Abadi, Martin et al, ‘Deep Learning with Differential Privacy’ (2016) <https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.00133>>Google Scholar

Abrami, Regina M, Kirby, William C and McFarlan, F Warren, ‘Why China Can’t Innovate’ (March 2014) Harvard Business Review <https://hbr.org/2014/03/why-china-cant-innovate>>Google Scholar

Adee, Sally, ‘Will AI’s Bubble Pop?’ (2016) 231(3082) New Scientist (16 July 2016)Google Scholar

Ahlstrom, David, Bruton, Garry D and Yeh, Kuang S, ‘Venture Capital in China: Past, Present, and Future’ (2007) 24(3) Asia Pacific Journal of Management 247CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ahmed, Shazeda and Weber, Steven, ‘China’s Long Game in Techno-Nationalism’ (2018) 23(5) First Monday <https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/8085/7209>Google Scholar

Amirahmadi, Hooshang and Saff, Grant, ‘Science Parks: A Critical Assessment’ (1993) 8(2) Journal of Planning Literature 107Google Scholar

Ananny, Mike and Crawford, Kate, ‘Seeing without Knowing: Limitations of the Transparency Ideal and Its Application to Algorithmic Accountability’ (2016) 20(1) New Media and Society 88Google Scholar

Arora, Ashish, Ceccagnoli, Marco and Cohen, Wesley M, ‘R&D and the Patent Premium’ (2008) 26(5) International Journal of Industrial Organization 1153CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baumol, William J, ‘Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive’ (1990) 98(5) Journal of Political Economy 893Google Scholar

Borg, Scott, ‘Economically Complex Cyberattacks’ (2003) 3(6) IEEE Security and Privacy Magazine 64Google Scholar

Braman, Sandra, ‘Privacy by Design: Networked Computing, 1969–1979’ (2012) 14(5) New Media and Society 798CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cai, Dingjian, ‘Development of the Chinese Legal System since 1979 and Its Current Crisis and Transformation’, trans S Farhad (1999) 11(2) Cultural Dynamics 135Google Scholar

Cao, Cong, ‘Zhongguancun and China’s High-Tech Parks in Transition: “Growing Pains” or “Premature Senility?”’ (2004) 44(5) Asian Survey 647Google Scholar

Cao, Cong, ‘Zhongguancun: China’s Silicon Valley’ (2001) 28(3) China Business Review 38Google Scholar

Chander, Anupam and Le, Uyen P, ‘Data Nationalism’ (2015) 64(3) Emory Law Journal 679Google Scholar

Chang, Chen-Yu and Chen, Shi, ‘Transitional Public–Private Partnership Model in China: Contracting with Little Recourse to Contracts’ (2016) 142(10) Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 7Google Scholar

Chaudhri, Javade, ‘Chinese Industrial Policies: Indigenous Innovation, Intellectual Property Rights, and the Trade Issues of the Next Decade’ (2011) 34(1) Thomas Jefferson Law Review 1Google Scholar

Chen, Jia, ‘China’s Venture Capital Guiding Funds: Policies and Practice’ (2010) 2(3) Journal of Chinese Entrepreneurship 292CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chen, Tain-Jy and Ying-Hua, Ku, ‘Rent Seeking and Entrepreneurship: Internet Startups in China’ (2016) 36(3) Cato Journal 659Google Scholar

Chen, Yu-Jie, Lin, Ching-Fu and Liu, Han-Wei, ‘“Rule of Trust”: The Power and Perils of China’s Social Credit Megaproject’ (2018) 32(1) Columbia Journal of Asian Law 1Google Scholar

Coe, Neil M et al, ‘“Globalizing” Regional Development: A Global Production Networks Perspective’ (2004) 29(4) Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 468Google Scholar

Creemers, Rogier, ‘Cyber China: Updating Propaganda, Public Opinion Work and Social Management for the 21st Century’ (2017) 26(103) Journal of Contemporary China 85Google Scholar

Deng, Jinting and Liu, Pinxin, ‘Consultative Authoritarianism: The Drafting of China’s Internet Security Law and E-Commerce Law’ (2018) 26(107) Journal of Contemporary China 1Google Scholar

Evans, Peter, ‘Development as Institutional Change: The Pitfalls of Monocropping and the Potentials of Deliberation’ (2004) 38(4) Studies in Comparative International Development 30Google Scholar

Fagerholm, Fabian et al, ‘Onboarding in Open Source Projects’ (2014) 31(6) IEEE Software 54Google Scholar

Feng, Yang, ‘The Future of China’s Personal Data Protection Law: Challenges and Prospects’ (2019) 27(1) Asia Pacific Law Review 1Google Scholar

Feng, Zhu and Iansiti, Marco, ‘Entry into Platform-Based Markets’ (2012) 33(1) Strategic Management Journal 88Google Scholar

Fishman, William L, ‘Introduction to Transborder Data Flows’ (1980) 16(1) Stanford Journal of International Law 1Google Scholar

Forte, Andrea and Lampe, Cliff, ‘Defining, Understanding, and Supporting Open Collaboration: Lessons from the Literature’ (2013) 57(5) American Behavioral Scientist 535CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fraser, Erica, ‘Data Localisation and the Balkanisation of the Internet’ (2016) 13(3) SCRIPTed – A Journal of Law, Technology and Society 359Google Scholar

Friedewald, Michael et al, ‘Privacy, Data Protection and Emerging Sciences and Technologies: Towards a Common Framework’ (2010) 23(1) European Journal of Social Science Research 61CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fung, KC and Aminian, Nathalie, ‘Silicon Valley, France and China: A Comparative Study of Innovation Systems and Policies’ (2017) Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 10(3) 194Google Scholar

Ganz, Frieder, Puschmann, Daniel and Barnaghi, Payam, ‘A Practical Evaluation of Information Processing and Abstraction Techniques for the Internet of Things’ (2015) 2(4) IEEE Internet of Things Journal 340Google Scholar

Gao, Zhicun and Tisdell, Clem, ‘China’s Reformed Science and Technology System: An Overview and Assessment’ (2004) 22(3) Prometheus: Critical Studies in Innovation 311Google Scholar

Goldsmith, Jack L, ‘Against Cyberanarchy’ (1998) 65(4) University of Chicago Law Review 1199Google Scholar

Greenleaf, Graham and Livingston, Scott, ‘PRC’s New Data Export Rules: “Adequacy with Chinese Characteristics”?’ (2017) 147 Privacy Laws & Business International Report 9Google Scholar

Hanna, Nagy K and Qiang, Christine Zhen-Wei, ‘China’s Emerging Informatization Strategy’ (2010) 1(2) Journal of the Knowledge Economy 128Google Scholar

Harwit, Eric, ‘The Rise and Influence of Weibo (Microblogs) in China’ (2014) 54(6) Asian Survey 1059CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hawes, Colin, Lau, Alex K L and Young, Angus, ‘The Chinese “Oppression” Remedy: Creative Interpretations of Company Law by Chinese Courts’ (2015) 63(2) American Journal of Comparative Law 17Google Scholar

Hawkins, Jeff and Ahmad, Subutai, ‘Why Neurons Have Thousands of Synapses: A Theory of Sequence Memory in Neocortex’ (2016) 10 Frontiers in Neural Circuits 1Google Scholar

Heilmann, Sebastian, ‘From Local Experiments to National Policy: The Origins of China’s Distinctive Policy Process’ (2008) 59 China Journal 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hemphill, Thomas A and White, George O III, ‘China’s National Champions: The Evolution of a National Industrial Policy – Or a New Era of Economic Protectionism?’ (2013) 55(2) Thunderbird International Business Review 193Google Scholar

Hill, Jonah Force, ‘A Balkanized Internet? The Uncertain Future of Global Internet Standards?’ (2012) Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 49 <https://www.jstor.org/stable/43134338>>Google Scholar

Hsu, Carolyn, ‘Cadres, Getihu, and Good Businesspeople: Making Sense of Entrepreneurs in Early Post-Socialist China’ (2006) 35(1) Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development 1Google Scholar

Huang, Hui (Robin), Zhang, Wei and Lee, Kelvin Siu Cheung, ‘The (Re)introduction of Dual-Class Share Structures in Hong Kong: A Historical and Comparative Analysis’, Journal of Corporate Law Studies (24 December 2019), <https://ssrn.com/abstract=3245885>>Google Scholar

Hubbert, Jennifer, ‘Better City, Better Life? Urban Modernity at the Shanghai Expo’ (2019) 17(4) Asia-Pacific Journal 1Google Scholar

Hurwitz, Roger, ‘Depleted Trust in the Cyber Commons’ (2012) 6(3) Strategic Studies Quarterly 20Google Scholar

Janssen, Marijn and van den Hoven, Jeroen, ‘Big and Open Linked Data (BOLD) in Government: A Challenge to Transparency and Privacy?’ (2015) 32(4) Government Information Quarterly 363Google Scholar

Johnson, David R and Post, David, ‘Law and Borders: The Rise of Law in Cyberspace’ (1996) 48(5) Stanford Law Review 1367CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johnson, Kaitlyn, ‘Variable Interest Entities: Alibaba’s Regulatory Work-Around to China’s Foreign Investment Restrictions’ (2015) 12 Loyola University Chicago International Law Review 249Google Scholar

Junio, Timothy J, ‘How Probable Is Cyber War? Bringing IR Theory Back in to the Cyber Conflict Debate’ (2013) 36(1) Journal of Strategic Studies 125CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kania, Elsa B, ‘Technological Entanglement? Artificial Intelligence in the US–China Relationship’ (2017) 17(17) China Brief 11 <https://jamestown.org/program/technological-entanglement-artificial-intelligence-u-s-china-relationship>Google Scholar

Kapoor, Rahul and Lee, Joon Mahn, ‘Coordinating and Competing in Ecosystems: How Organizational Forms Shape New Technology Investments’ (2012) 34(3) Strategic Management Journal 274Google Scholar

Karolyi, G Andrew, ‘The Role of American Depositary Receipts in the Development of Emerging Equity Markets’ (2004) 86(3) Review of Economics and Statistics 670Google Scholar

Khan, Lina M, ‘Amazon’s Antitrust Paradox’ (2016) 126(3) Yale Law Journal 710Google Scholar

Komaitis, Konstantinos, ‘The “Wicked Problem” of Data Localisation’ (2017) 2(3) Journal of Cyber Policy 355Google Scholar

Kong, Lingjie, ‘Data Protection and Transborder Data Flow in the European and Global Context’ (2010) 21(2) European Journal of International Law 441Google Scholar

Krizhevsky, Alex, Sutskever, Ilya and Hinton, Geoffrey E, ‘ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks’ (2012) 25(2) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 1Google Scholar

Kuner, Christopher, ‘Data Nationalism and Its Discontents’ (2015) 64 Emory Law Journal 2089Google Scholar

Landset, Sara et al, ‘A Survey of Open Source Tools for Machine Learning with Big Data in the Hadoop Ecosystem’ (2015) 2(1) Journal of Big Data 1Google Scholar

Lee, Jyh-An and Liu, Ching-Yi, ‘Real-Name Registration Rules and the Fading Digital Anonymity in China’ (2016) 25 Washington International Law Journal 1Google Scholar

Lerner, Josh and Tirole, Jean, ‘The Scope of Open Source Licensing’ (2005) 21(1) Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 20Google Scholar

Li, Guo, ‘Chinese Style VIEs: Continuing to Sneak under Smog?’ (2014) 47 Cornell International Law Journal 572.Google Scholar

Liao, Debbie and Sohmen, Philip, ‘The Development of Modern Entrepreneurship in China’ (2010) 1 Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs 27Google Scholar

Lin, Liwen and Milhaupt, Curtis, ‘We Are the (National) Champions’ (2013) 65(4) Stanford Law Review 697Google Scholar

Lin, Yu-Hsin and Mehaffy, Thomas, ‘Open Sesame: The Myth of Alibaba’s Extreme Corporate Governance and Control’ (2016) 10(2) Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law 437Google Scholar

Lindman, Juho and Nyman, Linus, ‘Code Forking, Governance, and Sustainability in Open Source Software’ (2013) 3(1) Technology Innovation Management Review 7Google Scholar

Lindman, Juho and Nyman, Linus, ‘The Businesses of Open Data and Open Source: Some Key Similarities and Differences’ (2014) 4(1) Technology Innovation Management Review 12CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lindsay, Jon R, ‘The Impact of China on Cybersecurity’ (2014) 39(3) International Security 7Google Scholar

Liu, Wei et al, ‘The Development Evaluation of Economic Zones in China’ (2018) 15(1) International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 1Google Scholar

Livingston, Scott and Greenleaf, Graham, ‘Data Localisation in China and Other APEC Jurisdictions’ (2016) 143 Privacy Laws & Business International Report 22Google Scholar

Mackenzie, Adrian, ‘From API to AI: Platforms and Their Opacities’ (2018) 22(13) Information, Communication & Society 1Google Scholar

Man, Thomas Y, ‘Policy Above Law: VIE and Foreign Investment Regulation in China’ (2015) 3(1) Peking University Transnational Law Review 217Google Scholar

Mishra, Neha, ‘Building Bridges: International Trade Law, Internet Governance, and the Regulation of Data Flows’ (2019) 52 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 463Google Scholar

Mitchell, Andrew and Mishra, Neha, ‘Data at the Docks: Modernizing International Trade Law for the Digital Economy’ (2018) 20(4) Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law 1073Google Scholar

Nguyen, Giang, Dlugolinsky, Stefan and Bobák, Martin, ‘Machine Learning and Deep Learning Frameworks and Libraries for Large-Scale Data Mining: A Survey’ (2019) 51(1) Artificial Intelligence Review 77Google Scholar

