wages, 194, 230

Walden, Howard de, 150

Walker, George, 400–402, 401, 403–405

Abyssinia, 403, 404

Bandanna Land, 403

In Dahomey, 403, 404

Wansuit, Eugênio, 307

wars

Cisplatine War (1825), 132, 133

Guerra Grande (Uruguayan Civil War, 1839–1851), 128, 136–139

Paraguayan War (1864–1870), 11, 30, 53, 128–129, 155, 156

Washington, Booker T., 406

Weber, Max, 140

Weinstein, Barbara, 6

Werneck, Ana Joaquina de São José, 92

Werneck, Francisco Peixoto de Lacerda (Baron of Paty do Alferes), 92, 94

Werneck, Maria Isabel de Lacerda (Viscountess of Arcozelo), 105, 125

wet nurses, 108, 109–111, 120, 125–126, 170, 171

ambiguous position of, 121, 122

clothing of, 121

freedom letters and manumission, 122–123, 125

guidance on selection of, 115–116

intimacy of role of, 110, 121

lending of, 123–125

orphanages, work at, 114–115, 173

photographic portraits of, 119–122

pregnancies of, 124

rental of, 172

separation from own children, 110, 111, 113, 124, 126

sexuality, exploitation of, 180

skills of, 114

slaveholder family, affective ties to, 123–125

trade in, 110, 113–114

working conditions of, 110

wet-nursing, 30, 108, 112

costs of, 114

criticism of, 117–118, 126, 174

demand for, 173

regulation of, 114

White, Graham, 388

White, Shane, 388

whiteface, 414

Whiteness, 257, 261, 274

of print culture, assumed, 247–248

and sexuality, 411

whitening, 25, 342, 346, 354–355

White people

“advocates,” criticism of, 28

immigrant, 364

women, 118, 411

Williams, Bert, 31, 389, 395–396, 396, 398–407, 401

activism, 398, 406

blackface, use of, 402, 406, 407

Broadway musicals of, 403–405

Abyssinia, 403, 404

Bandanna Land, 403

In Dahomey, 403, 404

critical response to, 406–407

Darktown Poker Club, 405

fame of, 399–400

How? Fried, 405

humor, use of, 399, 402, 405–406

legacy, 419

Nobody, 405

racism, experience of, 398

recordings, 402–403, 405–406

You Can’t Do Nothing till Martin Gets Here, 405

You Will Never Need a Doctor No More, 405

in Ziegfeld Follies, 405–406

Williams, Daryle, 31

Williams, Eric, 4

women, 30–31

agency of, 365, 366

autonomy of, 164, 169, 268

development of, 171

lack of, 169

and property, 179

Black

redemption produced by, 366

representations of, 347–348, 350, 356–357, 358–359, 366–367

sexualization of, 268–269

tias Baianas (Bahian Aunts), 287

bodies of, 115

dependency of, 164, 175

enslaved, 21, 63, 96, 98, 100

self-expression of, 126–127

sexuality of, 179–180

silencing of, 126

free, 48–49, 164

freed, 371

and honor, 179–180, 202–203

labor of, 187, 195

washerwomen/laundresses, 171, 175, 187

see also wet nurses.

mixed race, 411

mobility of, 165, 171

protection, value of, 169

in public space, 169, 187, 191

regulation of, 181–183

slaveholders, 86, 87, 88, 92, 93, 95

and wet-nursing, 111

wills of, 371

White, 118, 411

see also mothers/motherhood.

Xavier, Manoel Francisco, 92, 93

Zetirry, Arrigo de, 227–229

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