Nye, Joseph S Jr, ‘Nuclear Lessons for Cyber Security?’ (2011) 5(4) Strategic Studies Quarterly 18Google Scholar

Oreg, Shaul and Nov, Oded, ‘Exploring Motivations for Contributing to Open Source Initiatives: The Roles of Contribution Context and Personal Values’ (2008) 24(5) Computers in Human Behaviour 2055Google Scholar

Parker, Geoffrey, Van Alstyne, Marshall and Jiang, Xiaoyue, ‘Platform Ecosystems: How Developers Invert the Firm’ (2017) 41(1) MIS Quarterly 255Google Scholar

Pelkola, David, ‘A Framework for Managing Privacy-Enhancing Technology’ (2012) 29(3) IEEE Software 45Google Scholar

Perez, Oren, ‘Fuzzy Law: A Theory of Quasi-Legal Systems’ (2015) 28 Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence 343Google Scholar

Peterson, Dale, ‘Offensive Cyber Weapons: Construction, Development, and Employment’ (2013) 36(1) Journal of Strategic Studies 120Google Scholar

Phelps, Edmund S, ‘The Dynamism of Nations: Toward a Theory of Indigenous Innovation’ (2017) (12)1 Capitalism and Society 1Google Scholar

Posner, Eric A and Weyl, E Glen, ‘Property Is Only Another Name for Monopoly’ (2017) 9(1) Journal of Legal Analysis 51Google Scholar

Post, David G, ‘Against “Against Cyberanarchy”’ (2002) 17(4) Berkeley Technology Law Journal 1365Google Scholar

Rubinstein, Ira S, ‘Regulating Privacy by Design’ (2011) 26(3) Berkeley Technology Law Journal 1409Google Scholar

Rubinstein, Ira S and Good, Nathaniel, ‘Privacy by Design: A Counterfactual Analysis of Google and Facebook Privacy Incidents’ (2013) 28(2) Berkeley Technology Law Journal 1333Google Scholar

Ryan, Patrick S, Sarah, Falvey and Merchant, Ronak, ‘When the Cloud Goes Local: The Global Problem with Data Localization’ (2013) 46(12) Computer 54Google Scholar

Sargsyan, Tatevik, ‘Data Localisation and the Role of Infrastructure for Surveillance, Privacy and Security’ (2016) 10 International Journal of Communication 2221Google Scholar

Selby, John, ‘Data Localization Laws: Trade Barriers or Legitimate Responses to Cybersecurity Risks, or Both?’ (2017) 25(3) International Journal of Law and Information Technology 213Google Scholar

Shi, Serena Y, ‘Dragon’s House of Cards: Perils of Investing in Variable Interest Entities Domiciled in the People’s Republic of China and Listed in the United States’ (2014) 37 Fordham International Law Journal 1278Google Scholar

Song, Peijian et al, ‘The Ecosystem of Software Platform: A Study of Asymmetric Cross-Side Network Effects and Platform Governance’ (2018) 42(1) MIS Quarterly 121Google Scholar

Sum, Ngai-Ling, ‘The Intertwined Geopolitics and Geoeconomics of Hopes/Fears: China’s Triple Economic Bubbles and the “One Belt One Road” Imaginary’ (2018) Territory, Politics, Governance <https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2018.1523746>>Google Scholar

Tikkinen-Piri, Christina, Rohunen, Anna and Markkula, Jouni, ‘EU General Data Protection Regulation: Changes and Implications for Personal Data Collecting Companies’ (2018) 34(1) Computer Law & Security Review 134Google Scholar

Von Krogh, Georg and von Hippel, Eric, ‘Editorial: Special Issue on Open Source Software Development’ (2003) 32(7) Research Policy 1149Google Scholar

Von Krogh, Georg, Haefliger, Stefan and Spaeth, Sebastian, ‘Carrots and Rainbows: Motivation and Social Practice in Open Source Software Development’ (2012) 36(2) MIS Quarterly 649Google Scholar

Wang, Cassandra C, Lin, George C S and Li, Guicai, ‘Industrial Clustering and Technological Innovation in China: New Evidence from the ICT Industry in Shenzhen’ (2010) 42(8) Environment and Planning 1987Google Scholar

Wu, Guohua et al, ‘The Return of VIE-Structured Enterprise to China’s Domestic Capital Market: A Brief Legal Analysis and Other Factors to Be Considered’ (2015) 3(1) Peking University Transnational Law Review 211Google Scholar

Xing, Yijun, Liu, Yipeng and Sir Cooper, Cary L, ‘Local Government as Institutional Entrepreneur: Public–Private Collaborative Partnerships in Fostering Regional Entrepreneurship’ (2008) 29(4) British Journal of Management 670 <https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12282>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yoo, Youngjin, Henfridsson, Ola and Lyytinen, Kalle, ‘Research Commentary: The New Organizing Logic of Digital Innovation: An Agenda for Information Systems Research’ (2010) 21(4) Information Systems Research 724Google Scholar

Yoo, Youngjin et al, ‘Organizing for Innovation in the Digitized World’ 23(5) (2012) Organization Science 1398Google Scholar

Zadeh, Lotfi A, Outline of a New Approach to the Analysis of Complex Systems and Decision Processes (1973) 3(1) IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics 28Google Scholar

Zdziarski, Jonathan, ‘Identifying Back Doors, Attack Points, and Surveillance Mechanisms in iOS Devices’ (2014) 11(1) Digital Investigation 3CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Zeng, Jinghan, Stevens, Tim and Chen, Yaru, ‘China’s Solution to Global Cyber Governance: Unpacking the Domestic Discourse of “Internet Sovereignty”’ (2017) 45(3) Politics & Policy 432Google Scholar

Zhao, Hui and Dong, Haoxin, ‘Research on Personal Privacy Protection of China in the Era of Big Data’ (2017) 5 Open Journal of Social Sciences 139Google Scholar

Zhou, Minghui and Mockus, Audris, ‘Who Will Stay in the FLOSS Community? Modelling Participant’s Initial Behaviour’ (2015) 41(1) IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 82Google Scholar

Zhou, Tianshu and Siems, Mathias, ‘Contentious Modes of Understanding Chinese Commercial Law’ (2015) 6 George Mason Journal of International Commercial Law 177Google Scholar

Zhu, Sheng and Shi, Yongjiang, ‘Shanzhai Manufacturing – An Alternative Innovation Phenomenon in China’ (2010) 1(1) Journal of Science and Technology Policy in China 29Google Scholar

Ziegler, Samuel Farrell, ‘China’s Variable Interest Entity Problem: How Americans Have Illegally Invested Billions in China and How to Fix It’ (2016) 84(2) George Washington Law Review 539Google Scholar

陈禹 [Yu, Chen] «小岗村 ‘生死契约’ 幕后» [The Story Behind the ‘Life and Death Contract’ in Xiaogang Village] 档案春秋 (2018) 1 Memories and Archives 10Google Scholar

何根源 [Genyuan, He] and 刘昱影 [Yuying, Liu], «微创新与突破性创新分类梳理» [Micro-Innovation and Breakthrough Innovation Classifications] 合作经济与科技 (2018) 12 Cooperative Economy and Technology 57Google Scholar

周汉华 [Hanhua, Zhou], «探索激励相容的个人数据治理之道: 中国个人信息保护法的立法方向» [Exploring Incentive-Compatible Personal Data Governance: The Legislative Direction of China’s Personal Information Protection Law] (2018) 2 Law Research 3Google Scholar

王冲鶄 [Chongyan, Wang] and 陈丝 [Si, Chen] «人工智能开源平台发展态势研究» [Researching the Development of AI Open Source Platforms] (2018) 8 ICT and Policy 56Google Scholar

谢 耘 [Wei, Xie], «中国企业技术产品创新中的 几个问题分析» [Analysis of Several Problems in the Innovation of Chinese Enterprise Technology Products] 中国计算机学会通讯 (2009) 5(4) China Computer Society Newsletter 60Google Scholar

Agrawal, Ajay, Joshua Gans and Avi Goldfarb, Prediction Machines: The Simple Economics of Artificial Intelligence (Harvard Business Review Press, 2018)Google Scholar

Armstrong-Taylor, Paul, Debt and Distortion: Risks and Reforms in the Chinese Financial System (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)Google Scholar

Austin, Greg, Cyber Policy in China (Polity Press, 2014)Google Scholar

Bellman, Richard, An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence: Can Computers Think? (Boyd & Fraser, 1978)Google Scholar

Belohlavek, Radim, Kruse, Rudolf and Moewes, Christain, ‘Fuzzy Logic in Computer Science’ in Blum, Edward K and Aho, Alfred V (eds), Computer Science (Springer, 2011) 385Google Scholar

Brandt, Loren and Rawski, Thomas G, ‘China’s Great Economic Transformation’ in Brandt, Loren and Rawski, Thomas G (eds), China’s Great Economic Transformation (Cambridge University Press, 2008) 1Google Scholar

Brynjolfsson, Erik and McAfee, Andrew, The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies (WW Norton, 2014)Google Scholar

Bygrave, Lee A, Data Privacy Law: An International Perspective (Oxford University Press, 2014)Google Scholar

Chesbrough, Henry, Vanhaverbeke, Wim and West, Joel (eds), Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm (Oxford University Press, 2006)Google Scholar

Clark, Duncan, Alibaba: The House That Jack Built (HarperCollins, 2016)Google Scholar

Clarke, Donald, Murrell, Peter and Whiting, Susan, ‘The Role of Law in China’s Economic Development’ in Rawski, Thomas and Brandt, Loren (eds), China’s Great Economic Transformation (Cambridge University Press, 2008) 375Google Scholar

Clarke, Richard A and Knake, Robert K, Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do about It (Ecco, 2010)Google Scholar

DeNardis, Laura, Protocol Politics: The Globalisation of Internet Governance (MIT Press, 2009)Google Scholar

Dickson, Bruce J, Wealth into Power: The Communist Party’s Embrace of China’s Private Sector (Cambridge University Press, 2008)Google Scholar

Dunne, Michael, ‘The Dark Horse: Will China Win the Electric, Automated, Shared Mobility Race?’ in Sperling, Daniel (ed), Three Revolutions: Automated, Shared and Electric Vehicles, Steering Automated, Shared, and Electric Vehicles to a Better Future (Island Press, 2018) 176Google Scholar

Evans, Peter B, Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation (Princeton University Press, 1995)Google Scholar

Fairbairn, John and Hall, T Mark, The Go Companion: Go in History and Culture Intelligence (Slate & Shell, 2009)Google Scholar

Freeman, Chris and Soete, Luc, The Economics of Industrial Innovation (MIT Press, 3rd ed, 1997)Google Scholar

Freeman, Christopher, Technology Policy and Economic Performance (Pinter, 1987)Google Scholar

Ge, Jiangqiu, A Comparative Analysis of Policing Consumer Contracts in China and the EU (Springer, 2019)Google Scholar

Gilpin, Robert, Global Political Economy (Princeton University Press, 2001)Google Scholar

Goertzel, Ben and Pennachin, Casio (eds), Artificial General Intelligence (Springer, 2007)Google Scholar

Goodfellow, Ian, Bengio, Yoshua and Courville, Aaron, Deep Learning (MIT Press, 2016)Google Scholar

Greenwald, Glenn, No Place to Hide: Edward Snowden, the NSA, and the US Surveillance State (Metropolitan Books, 2014)Google Scholar

Gu, Xin, ‘The Paradox of Maker Movement in China’ in Hunsinger, Jeremy and Schrock, Andrew (eds), Making Our World: The Hacker and Maker Movements in Context (Peter Lang, 2019) 271Google Scholar

Hastie, Trevor, Tibshirani, Robert and Friedman, Jerome, The Elements of Statistical Learning (Springer Science & Business Media, 2013)Google Scholar

Hobsbawm, Eric J, Industry and Empire from 1750 to the Present Day (Penguin, 1969)Google Scholar

Hong, Yu, Networking China: The Digital Transformation of the Chinese Economy (University of Illinois Press, 2017)Google Scholar

Hsu, Stephen C, Understanding China’s Legal System (New York University Press, 2003)Google Scholar

Inkster, Nigel, China’s Cyber Power (Routledge, 2016)Google Scholar

Jovanovic, Boyan and Rousseau, Peter, ‘General Purpose Technologies’ in Aghion, Philippe and Durlauf, Steven N (eds), Handbook of Economic Growth (North-Holland, 2005) vol 1B, 1181Google Scholar

Kelly, Kevin, The Inevitable: Understanding the 12 Technological Forces That Will Shape Our Future (Penguin Books, 2017)Google Scholar

Lakhani, Karim R and Wolf, Robert G, ‘Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software’ in Feller, Joseph et al (eds), Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software (MIT Press, 2005) 1Google Scholar

Lee, Kai-Fu, AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018)Google Scholar

Lefebvre, Carol, Manheimer, Eric and Glanville, Julie, ‘Searching for Studies’ in Higgins, Julian and Green, Sally (eds), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Wiley‐Blackwell, 2008) 106Google Scholar

Liebman, Benjamin and Milhaupt, Curtis (eds), Regulating the Visible Hand? The Institutional Implications of Chinese State Capitalism (Oxford University Press, 2015)Google Scholar

Liebman, Benjamin L, ‘China’s Law and Stability Paradox’ in DeLisle, Jacques and Goldstein, Avery (eds), China’s Challenges (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015) 157Google Scholar

Lubman, Stanley (ed), China’s Legal Reforms (Oxford University Press, 1996)Google Scholar

Lubman, Stanley (ed), The Evolution of Chinese Law Reform: An Uncertain Path (Edward Elgar, 2012)Google Scholar

MacKinnon, Rebecca, Consent of the Networked: The Worldwide Struggle for Internet Freedom (Basic Books, 2013)Google Scholar

Mahony, Tarrant, Foreign Investment Law in China: Regulation, Practice and Context (Tsinghua University Press, 2015)Google Scholar

Mayer-Schönberger, Viktor and Cukier, Kenneth, Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think (John Murray, 2013)Google Scholar

McMahon, Dinny, China’s Great Wall of Debt: Shadow Banks, Ghost Cities, Massive Loans, and the End of the Chinese Miracle (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018)Google Scholar

Minzner, Carl, End of an Era: How China’s Authoritarian Revival Is Undermining Its Rise (Oxford University Press, 2018)Google Scholar

Naughton, Barry, Growing Out of the Plan: Chinese Economic Reform, 1978–1993 (Cambridge University Press, 1996)Google Scholar

Naughton, Barry, The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth (MIT Press, 2007)Google Scholar

Needham, Joseph (ed), Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge University Press, 1954–2016) vols 1–7Google Scholar

North, Douglass C, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (Cambridge University Press, 1990)Google Scholar

Peerenboom, Randall, China Modernizes (Oxford University Press, 2007)Google Scholar

Peerenboom, Randall, China’s Long March Toward Rule of Law (Cambridge University Press, 2002)Google Scholar

Perez, Oren, ‘Law in the Air: A Prologue to the World of Legal Paradoxes’ in Perez, Oren and Teubner, Gunther (eds), Paradoxes and Inconsistencies in the Law (Hart Publishing, 2005)Google Scholar

Phelps, Edmund S, Mass Flourishing: How Grassroots Innovation Created Jobs, Challenge, and Change (Princeton University Press, 2013)Google Scholar

Potter, Pitman B, The Chinese Legal System: Globalization and Local Legal Culture (Routledge, 2001)Google Scholar

Rattray, Gregory J, Strategic Warfare in Cyberspace (MIT Press, 2001)Google Scholar

Reinert, Eric, How Rich Countries Got Rich and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor (Constable & Robinson, 2007)Google Scholar

Russell, Stuart J and Norvig, Peter, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (Pearson, 2016)Google Scholar

Schumpeter, Joseph A, The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle, trans Redvers Opie (Transaction Books, 1983) [trans of Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung (1911)]Google Scholar

Seppänen, Samuli, Ideological Conflict and the Rule of Law in Contemporary China (Cambridge University Press, 2016)Google Scholar

Shalev-Shwartz, Shai and Ben-David, Shai, Understanding Machine Learning: From Theory to Algorithms (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Google Scholar

Shao, Guosong, Internet Law in China (Elsevier, 2012)Google Scholar

Sheng, Jin, China’s Listed Companies: Conflicts, Governance and Regulation (Kluwer Law International, 2015)Google Scholar

Simon, Denis F and Cao, Cong, China’s Emerging Technological Edge (Cambridge University Press, 2009)Google Scholar

Sperling, Daniel (ed), Three Revolutions: Automated, Shared and Electric Vehicles, Steering Automated, Shared, and Electric Vehicles to a Better Future (Island Press, 2018)Google Scholar

Spinello, Richard A, ‘Google in China: Corporate Responsibility on a Censored Internet’ in Dudley, Alfreda, Braman, James and Vincenti, Giovanni (eds), Investigating Cyber Law and Cyber Ethics Issues, Impacts and Practices (IGI Global 2011) 244Google Scholar

Townsend, Anthony M, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia (WW Norton, 2013)Google Scholar

Tse, Edward, China’s Disruptors: How Alibaba, Xiaomi, Tencent, and Other Companies Are Changing the Rules of Business (Penguin, 2015)Google Scholar

Ursic, Helena et al, ‘Data Localisation Measures and Their Impacts on Data Science’ in Mak, Vanessa, Tai, Eric Tjong Tjin and Berlee, Anna (eds), Research Handbook in Data Science and Law (Elgar, 2018) 322Google Scholar

Walcott, Susan M, Chinese Science and Technology Industrial Parks (Ashgate, 2003)Google Scholar

Walton, Douglas, Reed, Chris and Macagno, Fabrizio, Argumentation Schemes (Cambridge University Press, 2008)Google Scholar

Xiaobo, Wu, The Story of Tencent: Evolution of Chinese Internet Companies from 1998 to 2016 (Zhejiang University Press and China CITIC Press, 2017)Google Scholar

Yang, Guobin, The Power of the Internet in China: Citizen Activism Online (Columbia University Press, 2011)Google Scholar

Yang, Guobin, ‘Social Dynamics in the Evolution of China’s Internet Content Control Regime’ in Price, Monroe E, Verhulst, Stefaan and Morgan, Libby (eds), Handbook of Media Law (Routledge, 2012) 293Google Scholar

Yau, Nathan, ‘Seeing Life in Your Data’ in Segaran, Toby and Hammerbacher, Jeff (eds), Beautiful Data: The Stories behind Elegant Data Solutions (O’Reilly, 2009) 3Google Scholar

Yip, GS and McKern, B, China’s Next Strategic Advantage: From Imitation to Innovation (MIT Press, 2016)Google Scholar

Zhang, Lin, China’s Venture Capital Market: Current Legal Problems and Prospective Reforms (Elsevier, 2015)Google Scholar

Zhou, Yu, The Inside Story of China’s High-Tech Industry: Making ‘Silicon Valley’ in Beijing (Rowman & Littlefield, 2008)Google Scholar

Zhou, Yu, Lazonick, William and Sun, Yifei (eds), China as an Innovation Nation (Oxford University Press, 2016)Google Scholar

«App 个人信息泄露情况调查报告» [App Personal Information Disclosure Report] (Chinese Consumer’s Association, 29 August 2018) <http://www.cca.org.cn/jmxf/detail/28180.html>>Google Scholar

«全球 AI 领域人才报告» [Global AI Talent Report] (LinkedIn, 2017) <https://business.linkedin.com/content/dam/me/business/zh-cn/talent-solutions/Event/july/lts-ai-report/%E9%A2%86%E8%8B%B1%E3%80%8A%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83AI%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%8D%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A%E3%80%8B.pdf>>Google Scholar

«报告 2017 凯度中国社交媒体影响报告» [2017 Kantar China Social Media Impact Report] (Kantar Research, 6 June 2017) <https://cn.kantar.com/媒体动态/社交/2017/2017 凯度中国社交媒体影响报告>>Google Scholar

Atha, Katherine et al, China’s Smart Cities Development (US–China Economic and Security Review Commission, 20 January 2020) <https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/China_Smart_Cities_Development.pdf>Google Scholar

Bauer, Matthias et al, Data Localization in Russia: A Self-Imposed Sanction (ECIPE Policy Brief No 6/2015) <http://www.ecipe.org/app/uploads/2015/06/Policy-Brief-062015_Fixed.pdf>>Google Scholar

Bauer, Matthias et al, The Costs of Data Localization: Friendly Fire on Economic Recovery (ECIPE Occasional Paper No 3/2014) <http://www.ecipe.org/app/uploads/2014/12/OCC32014__1.pdf>>Google Scholar

Bauer, Matthias, Unleashing Internal Data Flows in the EU: An Economic Assessment of Data Localisation Measures in the EU Member States (ECIPE Policy Brief No 3/2016)Google Scholar

Beraja, Martin, Yang, David Y and Yuchtman, Noam, ‘Data-Intensive Innovation and the State: Evidence from AI Firms in China’ (NBER Working Paper No. w27723, 21 January 2021), <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3679716>>Google Scholar

Blackman, Colin and Forge, Simon, Data Flows – Future Scenarios: In-Depth Analysis for the ITRE Committee (European Parliament, November 2017) <http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2017/607362/IPOL_IDA%282017%29607362_EN.pdf>>Google Scholar

Castro, Daniel, The False Promise of Data Nationalism (ITIF, 1 December 2013) <http://www2.itif.org/2013-false-promise-data-nationalism.pdf>Google Scholar

Cory, Nigel, Cross-Border Data Flows: Where Are the Barriers, and What Do They Cost? (Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, May 2017) <http://www2.itif.org/2017-cross-border-data-flows.pdf>Google Scholar

Du, Shanshan, China Integrated Circuit Ecosystem Report (SEMI Industry Research and Statistics, October 2018) <http://www1.semi.org/en/china-ic-ecosystem-report>Google Scholar

European Chamber of Commerce in China, China Manufacturing 2025: Putting Industrial Policy Ahead of Market Forces (March 2017)Google Scholar

Ezell, Stephen and Atkinson, Robert, The Good, the Bad, the Ugly, and the Self-Destructive of Innovation Policy (ITIF, October 2010) <http://www.itif.org/files/2010-good-bad-ugly.pdf>Google Scholar

Ezell, Stephen et al, Localization Barriers to Global Trade: Threat to the Global Economy (ITIF, 2013) <http://www.itif.org/publications/localization-barriers-trade-threat-global-innovation-economy>Google Scholar

Future of Humanity Institute et al, The Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence Forecasting, Prevention, and Mitigation (Research Report, February 2018) <https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1802/1802.07228.pdf>>Google Scholar

Global Artificial Intelligence Software Market Research Report 2017, IT Intelligence MarketsGoogle Scholar

Hannebauer, Cristoph and Gruhn, Volker, ‘Motivation of Newcomers to FLOSS Projects’ (12th International Symposium on Open Collaboration, 2016)Google Scholar

IETF, ‘A Survey of Worldwide Censorship Techniques’ (IETF, 22 October 2018) <https://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-hall-censorship-tech-06.html>>Google Scholar

Lee, John, The Connection of Everything: China and the Internet of Things (Report, China Monitor, 24 June 2021) <https://merics.org/en/report/connection-everything-china-and-internet-things>>Google Scholar

Maisog, Manuel E, Making the Case against Data Localization in China (IAPP, 20 April 2015)Google Scholar

McKinsey Global Institute, Global Flows in a Digital Age (April 2014) <http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/globalization/global_flows_in_a_digital_age>>Google Scholar

National Science and Technology Council, Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Subcommittee, The National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan (Report, October 2016) <https://www.nitrd.gov/PUBS/national_ai_rd_strategic_plan.pdf>>Google Scholar

Navigant, Navigant Research Leaderboard: Automated Driving Vehicles (Report, January 2018) <https://www.navigantresearch.com/reports/navigant-research-leaderboard-automated-driving-vehicles>>Google Scholar

Sacks, Samm, China’s Emerging Data Privacy System and GDPR (CSIS, 9 March 2018) <https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinas-emerging-data-privacy-system-and-gdpr>Google Scholar

Sacks, Samm and Li, Manyi Kathy, How Chinese Cybersecurity Standards Impact Doing Business in China (Report, CSIS Briefs, 2 August 2018) <https://www.csis.org/analysis/how-chinese-cybersecurity-standards-impact-doing-business-china>>Google Scholar

Sacks, Samm and O’Brien, Robert, What to Make of the Newly Established CyberSecurity Association of China (CSIS, 25 May 2016) <https://www.csis.org/analysis/what-make-newly-established-cybersecurity-association-china>Google Scholar

UNCTAD, Information Economy Report 2013: The Cloud Economy and Developing Countries (3 December 2013) <http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ier2013_en.pdf>>Google Scholar

UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2013: Global Value Chains: Investment and Trade for Development (2013) <https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2013_en.pdf>>Google Scholar

US Congressional Committee, Encryption Working Group Year-End Report (20 December 2016) <https://judiciary.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/20161220EWGFINALReport.pdf> (the link is no longer active)+(the+link+is+no+longer+active)>Google Scholar

Wu, Tim, The Curse of Bigness: Antitrust in the New Gilded Age (Columbia Global Reports, 2018)Google Scholar

Xiaomeng, Lu, Manyi, Li and Sacks, Samm, What the Facebook Scandal Means in a Land without Facebook: A Look at China’s Burgeoning Data Protection Regime (CSIS, 25 April 2018) <https://www.csis.org/analysis/what-facebook-scandal-means-land-without-facebook-look-chinas-burgeoning-data-protection>Google Scholar

Yang, Kelly, Clery, Aideen and Di Liello, Domenico, Sector Report: Smart Cities in China (EU SME Centre and China–British Business Council, 2016) <http://ccilc.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/eu_sme_centre_report_-_smart_cities_in_china_i_edit_-_jan_2016_1_1.pdf>Google Scholar

王刚 [Gang, Wang], «BAT, 科大讯飞, 商汤等 5 大 AI 国家队的一次 ‘集体工作汇报» [A ‘Collective Work Report’ of the Five Major ‘National Team’ Members – BAT, iFlytek, and Sensetime] (Leiphone, 11 May 2019) <https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ksJm980HsmfUEhI5U6UQlg?fbclid=IwAR3BGbjFtiz1UFtMRWvYPjkfWDfGf3KgsIWJtVKn_UwXjAdGyC3wE_cnZ-I>>Google Scholar

‘The 2020 State of Octoverse’ (GitHub Octoverse, 2021) <https://octoverse.github.com/>>Google Scholar

‘26 Organizations Join the Linux Foundation to Support Open Source Communities with Infrastructure and Resources’ (Linux Foundation, 23 May 2018) <https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/26-organizations-join-the-linux-foundation-to-support-open-source-communities-with-infrastructure-and-resources-300653177.htmlGoogle Scholar

‘4Paradigm (第四范式) national team’ (Tech in Asia website) <https://www.techinasia.com/companies/4paradigm>>Google Scholar

‘Accenture Forms Strategic Alliance, Invests in Chinese AI Start-up Malong Technologies’ (Businesswire, 13 August 2018) <https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180812005014/en/Accenture-Forms-Strategic-Alliance-Invests-Chinese-AI>>Google Scholar

‘Airbnb Tells China Users’ Personal Data to Be Stored Locally’ (Reuters, 1 November 2016) <http://www.reuters.com/article/us-airbnb-china/airbnb-tells-china-users-personal-data-to-be-stored-locally-idUSKBN12W3V6>>Google Scholar

‘Alibaba’s September Cloud Computing Conference’ (Alibaba website, September 2018) <https://www.alibabacloud.com/the-computing-conference-2018>>Google Scholar

‘Amazon Launches Another Innovation Center in China’ (Xinhua, 24 May 2018) <http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/24/c_137203869.htm>>Google Scholar

‘Another Chinese City Admits Releasing “Fake” Economic Data’ (South China Morning Post, 17 January 2018) <https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2128629/another-chinese-city-admits-releasing-fake-economic-data>>Google Scholar

‘Application Proof of Ant Group Co, LTD Technology Limited’ «螞蟻科技集團股份有限公司» (Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited, 27 October 2020)<https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2020/1026/2020102600165.pdf>>Google Scholar

‘Apollo Data Sharing’ (Apollo website) <http://apollo.auto/docs/promise.html>>Google Scholar

‘Apollo Governance’ (Apollo website) <http://apollo.auto/docs/manifesto.html>>Google Scholar

‘ApolloAuto’ (GitHub) <https://github.com/ApolloAuto/apollo>>Google Scholar

‘Baidu Jumps to Apollo 2.0’ (China Daily, 17 January 2018) <http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/beijing/zhongguancun/2018-01/17/content_35529002.htm>>Google Scholar

‘Bytedance Partners with Berkeley Artificial Intelligence Research Lab to Foster Future AI Innovators and Entrepreneurs’ (PR Newswire, 3 April 2018) <https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bytedance-partners-with-berkeley-artificial-intelligence-research-lab-to-foster-future-ai-innovators-and-entrepreneurs-300623346.html>>Google Scholar

‘Can China Innovate? McKinsey on China (Podcast, McKinsey & Co, 28 November 2011) <https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/can-china-innovate/id409735817?i=1000226536419>>Google Scholar

‘CBS News Poll: Americans Split on Unlocking San Bernardino Shooter’s iPhone’ (CBS News, 18 March 2016) <http://www.cbsnews.com/news/cbs-news-poll-americans-split-on-unlocking-san-bernardino-shooters-iphone>>Google Scholar

‘China Delays Data-Onshoring Rules until after US Trade Talks (Regulation Asia, 23 April 2019) <https://www.regulationasia.com/china-delays-data-onshoring-rules-until-after-us-trade-talks>>Google Scholar

‘China Headlines: China Unveils “Internet Plus” Action Plan to Fuel Growth’ (State Council of the People’s Republic of China, 4 July 2015) <http://english.gov.cn/policies/latest_releases/2015/07/04/content_281475140165588.htm>>Google Scholar

‘China Money Network’s China Unicorn Ranking’ (China Money Network, July 2018) <https://www.chinamoneynetwork.com/china-unicorn-ranking>>Google Scholar

‘China Outnumbers Other Countries in Smart City Pilots’ (Xinhua, 16 September 2018) <http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-02/20/c_136987058.htm>>Google Scholar

‘China Releases First Strategy on Cyberspace Cooperation’ (Xinhua, 1 March 2017) <http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-03/01/c_136094734.htm>>Google Scholar

‘China’s AI Business Ready to Lead the World’ (China Daily, 1 June 2017) <http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/tech/2017-06/01/content_29576692.htm>>Google Scholar

‘China’s Biggest User Data Theft Exposes 3 Billion Traces of Online Data into the Wrong Hands’ (Yicai Global, 21 August 2018) <https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/china-biggest-user-data-theft-case-exposes-3-billion-traces-of-online-life-in-wrong-hands>>Google Scholar

‘China’s Cybersecurity Law Enacted’ (ChinaTechNews, 7 November 2016) <https://www.chinatechnews.com/2016/11/07/24439-chinas-cybersecurity-law-enacted>>Google Scholar

‘China’s Social Media App WeChat Demands More Info from Users’ (Radio Free Asia, 14 June 2018) <https://www.rfa.org/english/news/demands-06142018124702.html>>Google Scholar

‘China’s Stats Chief Defends Quality of Data’ (Bloomberg, 21 August 2018) <https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-08-20/china-s-statistics-chief-defends-data-quality-as-doubts-linger>>Google Scholar

‘Chinese Company Apologizes over Flight Passenger Data Leaks’ (Ecns.cn, 13 June 2018) <http://www.ecns.cn/news/society/2018-06-13/detail-ifyvfaqz8675561.shtml>>Google Scholar

‘CNNIC Hosts “Promote Internet Development through Technology and Standards” Session of WIC Wuzhen Summit’ China Internet Network Information Center, 2 February 2016 <https://cnnic.com.cn/IC/Events/201602/t20160204_53402.htm> (the link is no longer active)+(the+link+is+no+longer+active)>Google Scholar

‘Crunchbase: “Megvii” (Crunchbase)’ <https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/megvii-technology/company_financials/>>Google Scholar

‘Declassified: Apartheid Profits – China’s Support for Apartheid Revealed’ (News24, 31 October 2017) <https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-31-declassified-apartheid-profits-chinas-support-for-apartheid-revealed>>Google Scholar

‘DEF CON China 2.0 Is Cancelled’ (DEF CON Organisation) <https://www.defcon.org/html/defcon-china-2/dc-cn-2-index.html>>Google Scholar

‘Draft Law Strengthens China’s Cyber Security Legislature’ (Tech 2, 27 June 2016) <http://tech.firstpost.com/news-analysis/draft-law-strengthens-chinas-cyber-security-legislature-322671.html>>Google Scholar

‘Driverless Street Sweepers Employed for Trial Run in Shanghai’ (Xinhua, 13 June 2019) <http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-04/18/c_137120453.htm>>Google Scholar

Editorial, ‘Delay to Ant IPO Shows Beijing’s Desire to Get the Rules Right’ (South China Morning Post, 10 November 2020) <https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3109261/delay-ant-ipo-small-price-pay-getting-new-rules-right>>Google Scholar

‘Evernote Will Set Up a Data Centre in China’ (BBC, 7 May 2012) <http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-17981737>>Google Scholar

‘EZDL Custom Sound Recognition’ (Baidu AI website) <http://ai.baidu.com/ezdl/sound>>Google Scholar

‘Facebook Sets Up Subsidiary in China According to Filing’ (CNBC, 25 July 2018) <https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/24/facebook-sets-up-subsidiary-in-china-according-to-filing.html> (the link is no longer active)+(the+link+is+no+longer+active)>Google Scholar

‘Full Text: Special Address by Chinese President Xi Jinping at the World Economic Forum Virtual Event of the Davos Agenda’ (Xinhua, 25 January 2021) <http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-01/25/c_139696610.htm>>Google Scholar

‘GitHub and Export Controls’ (GitHub Help, May 2019) <https://help.github.com/en/articles/github-and-export-controls>>Google Scholar

‘Hikvision Launches Source Code Transparency Center’ (Ciston PR Newswire, 8 March 2018) <https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/hikvision-launches-source-code-transparency-center-300610397.html>>Google Scholar

‘Home’ (NDRC website) <http://en.ndrc.gov.cn>>Google Scholar

‘Home’ (ZF website) <https://www.zf.com/mobile/en/homepage/homepage.html>>Google Scholar

‘Huawei Enterprise – Big Data’ (Huawei website) <https://e.huawei.com/au/solutions/cloud-computing/big-data>>Google Scholar

‘iFLYOS Open Source’ (GitHub) <https://github.com/iFLYOS-OPEN>>Google Scholar

‘ISC 360’ (ISC website) <http://isc.360.cn/2018/en/index.html> (the link is no longer active)+(the+link+is+no+longer+active)>Google Scholar

‘Israeli Firm “Helped FBI Crack San Bernardino Gunman’s Cell Phone without Apple’s Help”’ (Daily Mail, 30 March 2016) <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3514875/Israeli-firm-helped-FBI-crack-San-Bernardino-gunman-s-cellphone-without-Apple-s-help.html>>Google Scholar

‘Japan, US and Europe Push Back on China’s Data Controls’ (Nikkei Asian Review, 13 December 2017) <https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/International-Relations/Japan-US-and-Europe-push-back-on-China-s-data-controls>>Google Scholar

‘The Keys to Data Protection’ (Privacy International, August 2018) <https://privacyinternational.org/sites/default/files/2018-09/Data%20Protection%20COMPLETE.pdf> (the link is no longer active)+(the+link+is+no+longer+active)>Google Scholar

‘Lawmakers Weigh China’s Draft Anti-Terrorism Law’ (China Daily, 25 February 2015) <http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2015-02/25/content_19653472.htm>>Google Scholar

‘A Legal Vulnerability at the Heart of China’s Big Internet Firms’ (The Economist, 16 September 2017) <https://www.economist.com/news/business/21728984-variable-interest-entities-are-their-weakest-link-legal-vulnerability-heart-chinas?fsrc=scn/tw/te/bl/ed/alegalvulnerabilityattheheartofchinasbiginternetfirms>>Google Scholar

‘Lincoln MKZ Platform’ (AutonomouStuff website) <https://autonomoustuff.com/>>Google Scholar

‘Linux Foundation Members’ (Linux Foundation) <https://www.linuxfoundation.org/join/members/>>Google Scholar

‘A Look Back at KubeCon + CloudNativeCon Shanghai 2018’ (Cloud Native Computing Foundation, 5 December 2018) <https://www.cncf.io/blog/2018/12/05/a-look-back-at-kubecon-cloudnativecon-shanghai-2018>>Google Scholar

‘The March toward Data Localization’ (Endgame, 10 January 2018) <https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/march-toward-data-localization>>Google Scholar

‘MIT and SenseTime Announce Effort to Advance Artificial Intelligence Research’ (MIT News, 28 February 2018) <http://news.mit.edu/2018/mit-sensetime-announce-effort-advance-artificial-intelligence-research-0228>>Google Scholar

‘More High-Tech Zones in China’ (Xinhua, 27 March 2017) <http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-03/27/content_28692439.htm>>Google Scholar

‘The New War over Open Source Licensing’ (Angel List, 21 February 2019) <https://angel.co/newsletters/the-new-war-over-open-source-licensing-131>>Google Scholar

‘North Korean Hackers behind Global Cyberattack?’ (CBS News, 16 May 2017) <http://www.cbsnews.com/news/cyberattack-wannacry-ransomware-north-korea-hackers-lazarus-group>>Google Scholar

‘OpenAtom Project List’ (OpenAtom Foundation)<https://www.openatom.org/#/projectList>>Google Scholar

‘RISC-V Foundation’ (RISC-V website) <https://riscv.org/risc-v-foundation>>Google Scholar

‘Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi and WeRide.ai to Increase Presence in Chinese Autonomous Vehicle Services’ (PR Newswire, 19 October 2018) <https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/alliance-ventures-leads-strategic-investment-in-weride-ai-864897996.html>>Google Scholar

‘Robert Bosch Venture Capital Backs the Evolution of Automated Driving with Investment in UISEE’ (Bosch Media Services Press Release, 26 February 2020) <https://www.bosch-presse.de/pressportal/de/en/robert-bosch-venture-capital-backs-the-evolution-of-automated-driving-with-investment-in-uisee-208768.html>>Google Scholar

‘Seizing Opportunity through License Compliance’, BSA Global Software Survey, May 2016 <http://www.bsa.org/~/media/Files/StudiesDownload/BSA_GSS_US.pdf> (the link is no longer active)+(the+link+is+no+longer+active)>Google Scholar

‘Siemens Inks Deal with Alibaba to Launch Digital Products in China’ (Reuters, 9 July 2018) <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-siemens-alibaba/siemens-inks-deal-with-alibaba-to-launch-digital-products-in-china-idUSKBN1JZ22U>>Google Scholar

‘Sinovation Ventures’ (Sinovation website) <https://www.sinovationventures.com/>>Google Scholar

‘Sizing the Prize: What’s the Real Value of AI for Your Business and How Can You Capitalise?’ (PWC, June 2017) <http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/analytics/assets/pwc-ai-analysis-sizing-the-prize-report.pdf>>Google Scholar

‘Strategic Emerging Industries Likely to Contribute 8% of GDP by 2015’ (People’s Daily, 19 October 2010) <http://en.people.cn/90001/90778/90862/7170816.html>>Google Scholar

‘Strengthening AI R&D among China’s 2018 Innovation Goals’ (Synced, 7 March 2018) <https://medium.com/@Synced/strengthening-ai-r-d-among-chinas-2018-innovation-goals-dee468e95abb>>Google Scholar

‘Student Suffers Fatal Cardiac Arrest after Telephone Scam’ (China Daily, 25 August 2016) <http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-08/25/content_26591216.htm>>Google Scholar

‘Tencent and Why Open Source Is about to Explode in China’ (Linux Foundation, 19 February 2016) <https://www.linuxfoundation.org/blog/2016/02/tencent-and-why-open-source-is-about-to-explode-in-china>>Google Scholar

‘Tencent Open Source’ (Tencent Open Source) <https://opensource.tencent.com>>Google Scholar

‘Toyota Created a Robot That Shoots Hoops Better than the Pros’ (CNBC, 15 March 2018) <https://www.cnbc.com/video/2018/03/15/toyota-created-a-robot-that-shoots-basketball-better-than-the-pros.html>>Google Scholar

‘Trio of China’s Big State Banks Invest in 4Paradigm AI’ (Synced, 20 January 2018) <https://medium.com/@Synced/trio-of-chinas-big-state-banks-invest-in-4paradigm-ai-72f444ad5e8b>>Google Scholar

‘UPS Invests in Autonomous Trucking Company, Tests Self-Driving Tractor Trailers’ (UPS Pressroom, 16 August 2019) <https://www.pressroom.ups.com/pressroom/ContentDetailsViewer.page?ConceptType=PressReleases&id=1565871221437-794>>Google Scholar

‘Welcome to Apollo’ (Apollo website) <http://apollo.auto>>Google Scholar

‘Westpac Partners with Surf Life Saving Australia to Put More Eyes in the Sky over Aussie Coastline This Summer’ (Surf Life Saving, 17 December 2018) <https://sls.com.au/westpac-life-saver-drones-program-launches>>Google Scholar

‘What is CNCF?’ (Cloud Native Computing Foundation website) <https://www.cncf.io>>Google Scholar

‘What Is “Fuzzy Logic”? Are There Computers That Are Inherently Fuzzy and Do Not Apply the Usual Binary Logic?’ (Scientific American, 21 October 1999) <https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-fuzzy-logic-are-t>>Google Scholar

‘What You Need to Know About Baidu’s Apollo Go Robotaxi in Beijing’ (ApolloAuto Medium Page, 28 October 2020) <https://techcrunch.com/2020/12/02/self-driving-trucks-startup-tusimple-raises-350m-from-u-s-rail-retail-and-freight-giants/>>Google Scholar

‘Why Are Standards Important for Artificial Intelligence?’ (JTC1, 30 May 2018) <https://jtc1info.org/jtc1-press-committee-info-about-jtc-1-sc-42>>Google Scholar

‘Why China Keeps Bailing Out Ailing Heavy Industries’ (South China Morning Post, 25 January 2017) <https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2065332/why-china-keeps-bailing-out-ailing-heavy-industries>>Google Scholar

‘World Intelligence Congress Gathers Discussion on AI’ (Xinhua, 17 May 2018) <http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/17/c_137184327.htm>>Google Scholar

‘XDATA’ (DARPA, 2019) <https://www.darpa.mil/program/xdata>>Google Scholar

‘Xilinx Announces the Acquisition of DeePhi Tech’ (Xilinx, 17 July 2018) <https://www.xilinx.com/news/press/2018/xilinx-announces-the-acquisition-of-deephi-tech.html>>Google Scholar

‘Yitu Technology Opens AI R&D Centre in Singapore; To Add Some 70 Staff over 3 Years’ (Straights Times, 31 January 2019) <https://www.straitstimes.com/business/companies-markets/yitu-technology-opens-ai-rd-centre-in-singapore-to-add-some-70-staff-over>>Google Scholar

‘Yutong’ (Yutong Website) < https://en.yutong.com/>>Google Scholar

Allen, Gregory C, ‘Understanding China’s AI Strategy’ (Center for a New American Security, 6 February 2019) <https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/understanding-chinas-ai-strategy>>Google Scholar

Amadeo, Ron, ‘Huawei’s HarmonyOS: “Fake It till You Make It” Meets OS Development’ (ArsTechnica, 2 March 2021) <https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/02/harmonyos-hands-on-huaweis-android-killer-is-just-android/>>Google Scholar

Andelman, David A, ‘How China Out-Innovates: A Chat with Alibaba’s Strategy Chief Ming Zeng’ (Forbes, 25 July 2018) <https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesasia/2018/07/25/how-china-out-innovates-a-chat-with-alibabas-strategy-chief-ming-zeng/#73ab38221a90>>Google Scholar

Arkenberg, Chris, ‘China Inside: Chinese Semiconductors Will Power Artificial Intelligence’ (Deloitte Insights, 11 December 2018) <https://www2.deloitte.com/insights/us/en/industry/technology/technology-media-and-telecom-predictions/chinese-semiconductor-industry.html>>Google Scholar

Asay, Matt, ‘MongoDB’s New License Won’t Solve Its China Problem’ (Techworld, 19 October 2018) <https://www.techworld.com.au/article/648494/mongodb-new-license-won-t-solve-its-china-problem/?fp=16&fpid=1>>Google Scholar

Asay, Matt, ‘Why China Is the Next Proving Ground for Open Source Software’ (Tech Republic, 20 September 2016) <https://www.techrepublic.com/article/why-china-is-the-next-proving-ground-for-open-source-software>>Google Scholar

Asay, Matt, ‘Why Critics Who Bash Musk’s Open Source Tesla Security Project Are Wrong’ (Tech Republic, 14 August 2018) <https://www.techrepublic.com/article/why-critics-who-bash-musks-open-source-tesla-security-project-are-wrong>>Google Scholar

Au, Lavender, ‘China’s New Encryption Law Takes Effect’ (TechNode, 2 January 2020) <https://technode.com/2020/01/02/chinas-new-encryption-law-takes-effect/>>Google Scholar

Banjo, Shelly and Bergen, Mark, ‘The Trade War Didn’t Stop a Google and Huawei AI Collaboration’ (Bloomberg, 1 April 2019) <https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-01/the-trade-war-didn-t-stop-a-google-and-huawei-ai-collaboration>>Google Scholar

Battelle, John, ‘How GDPR Kills the Innovation Economy’ (New Co Shift, 25 May 2018) <https://shift.newco.co/how-gdpr-kills-the-innovation-economy-844570b70a7a>>Google Scholar

Beattie, Alan, ‘Data Protectionism: The Growing Menace to International Business’ (Financial Times, 13 May 2018) <https://www.ft.com/content/6f0f41e4-47de-11e8-8ee8-cae73aab7ccb>>Google Scholar

Beavis, Gareth, ‘Huawei Ban: The Global Fallout Explained’ (Techradar, 28 May 2019) <https://www.techradar.com/au/news/googles-huawei-android-restrictions-heres-what-it-means-for-you>>Google Scholar

Beddor, Christopher, ‘The Alibaba IPO and How Chinese Companies Bypass Foreign Investments Restrictions’ (CKGSB Knowledge, 1 September 2014) <http://knowledge.ckgsb.edu.cn/2014/09/01/china/the-alibaba-ipo-and-how-chinese-companies-bypass-foreign-investment-restrictions>>Google Scholar

Bell, Ganesh, ‘Why Countries Need to Work Together on AI’ (World Economic Forum, 16 September 2018) <https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/09/learning-from-one-another-a-look-at-national-ai-policy-frameworks>>Google Scholar

Bhargava, Yuthika, ‘No Right Answer Yet to “Privacy vs Security” Parley’ (The Hindu, 10 December 2017) <http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/no-right-answer-yet-to-privacy-vs-security-parley/article21386236.ece>>Google Scholar

Bishop, Todd, ‘Chinese Tech Powerhouse Baidu Opens Seattle-Area Office, Expanding Its Reach in AI and the Cloud’ (Geek Wire, 9 October 2017) <https://www.geekwire.com/2017/chinese-tech-powerhouse-baidu-opens-seattle-area-office-expanding-reach-ai-cloud>>Google Scholar

Borak, Masha, ‘China’s AIChain is Decentralizing Artificial Intelligence’ (Technode, 29 June 2018) <https://technode.com/2018/06/29/aichain-artificial-intelligence-blockchain>>Google Scholar

Borak, Masha, ‘Chinese Developers Fear Losing Open Source Tech to Trade War’ (Abacus [South China Morning Post], 25 May 2019) <https://www.abacusnews.com/digital-life/chinese-developers-fear-losing-open-source-tech-trade-war/article/3011463>>Google Scholar

Borak, Masha, ‘Chinese Hackers Are Selling Personal Information for as Little as $0.01’ (TechNode, 22 December 2017) <https://technode.com/2017/12/22/chinese-hackers-selling-personal-information-little-0-01>>Google Scholar

Borak, Masha, ‘Meituan Dianping Launches Autonomous Food Delivery System’ (Technode, 26 July 2018) <https://technode.com/2018/07/26/meituan-dianping-autonomous-delivery>>Google Scholar

Borak, Masha, ‘Qualcomm Opening an AI Lab in Beijing, Joining Hands with Baidu’s PaddlePaddle’ (Technode, 24 May 2018) <https://technode.com/2018/05/24/qualcomm-ai-lab-china-baidu-paddlepaddle>>Google Scholar

Borak, Masha, ‘We Went to Suzhou to Find AI’s Biggest Breakthroughs and Bottlenecks’ (Technode, 12 May 2018). <https://technode.com/2018/05/12/suzhou-global-ai-product-application-expo>>Google Scholar

Borak, Masha, ‘WeChat Denies Reading Users’ Private Messages to Train Its AI’ (TechNode, 2 January 2018) <https://technode.com/2018/01/02/wechat-denies-reading-users-private-messages-train-ai>>Google Scholar

Bradford, Laurence, ‘How Open-Source Development Is Democratizing the Tech Industry’ (Forbes, 26 March 2018) <https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurencebradford/2018/03/26/how-open-source-development-is-democratizing-the-tech-industry/#7bce96c13bb6>>Google Scholar

Bradley, Joseph, Barbier, Joel and Handler, Doug, ‘Embracing the Internet of Everything to Capture Your Share of $14.4 Trillion’ (Cisco White Paper, 2013) <http://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_us/about/ac79/docs/innov/IoE_Economy.pdf>>Google Scholar

Brokaw, Alex, ‘This Startup Uses Machine Learning and Satellite Imagery to Predict Crop Yields’ (The Verge, 4 August 2016) <https://www.theverge.com/2016/8/4/12369494/descartes-artificial-intelligence-crop-predictions-usda>>Google Scholar

Brooks, Rodney, ‘The Seven Deadly Sins of AI Predictions’ (MIT Technology Review, 6 October 2017) <https://www.technologyreview.com/s/609048/the-seven-deadly-sins-of-ai-predictions>>Google Scholar

Busvine, Douglas, ‘Exclusive: China’s Huawei Opens Up to German Scrutiny Ahead of 5G Auctions’ (Reuters, 23 October 2018) <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-telecoms-huawei-exclusive/exclusive-chinas-huawei-opens-up-to-german-scrutiny-ahead-of-5g-auctions-idUSKCN1MX1VB>>Google Scholar

Byford, Sam, ‘How China’s ByteDance Became the World’s Most Valuable Startup’ (The Verge, 30 November 2018) <https://www.theverge.com/2018/11/30/18107732/bytedance-valuation-tiktok-china-startup>>Google Scholar

Caiyu, Liu, ‘China Eyes New Cyber Security Watchdog’ (Global Times, 2 February 2017) <http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1031517.shtml>>Google Scholar

Caiyu, Liu, ‘China Sets Cross-Border Data Flow Rules’ (Global Times, 13 June 2019) <http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1154091.shtml>>Google Scholar

Caiyu, Liu, ‘Companies Collect Personal Info, Sell Data Despite China’s New Cyber Security Law’ (Global Times, 24 December 2017) <http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1081849.shtml>>Google Scholar

Campanella, Edoardo, ‘The Real Payoff from Artificial Intelligence Is Still a Decade Off’ (Foreign Policy, 9 August 2018) <https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/08/09/the-solution-to-the-productivity-puzzle-is-simple-robots-ai>>Google Scholar

Campbell, Charlie, ‘Baidu’s Robin Li is Helping China Win the 21st Century’ (Time, 18 January 2018) <http://time.com/5107485/baidus-robin-li-helping-china-win-21st-century>>Google Scholar

Cao, Yin, ‘Rule to Protect Security “On the Way This Year”’ (China Daily, 22 January 2015) <http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2015-01/22/content_19373572.htm>>Google Scholar

Carrington, Daisy, ‘Yinchuan: The Smart City Where Your Face Is Your Credit Card’ (CNN, 11 October 2016) <http://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/10/asia/yinchuan-smart-city-future/index.html>>Google Scholar

Champion, Marc, ‘Digital Cold War’ (Bloomberg, 17 May 2019) <https://www.bloomberg.com/quicktake/how-u-s-china-tech-rivalry-looks-like-a-digital-cold-war>>Google Scholar

Chan, Tara Francis, ‘The Chinese Government Confirmed That It Can Access Deleted WeChat Conversations – and People Are Terrified’ (Business Insider, 1 May 2018) <https://www.businessinsider.com.au/chinese-government-accessed-deleted-wechat-messages-2018-5?r=US&IR=T>>Google Scholar

Chen, Celia and Tao, Li, ‘Tencent CEO Pony Ma Says China Risks Falling Behind without Strong Base in Scientific Research’ (South China Morning Post, 28 May 2018) <http://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-leaders-and-founders/article/2148112/tencent-ceo-pony-ma-says-china-risks-falling-behind#FDgmYwXu4Vh04pcB.99>>Google Scholar

Chen, Celia, ‘Huawei Aims to Deploy Harmony OS on 400 Million Devices in 2021, Going beyond Smartphones to Reach Many IoT gadgets’ (South China Morning Post, 13 January 2021) <https://www.scmp.com/tech/article/3117573/huawei-aims-deploy-harmony-os-400-million-devices-2021-going-beyond>>Google Scholar

Chen, George, ‘Can Li Keqiang’s Internet Plus Strategy Really Save China?’ (South China Morning Post, 8 March 2015) <http://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/1732704/can-li-keqiangs-internet-plus-strategy-really-save-china>>Google Scholar

Chen, Laurie, ‘Why China’s Tech-Savvy Millennials Are Quitting WeChat’ (South China Morning Post, 22 July 2018) <https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2156297/how-growing-privacy-fears-china-are-driving-wechat-users-away>>Google Scholar

Chen, Lulu Yilun, ‘Tencent-Backed Internet Giant Probes Massive User-Data Leak’ (Bloomberg, 3 May 2018) <https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-03/tencent-backed-meituan-will-probe-reports-of-huge-user-data-leak>>Google Scholar

Chen, Qiheng, ‘China’s New Data Protection Scheme’ (The Diplomat, 2 July 2019) <https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/chinas-new-data-protection-scheme>>Google Scholar

Chen, Stephen, ‘Elderly Chinese Toilet Paper Thieves Face Up to Their Crimes’ (South China Morning Post, 19 March 2017) <http://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2080272/elderly-chinese-toilet-paper-thieves-face-their-crimes>>Google Scholar

Chin, Charlene, ‘South Korea to Build Smart Highways for Driverless Cars’ (GovInsider, 2 September 2016 <https://govinsider.asia/smart-gov/south-korea-to-build-smart-highways-for-driverless-cars>>Google Scholar

Chin, Josh and Lin, Liza, ‘China’s All-Seeing Surveillance State Is Reading Its Citizens’ Faces’ (Wall Street Journal, 26 June 2017) <https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-all-seeing-surveillance-state-feared-in-the-west-is-a-reality-in-china-1498493020>>Google Scholar

Chow, Stacey, ‘How Will China’s Innovation Change the World?’ (World Economic Forum, 16 July 2015) <https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/07/how-will-chinas-innovation-change-the-world>>Google Scholar

Clover, Charles, ‘China Impedes Foreign Carmakers’ Autonomous Tests’ (Financial Times, 14 December 2017) <https://www.ft.com/content/2ba4366c-e08c-11e7-a8a4-0a1e63a52f9c>>Google Scholar

Creemers, Rogier (ed), ‘Outline of the National Informatisation Development Strategy’ (China Copyright and Media, 30 July 2016) <https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2016/07/27/outline-of-the-national-informatization-development-strategy>>Google Scholar

Cushman & Wakefield (law firm), ‘Data Centre Risk Index 2013’ <http://www.cushmanwakefield.com/~/media/global-reports/data-centre-risk-index-2013.pdf>>Google Scholar

Custer, C, ‘State IDs of China’s Rich and Powerful, Including Jack Ma, Leaked in Apparent Privacy Protest’ (Tech in Asia, 12 May 2016) <https://www.techinasia.com/state-id-numbers-chinas-rich-powerful-including-jack-ma-fang-binxing-leaked-apparent-privacy-protest>>Google Scholar

Dai, Sarah, ‘China Adds Huawei, Hikvision to Expanded “National Team” Spearheading Country’s AI Efforts’ (South China Morning Post, 29 August 2019) <https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3024966/china-adds-huawei-hikvision-expanded-national-team-spearheading>>Google Scholar

Dai, Sarah, ‘China’s National AI Champion Baidu to Test Driverless Delivery Vans in US with Udelv for Walmart’ (South China Morning Post, 9 January 2019) <https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/2181214/chinas-national-ai-champion-baidu-test-driverless-delivery-vans-us>>Google Scholar

Dai, Sarah, ‘Didi Rocked by Second Passenger Killing in Three Months Despite Additional Security Measures’ (South China Morning Post, 25 August 2018) <https://www.scmp.com/tech/article/2161341/didi-rocked-second-passenger-killing-three-months-despite-additional-security>>Google Scholar

Dai, Sarah, ‘One of the World’s Top Coders, Known as Godfather, Is Backing a Chinese Self-Driving Car Start-Up’ (South China Morning Post, 7 February 2018) <https://www.scmp.com/tech/start-ups/article/2132420/one-worlds-top-coders-known-godfather-backing-chinese-self-driving>>Google Scholar

Dai, Sarah, ‘This Beijing Hub Is Home to 10 Major AI Labs Driving China’s Tech Ambitions’ (South China Morning Post, 8 February 2019) <https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/2184987/beijing-hub-home-10-major-ai-labs-driving-chinas-tech-ambitions>>Google Scholar

Dean, Jeff and Monga, Rojat, ‘TensorFlow: Google’s Latest Machine Learning System, Open Sourced for Everyone’ (Google AI Blog, 9 November 2015) <https://ai.googleblog.com/2015/11/tensorflow-googles-latest-machine.html>>Google Scholar

Dean, Sam, ‘Open Source AI for Everyone: Three Projects to Know’ (Linux Foundation, 10 May 2018) <https://www.linuxfoundation.org/blog/2018/05/open-source-ai-for-everyone-three-projects-to-know>>Google Scholar

Dedrick, Jason and Kraemer, Kenneth L, ‘Intangible Assets and Value Capture in Global Value Chains: The Smartphone Industry’ (World Intellectual Property Organization Working Paper, November 2017) <https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_econstat_wp_41.pdf>>Google Scholar

Del Bello, Lou, ‘Scientists Are Closer to Making Artificial Brains That Operate Like Ours Do’ (Futurism, 28 January 2018) <https://futurism.com/artificial-brains-operate-like-humans-close>>Google Scholar

Delaney, Robert, ‘Encouraging Signs for US–China Business Ties in Cloud Computing Access Talks’ (South China Morning Post, 12 April 2019) <https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3005809/encouraging-signs-us-china-business-ties-cloud-computing>>Google Scholar

Delval, Galaad, ‘Old Rules, New Specification for Data Protection in Mainland China’ (International Association of Privacy Professionals, 3 May 2018) <https://iapp.org/news/a/old-rules-new-specification-for-data-protection-in-mainland-china>>Google Scholar

Deng, Iris, ‘Tencent Releases Open Platform to Help Drive AI Projects at Other Companies’ (South China Morning Post, 19 September 2018) <https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/2164765/tencent-releases-open-platform-help-drive-ai-projects-other-companies>>Google Scholar

Denlinger, Paul, ‘What Will Data Rights for the Individual Look Like in China?’ (Pandaily, 10 September 2018) <https://pandaily.com/what-will-data-rights-for-the-individual-look-like-in-china>>Google Scholar

Dickinson, Steve, ‘China’s New Cryptography Law: Still No Place to Hide’ (Harris Bricken (law firm)), 7 November 2019) <https://harrisbricken.com/chinalawblog/chinas-new-cryptography-law-still-no-place-to-hide/>>Google Scholar

Dickinson, Steve, ‘China VIEs are Dead. Done. Over. Stick a Fork in Them’ (China Law Blog, 22 January 2015) <http://www.chinalawblog.com/2015/01/china-vies-are-dead-done-over-stick-a-fork-in-them.html>>Google Scholar

Dickinson, Steve, ‘SaaS in China: The 101’ (China Law Blog, 10 October 2016) <https://www.chinalawblog.com/2016/10/saas-in-china-the-101.html>>Google Scholar

Dickinson, Steve and Yang, Grace, ‘China’s Cybersecurity Law and Employee Personal Information’ (China Law Blog, 8 January 2017) <http://www.chinalawblog.com/2017/01/chinas-cybersecurity-law-and-employee-personal-information.html>>Google Scholar

Dou, Eva, ‘Global Tech Companies Call on China to Delay Cybersecurity Law’ (Wall Street Journal, 15 May 2017) <https://www.wsj.com/articles/global-tech-companies-call-on-china-to-delay-cybersecurity-law-1494837117>>Google Scholar

Dou, Eva, ‘Microsoft, Intel, IBM Push Back on China Cybersecurity Rules’ (Wall Street Journal, 1 December 2016) <http://www.wsj.com/articles/microsoft-intel-ibm-push-back-on-china-cybersecurity-rules-1480587542>>Google Scholar

Dou, Eva and King, Rachel, ‘China Sets New Tone in Drafting Cybersecurity Rules’ (Wall Street Journal, 26 August 2016) <http://www.wsj.com/articles/china-moves-to-ease-foreign-concerns-on-cybersecurity-controls-1472132575>>Google Scholar

Duhigg, Charles, ‘The Case against Google’ (New York Times, 20 February 2018) <www.nytimes.com/2018/02/20/magazine/the-case-against-google.html>>Google Scholar

Dwyer, Colin, ‘“Like A God” Google AI Beats Human Champ of Notoriously Complex Go Game’ (NPR, 23 May 2017) <https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/05/23/529673475/like-a-god-google-a-i-beats-human-champ-of-notoriously-complex-go-game>>Google Scholar

Evangelho, Jason, ‘Amazon Alexa and Huawei Team Up for AI Cube Smart Speaker + 4G Router’ (Forbes, 31 August 2018) <https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonevangelho/2018/08/31/amazon-alexa-and-huawei-team-up-for-ai-cube-smart-speaker-4g-router/#2095d09cba73>>Google Scholar

Farrell, Nick, ‘US Might Have Control of Open Source’ (Fudzilla, 28 May 2019) <https://www.fudzilla.com/news/48769-us-might-have-control-of-open-source>>Google Scholar

Feng, Venus, ‘World’s Most Valuable Startup Is Home to a Complex Fortune’ (Bloomberg, 24 March 2018) <https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-24/the-complex-fortune-growing-inside-world-s-most-valuable-startup>>Google Scholar

Finley, Klint, ‘How GitHub Is Helping Overworked Chinese Programmers’ (Wired, 4 April 2019) <https://www.wired.com/story/how-github-helping-overworked-chinese-programmers>>Google Scholar

Finley, Klint, ‘What Exactly Is GitHub Anyway?’ (TechCrunch, 14 July 2012) <https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/14/what-exactly-is-github-anyway>>Google Scholar

Fish, Tom, ‘AI to Bring “Mankind to Edge of APOCALYPSE” – With Robots a Bigger Risk than NUKES’ (Daily Star, 15 July 2018) <https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/latest-news/716305/ai-artificial-intelligence-autonomous-weaponry-arms-race>>Google Scholar

Freund, Karl, ‘Is NVIDIA Unstoppable in AI?’ (Forbes, 14 May 2018) <https://www.forbes.com/sites/moorinsights/2018/05/14/is-nvidia-unstoppable-in-ai/#357f711a759e>>Google Scholar

Gan, Nectar, ‘Father of China’s Great Firewall to Lead New Cybersecurity Association’ (South China Morning Post, 26 March 2016) <https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1930959/father-chinas-great-firewall-lead-new-cybersecurity>>Google Scholar

Gerbert, Philipp, Justus, Jan and Hecker, Martin, ‘Competing in the Age of Artificial Intelligence’ (BCG, 16 January 2017)Google Scholar

Gibbs, Samuel, ‘AlphaZero AI Beats Champion Chess Program after Teaching Itself in Four Hours’ (The Guardian, 7 December 2017) <https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/dec/07/alphazero-google-deepmind-ai-beats-champion-program-teaching-itself-to-play-four-hours>>Google Scholar

Groll, Elias, ‘Why Apple – and Not Google – Is in the FBI’s Crosshairs’ (Foreign Policy, 18 February 2016) <http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/02/18/why-apple-and-not-google-is-in-the-fbis-crosshairs>>Google Scholar

Hanley, Blair, ‘Baidu COO Says China’s Government Will Help the Country Dominate AI’ (Venturebeat, 9 January 2018) <https://venturebeat.com/2018/01/09/baidu-coo-says-chinas-government-will-help-the-country-dominate-ai>>Google Scholar

Hawkins, Andrew J., ‘Toyota Steers $400 Million to Self-Driving Startup Pony.ai’ (The Verge, 30 March 2020) <https://www.theverge.com/2020/2/25/21152817/toyota-pony-ai-self-driving-car-investment-valuation-china-silicon-valley>>Google Scholar

He, Laura, ‘Baidu’s Seismic Shift towards AI Must Start Delivering the Goods’ (South China Morning Post, 8 June 2017) <https://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/2097495/baidus-seismic-shift-towards-ai-must-start-delivering-goods>>Google Scholar

He, Yujia, ‘How China Is Preparing for an AI-Powered Future’ (Wilson Briefs, 20 June 2017) <https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/how-china-preparing-for-ai-powered-future>>Google Scholar

Hempel, Jessi, ‘Facebook Launches M, Its Bold Answer to Siri and Cortana’ (Wired, 26 August 2015) <https://www.wired.com/2015/08/facebook-launches-m-new-kind-virtual-assistant>>Google Scholar

Hempel, Jessi, ‘Inside Baidu’s Bid to Lead the AI Revolution’ (Wired, 12 June 2017) <https://www.wired.com/story/inside-baidu-artificial-intelligence>>Google Scholar

Hersey, Frank, ‘Almost 80% of Chinese Concerned about AI Threat to Privacy, 32% Already Feel a Threat to Their Work’ (Technode, 2 March 2018) <https://technode.com/2018/03/02/almost-80-chinese-concerned-ai-threat-privacy-32-already-feel-threat-work>>Google Scholar

Hersey, Frank, ‘Baidu Launches Their Open Platform for Autonomous Cars – And We Got to Test It’ (Technode, 5 July 2017) <https://technode.com/2017/07/05/baidu-apollo-1-0-autonomous-cars-we-test-it>>Google Scholar

Hersey, Frank, ‘Pony.ai Q&A: Having a China Background Will Be Key to Autonomous Driving Success’ (TechNode, 26 April 2018) <https://technode.com/2018/04/26/pony-ai-autonomous-driving-success-needs-china>>Google Scholar

Hersey, Frank, ‘Qihoo 360 Shuts Down Surveillance Camera Live Streaming Platform’ (Technode, 20 December 2017) <https://technode.com/2017/12/20/shuidi-shutdown-qihoo-360>>Google Scholar

Hickert, Cameron and Ding, Jeffrey (trans), ‘Read What Top Chinese Officials Are Hearing about AI Competition and Policy’ (New America, 29 November 2018) <https://www.newamerica.org/cybersecurity-initiative/digichina/blog/read-what-top-chinese-officials-are-hearing-about-ai-competition-and-policy>>Google Scholar

Horwitz, Josh, ‘Analysis: China’s Would-Be Chip Darling Tsinghua Unigroup Bedevilled by Debt and Bad Bets’ (Reuters, 20 January 2021) <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tsinghua-unigroup-strategy-analysis-idUKKBN29P0C2>>Google Scholar

Horwitz, Josh, ‘China Is Rapidly Making Robots That Will One Day Manufacture Everything You Buy’ (Quartz, 3 March 2017) <https://qz.com/922742/china-is-rapidly-making-robots-that-will-one-day-manufacture-everything-you-buy>>Google Scholar

Horwitz, Josh, ‘China’s Bewildering New Cybersecurity Law Is Keeping Foreign Tech Firms Out of the Country’ (Quartz, 7 November 2016) <http://qz.com/829248/chinas-new-cybersecurity-law-is-so-vague-that-its-keeping-foreign-tech-firms-out-of-the-country>>Google Scholar

Horwitz, Josh, ‘Why the Semiconductor Is Suddenly at the Heart of US–China Tech Tensions’ (Quartz, 25 July 2018) <https://qz.com/1335801/us-china-tech-why-the-semiconductor-is-suddenly-at-the-heart-of-us-china-tensions>>Google Scholar

Horwitz, Josh and Sonnad, Nikhil, ‘Meet Shadowsocks, the Underground Tool that China’s Coders Use to Blast through the Great Firewall’ (Quartz, 20 September 2017) <https://qz.com/1072701/meet-shadowsocks-the-underground-tool-that-chinas-coders-use-to-blast-through-the-great-firewall>>Google Scholar

Hua, Nan, ‘Roadstar.ai: A Promising Autonomous Driving Startup Wrecked by Infighting’ (CompassList, 25 July 2019) <https://www.compasslist.com/insights/roadstarai-a-promising-autonomous-driving-startup-wrecked-by-infighting>>Google Scholar

Huang, Echo, ‘China Keeps Finding Millions of People Who Never Officially Existed’ (Quartz, 27 March 2017) <https://qz.com/941240/china-keeps-finding-millions-of-people-who-never-officially-existed>>Google Scholar

Huang, Echo, ‘Taobao Is Banning Merchants from Selling Foreign Media in China – Even Media Approved by Censors’ (Quartz, 10 March 2017) <https://qz.com/929540/selling-foreign-media-in-china-even-media-approved-by-censors-is-being-banned-alibaba-baba-groups-online-shopping-platform-taobao>>Google Scholar

Huang, Kristin and Xin, Zhou, ‘Fake Data: The Disease Afflicting China’s Vaccine System’ (South China Morning Post, 30 July 2018) <https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2157341/fake-data-disease-afflicting-chinas-vaccine-system>>Google Scholar

Huang, Xuedong, ‘Microsoft Computational Network Toolkit Offers Most Efficient Distributed Deep Learning Computational Performance’ (Microsoft Research Blog, 7 December 2015) <https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/microsoft-computational-network-toolkit-offers-most-efficient-distributed-deep-learning-computational-performance/>>Google Scholar

Huang, Zheping and Zhang, Jane, ‘200 Million Resumés of Chinese Jobseekers Leaked, Cybersecurity Researcher Says’ (South China Morning Post, 11 January 2019) <https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/2181709/200-million-resumes-chinese-jobseekers-leaked-cybersecurity-researcher>>Google Scholar

Isbitski, David, ‘Introducing the Alexa Skills Kit, Enabling Developers to Create Entirely New Voice Driven Capabilities’ (Amazon Developer, 25 June 2015) <https://developer.amazon.com/blogs/post/Tx205N9U1UD338H/Introducing-the-Alexa-Skills-Kit-Enabling-Developers-to-Create-Entirely-New-Voic>>Google Scholar

Ives, Jaqueline and Holzmann, Anna, ‘Local Governments Power Up to Advance China’s National AI Agenda’ (MERICS, 26 April 2018) <https://www.merics.org/en/blog/local-governments-power-advance-chinas-national-ai-agenda>>Google Scholar

Jacobs, Harrison, ‘Chinese People Don’t Care about Privacy on the Internet – Here’s Why, According to a Top Professor in China’ (Business Insider, 27 June 2018) <https://www.businessinsider.com.au/why-china-chinese-people-dont-care-about-privacy-2018-6>>Google Scholar

Jing, Dong and Xiao, Liu, ‘Divided among Departments, Big Data Eludes Government’ (Caixin Global, 16 April 2018) <https://www.caixinglobal.com/2018-04-16/divided-among-departments-big-data-eludes-government-101235107.html>>Google Scholar

Jing, Meng and Dai, Sarah, ‘China Recruits Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent to AI “National Team”’ (South China Morning Post, 21 November 2017) <https://www.scmp.com/tech/china-tech/article/2120913/china-recruits-baidu-alibaba-and-tencent-ai-national-team>>Google Scholar

Jing, Ming, ‘China’s Cybersecurity Laws May Be Used to Block US Tech Firms on National Security Grounds, Says Expert’ (South China Morning Post, 24 May 2019) <https://www.scmp.com/tech/policy/article/3011655/chinas-cybersecurity-laws-may-be-used-block-us-tech-firms-national>>Google Scholar

Joffe, Benjamin, ‘What Sequoia’s Mike Moritz Doesn’t Understand about Startups in China’ (Venturebeat, 11 February 2018) <https://venturebeat.com/2018/02/11/what-sequoias-mike-moritz-doesnt-understand-about-startups-in-china>>Google Scholar

Johnson, Kahri, ‘How Federated Learning Could Shape the Future of AI in a Privacy-Obsessed World’ (Venture Beat, 3 June 2019) <https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/03/how-federated-learning-could-shape-the-future-of-ai-in-a-privacy-obsessed-world>>Google Scholar

Jordan, Michael I, ‘Artificial Intelligence: The Revolution Hasn’t Happened Yet’ (Medium, 19 April 2019) <https://medium.com/@mijordan3/artificial-intelligence-the-revolution-hasnt-happened-yet-5e1d5812e1e7>>Google Scholar

Kania, Elsa B, ‘Battlefield Singularity: Artificial Intelligence, Military Revolution, and China’s Future Military Power’ (Center for a New American Security, 28 November 2017) <https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/battlefield-singularity-artificial-intelligence-military-revolution-and-chinas-future-military-power>>Google Scholar

Kania, Elsa B, ‘China May Become the World’s Leader in AI: But at What Cost?’ (China File, 30 July 2018) <http://www.chinafile.com/conversation/china-may-become-worlds-leader-ai-what-cost>>Google Scholar

Kharpal, Arjun, ‘Chinese Driverless Car Firm Pony.ai Valued at $5.3 Billion after New Cash Injection’ (CNBC, 6 November 2020) <https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/06/china-driverless-car-firm-ponyai-valued-at-5point3-billion-after-funding.html>>Google Scholar

Knight, Will, ‘China and the US Are Bracing for an AI Showdown – In the Cloud’ (MIT Technology Review, 31 January 2018) <https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610140/china-and-the-us-are-bracing-for-an-ai-showdownin-the-cloud>>Google Scholar

Knight, Will, ‘Paying with Your Face: 10 Breakthrough Technologies 2017’ (MIT Technology Review, May 2017) <https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603494/10-breakthrough-technologies-2017-paying-with-your-face>>Google Scholar

Knockel, Jeffrey, McKune, Sarah and Senft, Adam, ‘Baidu’s and Don’ts: Privacy and Security Issues in Baidu Browser’ (Citizen Lab, 23 February 2016) <https://citizenlab.ca/2016/02/privacy-security-issues-baidu-browser/#analysis>>Google Scholar

Knockel, Jeffrey, Senft, Adam and Deibert, Ron, ‘Privacy and Security Issues in QQ Browser’ (Citizen Lab, 28 March 2016) <https://citizenlab.ca/2016/03/privacy-security-issues-qq-browser>>Google Scholar

Koetse, Manya, ‘Weibo’s Revival: Sina Weibo Is China’s Twitter, YouTube and InstaGram’ (What’s on Weibo, 20 November 2016) <http://www.whatsonweibo.com/weibos-revival-sina-weibo-chinas-twitteryoutubeinstagram>>Google Scholar

Korosec, Kirsten, ‘Autonomous Truck Startup TuSimple Hits Unicorn Status in Latest Round’ (TechCrunch, 13 February 2019) <https://techcrunch.com/2019/02/13/autonomous-truck-startup-tusimple-hits-unicorn-status-in-latest-round>>Google Scholar

Korosec, Kirsten, ‘Daimler Deepens Ties with China’s Baidu on Automated Driving’ (TechCrunch, 25 July 2018) <https://techcrunch.com/2018/07/25/daimler-chinas-baidu-automated-driving>>Google Scholar

Korosec, Kirsten, ‘Self-Driving Trucks Startup TuSimple Raises $350M from US Rail, Retail and Freight Giants’ (TechCrunch, 3 December 2020) <https://techcrunch.com/2020/12/02/self-driving-trucks-startup-tusimple-raises-350m-from-u-s-rail-retail-and-freight-giants/>>Google Scholar

Kovar, Joseph F, ‘Accenture Invests in China-Based AI Firm’ (CRN, 13 August 2018) <https://www.crn.com/news/channel-programs/accenture-invests-in-china-based-ai-firm?itc=refresh>>Google Scholar

Krazit, Tom, ‘AWS re:Invent 2018’ (Geek Wire, 21 November 2018) <https://www.geekwire.com/special-coverage/aws-reinvent-2018>>Google Scholar

Krazit, Tom, ‘Building a Wall around the Cloud: Why China Will Soon Be a Very Important Cloud Computing Market’ (Geek Wire, 13 January 2019) <https://www.geekwire.com/2019/building-wall-around-cloud-china-will-soon-important-cloud-computing-market>>Google Scholar

Lahiri, Tripti and Hui, Mary, ‘How Huawei Became America’s Tech Enemy No 1’ (Quartz, 28 May 2019) <https://qz.com/1627149/huaweis-journey-to-becoming-us-tech-enemy-no-1>>Google Scholar

Lau, Fiona and Zhu, Julie, ‘China’s Xiaomi Raises $4.72 Billion after Pricing HK IPO at Bottom of Range: Sources’ (Reuters, 29 June 2018) <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-xiaomi-ipo/chinas-xiaomi-raises-4-72-billion-after-pricing-hk-ipo-at-bottom-of-range-sources-idUSKBN1JP0EC>>Google Scholar

Lee, Amanda, ‘World Dominance in Three Steps: China Sets Out Road Map to Lead in Artificial Intelligence by 2030’ (South China Morning Post, 21 July 2017) <http://www.scmp.com/tech/enterprises/article/2103568/world-dominance-three-steps-china-sets-out-road-map-lead-artificial>>Google Scholar

Lee, Cyrus, ‘Daily Active Users for WeChat Exceeds 1 Billion’ (ZDNet, 9 January 2019) <https://www.zdnet.com/article/daily-active-user-of-messaging-app-wechat-exceeds-1-billion>>Google Scholar

Lee, Emma, ‘China Launches Mobile ID Authentication Chips to Rein in Personal Data Theft’ (TechNode, 17 April 2018) <https://technode.com/2018/04/17/id-authentication-chips-data-theft>>Google Scholar

Lee, Emma, ‘Sale of WeChat Accounts Prompts Concern over Fraud’ (TechNode, 16 January 2019) <https://technode.com/2019/01/16/wechat-accounts-sale-online-fraud/>>Google Scholar

Lee, Emma, ‘Updated: Toutiao and Intel Set Up Joint AI Lab’ (Technode, 22 August 2018) <https://technode.com/2018/08/22/bytedance-intel-ai-lab>>Google Scholar

Lee, Emma, ‘Updated: WeChat’s Privacy Policy Update Draws Attention to Information Shared with the Government’ (TechNode, 19 September 2017) <https://technode.com/2017/09/19/now-its-official-wechat-is-watching-you-1>>Google Scholar

Lee, Kai-Fu, ‘What China Can Teach the US about Artificial Intelligence’ (New York Times, 22 September 2018) <https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/22/opinion/sunday/ai-china-united-states.html>>Google Scholar

Lee, Kai-fu and Sheehan, Matt, ‘China’s Rise in Artificial Intelligence: Ingredients and Economic Implications’ (Hoover Institute, 29 October 2018) <https://www.hoover.org/research/chinas-rise-artificial-intelligence-ingredients-and-economic-implications>>Google Scholar

Leng, Shujie, ‘Be in Love with Them, But Don’t Marry Them’ (Foreign Policy, 31 October 2014) <http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/10/31/be-in-love-with-them-but-dont-marry-them>>Google Scholar

Lennighan, Mary, ‘China to Have 10BN Connected Devices by 2020’ (Total Telecom, 24 February 2016) <https://www.totaltele.com/view.aspx?ID=492917>>Google Scholar

Lentino, Amanda, ‘This Chinese Facial Recognition Start-Up Can Identify a Person in Seconds’ (CNBC, 19 May 2019) <https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/16/this-chinese-facial-recognition-start-up-can-id-a-person-in-seconds.html>>Google Scholar

Levine, Sergey et al, ‘Learning Hand-Eye Coordination for Robotic Grasping with Deep Learning and Large-Scale Data Collection’ (arXiv.org, 28 August 2016) <https://arxiv.org/pdf/1603.02199.pdf>>Google Scholar

Lew, Linda, ‘Airbnb China Notifies Hosts They May Begin Sharing Their Information with the Government’ (TechNode, 28 March 2018) <https://technode.com/2018/03/28/airbnb-china-host-data-privacy>>Google Scholar

Li, Gabriel, ‘Jack Ma Talks about Manufacturing Woes, Alibaba Cloud, and the DAMO Academy at the Computing Conference 2018’ (Pandaily, 20 September 2018) <https://pandaily.com/jack-ma-talks-about-manufacturing-woes-alibaba-cloud-and-the-damo-academy-at-the-computing-conference-2018>>Google Scholar

Li, Jane, ‘Chinese Citizens Are Racing against Censors to Preserve Coronavirus Memories on GitHub’ (Quartz, 3 March 2020) <https://qz.com/1811018/chinese-citizens-use-github-to-save-coronavirus-memories/>>Google Scholar

Li, Jane, ‘Chinese Internet Users Who Uploaded Coronavirus Memories to GitHub Have Been Arrested’ (Quartz, 27 April 2020) <https://qz.com/1846277/china-arrests-users-behind-github-coronavirus-memories-page/>>Google Scholar

Liao, Rita, ‘China Opens Nasdaq-style Board to Lure Tech Firms Back Home’ (TechCrunch, 13 June 2019) <https://techcrunch.com/2019/06/13/china-new-tech-board/>>Google Scholar

Liao, Rita, ‘Chinese Autonomous Driving Startup WeRide Bags $200M in Funding’ (TechCrunch, 23 December 2020) <https://techcrunch.com/2020/12/22/weride-200-million-funding/>>Google Scholar

Liao, Rita, ‘Horizon Robotics, a Chinese Rival to Nvidia, Seeks to Raise Over $700M’ (TechCrunch, 22 December 2020) <https://techcrunch.com/2020/12/21/horizon-robotics-700-million-funding/>>Google Scholar

Liao, Shannan, ‘Alibaba Made a Driverless Robot That Runs 9 mph to Deliver Packages’ (The Verge, 31 May 2018) <https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/5/31/17413836/alibaba-driverless-robot-deliver-packages-speed>>Google Scholar

Liping, Gu, ‘Didi Chuxing Refuses Data Supervision: Transport Official’ (Ecns.cn, 28 August 2018) <http://www.ecns.cn/news/cns-wire/2018-08-28/detail-ifyxikfc9645161.shtml>>Google Scholar

Lipton, Zachary C, ‘The AI Misinformation Epidemic’ (Approximately Correct, 28 March 2017) <http://approximatelycorrect.com/2017/03/28/the-ai-misinformation-epidemic>>Google Scholar

Lipton, Zachary C, ‘OpenAI Trains Language Model, Mass Hysteria Ensues’ (Approximately Correct, 17 February 2019) <http://approximatelycorrect.com/2019/02/17/openai-trains-language-model-mass-hysteria-ensues/#more-875>>Google Scholar

Liu, Coco, ‘My China Dream Is Moving to the United States: Chinese Chatbots Censored after Going Off Script’ (South China Morning Post, 3 August 2017) <http://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2105338/my-china-dream-moving-united-states-chinese-chatbots-censored>>Google Scholar

Liu, Frank, ‘OpenStack Development Will Accelerate Rapidly in China Market in 2015’ (Forrester, 24 December 2014) <https://go.forrester.com/blogs/14-12-24-openstack_development_will_accelerate_rapidly_in_china_market_in_2015>>Google Scholar

Liu, Jack and Soo, Zen, ‘China’s Alibaba, Baidu and Tencent Join Hands to Promote “Internet Plus” Strategy’ (South China Morning Post, 16 December 2015) <http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1892180/chinas-alibaba-baidu-and-tencent-join-hands-promote>>Google Scholar

Liu, Jiefei, ‘Alipay Introduces New Feature Allowing Parents to Trace the Vaccines Their Children Are Receiving’ (TechNode, 24 July 2018) <https://technode.com/2018/07/24/alipay-introduces-new-feature-allowing-parents-to-trace-the-vaccines-their-children-are>>Google Scholar

Livingston, Scott, ‘Beijing Touts “Cyber-Sovereignty” in Internet Governance: Global Technology Firms Could Mine Silver Lining’ (China Law Blog, 19 February 2015) <http://www.chinalawblog.com/2015/02/beijing-touts-cyber-sovereignty-in-internet-governance-global-technology-firms-could-mine-silver-lining.html>>Google Scholar

Lohr, Steve, ‘Is There a Smarter Path to Artificial Intelligence? Some Experts Hope So’ (New York Times, 20 June 2018) <https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/20/technology/deep-learning-artificial-intelligence.html>>Google Scholar

London, Ingrid, ‘China’s Pony.ai Nabs $102M at Nearly $1B Valuation to Take Its Self-Driving Platform Up Another Gear’ (TechCrunch, 11 July 2018) <https://techcrunch.com/2018/07/11/chinas-pony-ai-nabs-102m-at-nearly-1b-valuation-to-take-its-self-driving-platform-up-another-gear>>Google Scholar

Lu, Xiaomeng, ‘Is China Changing Its Thinking on Data Localization?’ (The Diplomat, 8 June 2020) <https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/is-china-changing-its-thinking-on-data-localization/>>Google Scholar

Lucas, Louise and Waters, Richard, ‘China and US Compete to Dominate Big Data’ (Financial Times, 1 May 2018) <https://www.ft.com/content/e33a6994-447e-11e8-93cf-67ac3a6482fd>>Google Scholar

Ludlow, Randy, ‘Ohio Tries to Pull Ahead in Transportation Tech Race’ (Government Technology, 19 January 2018) <https://www.govtech.com/fs/transportation/State-Creates-DriveOhio-to-Capture-Smart-Transportation-Research.html>>Google Scholar

Luo, Yan and Bradley-Schmieg, Phil, ‘China Issues New Personal Information Protection Standard’ (Inside Privacy, 25 January 2018) <https://www.insideprivacy.com/international/china/china-issues-new-personal-information-protection-standard>>Google Scholar

Mac, Ryan, ‘Alibaba Claims Title for Largest Global IPO Ever with Extra Share Sales’ (Forbes, 22 September 2014) <https://www.forbes.com/sites/ryanmac/2014/09/22/alibaba-claims-title-for-largest-global-ipo-ever-with-extra-share-sales/#548cc3518dcc>>Google Scholar

Maçães, Bruno, ‘China’s Black Box Superiority’ (Politico, 11 December 2018) <https://www.politico.eu/blogs/the-coming-wars/2018/11/china-black-box-superiority-cybersecurity-artificial-intelligence-ai>>Google Scholar

Marcus, Gary, ‘Deep Learning: A Critical Appraisal’ (arXiv.org, 19 April 2018) <https://arxiv.org/pdf/1801.00631.pdf>>Google Scholar

Markoff, John, ‘AI Reemerges from a Funding Desert’ (New York Times, 13 October 2005) <https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/13/business/worldbusiness/ai-reemerges-from-a-funding-desert.html>>Google Scholar

Markoff, John and Rosenberg, Matthew, ‘China’s Intelligent Weaponry Gets Smarter’ (New York Times, 3 February 2017) <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/03/technology/artificial-intelligence-china-united-states.html>>Google Scholar

Marr, Bernard, ‘AI in China: How Uber Rival Didi Chuxing Uses Machine Learning to Revolutionize Transportation’ (Forbes, 26 November 2018) <https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/11/26/ai-in-china-how-uber-rival-didi-chuxing-uses-machine-learning-to-revolutionize-transportation/#11b7bc6f6732>>Google Scholar

Marri, Shridhar, ‘Can Super Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence Co-exist?’ (Forbes, 27 June 2017) <https://www.forbesindia.com/blog/technology/can-super-intelligence-and-emotional-intelligence-co-exist/>>Google Scholar

Marshall, Arian, ‘To Save the Most Lives, Deploy (Imperfect) Self-Driving Cars ASAP’ (Wired, 11 July 2018) <https://www.wired.com/story/self-driving-cars-rand-report>>Google Scholar

Martina, Michael and Cadell, Cate, ‘Amid Industry Pushback, China Offers Changes to Cyber Rules: Sources’ (Reuters, 19 May 2017) <http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-cyber-law-idUSKCN18F1VZ>>Google Scholar

McCall, Rosie, ‘This App Can Detect Cancer Better than Doctors Can’ (IFLScience, 29 May 2018) <https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/artificial-intelligence-can-now-detect-skin-cancer-better-than-humans>>Google Scholar

McCarthy, John, ‘What Is Artificial Intelligence?’ (Formal Reasoning Group Stanford, revised 12 November 2007) <http://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/whatisai/whatisai.pdf>>Google Scholar

McDuling, John, ‘LinkedIn Is Doing What Facebook, Google, and Twitter Can’t: Expanding in China’ (Quartz, 24 February 2014) <https://qz.com/180755/linkedin-is-doing-what-facebook-google-and-twitter-cant-expanding-in-china>>Google Scholar

McMahan, H Brendan et al, ‘Communication-Efficient Learning of Deep Networks from Decentralized Data’ (arXiv, 28 February 2017) <https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.05629>>Google Scholar

Mengfan, Chen, Limin, An and Wei, Han, ‘Is WeChat Snooping on Your Chats?’ (Caixin Global, 4 January 2018) <https://www.caixinglobal.com/2018-01-04/is-wechat-snooping-on-your-chats-101193014.html>>Google Scholar

Metz, Cade, ‘A Mystery AI Just Crushed the Best Human Players at Poker’ (Wired, 31 January 2017) <https://www.wired.com/2017/01/mystery-ai-just-crushed-best-human-players-poker>>Google Scholar

Millman, Gregory J, ‘Alibaba’s IPO Puts VIE Structure in the Spotlight’ (Wall Street Journal, 2014) <https://blogs.wsj.com/riskandcompliance/2014/09/22/alibabas-ipo-puts-vie-structure-in-the-spotlight>>Google Scholar

Millward, Steven, ‘China Now Has 731 Million Internet Users, 95% Access from Their Phones’ (TechinAsia, 23 January 2017) <https://www.techinasia.com/china-731-million-internet-users-end-2016>>Google Scholar

Millward, Steven, ‘Seven Years of “China’s Twitter”’ (TechinAsia, 14 August 2016) <https://www.techinasia.com/7-years-of-weibo-china-social-media>>Google Scholar

Mishra, Neha, ‘Data Localization Laws in a Digital World: Data Protection or Data Protectionism?’ (Public Sphere, 2016) <http://publicspherejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/06.data_protection.pdf> (the link is no longer active)+(the+link+is+no+longer+active)>Google Scholar

Mo, Zhou, ‘Baidu Expands Use of Its AI Tech in Traditional Industries’ (China Daily, 31 May 2018) <http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201805/31/WS5b0fe579a31001b82571d7d6.html>>Google Scholar

Moritz, Michael, ‘Silicon Valley Would Be Wise to Follow China’s Lead’ (Financial Times, 18 January 2018) <https://www.ft.com/content/42daca9e-facc-11e7-9bfc-052cbba03425>>Google Scholar

Mozur, Paul, ‘China, Addicted to Bootleg Software, Reels from Ransomware Attack’ (New York Times, 15 May 2017) <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/business/china-ransomware-wannacry-hacking.html>>Google Scholar

Mozur, Paul, ‘China Said to Quickly Withdraw Approval for New Facebook Venture’ (New York Times, 25 July 2018) <https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/25/business/facebook-china.html?emc=edit_mbau_20180725&nl=&nlid=8467969320180725&te=1>>Google Scholar

Mozur, Paul, ‘Internet Users in China Expect to Be Tracked. Now, They Want Privacy’ (New York Times, 4 January 2018) <https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/04/business/china-alibaba-privacy.html>>Google Scholar

Mozur, Paul, ‘One Month, 500,000 Face Scans: How China Is Using AI to Profile a Minority’ (New York Times, 14 April 2019), <https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/14/technology/china-surveillance-artificial-intelligence-racial-profiling.html>>Google Scholar

Murison, Malek, ‘JD.com Launches Robot Delivery in China’ (Internet of Business, 20 June 2017) <https://internetofbusiness.com/jd-com-robot-delivery-china>>Google Scholar

Nakanishi, Toyoki and Nakamura, Yu, ‘Google Seeks Better China Relations via Tencent Patent Deal’ (Nikkei Asian Review, 20 January 2018) <https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Deals/Google-seeks-better-China-relations-via-Tencent-patent-deal>>Google Scholar

Niewenhuis, Lucas, ‘Didi Drops 20% after IPO as Beijing Tightens Data Security Review’ (SupChina, 6 July 2021) <https://supchina.com/2021/07/06/didi-drops-20-after-ipo-as-beijing-tightens-data-security-review/>>Google Scholar

Niewenhuis, Lucas, ‘Yet Another Vaccine Scandal Punctures Public Trust in Safety’ (SupChina, 23 July 2018) <https://supchina.com/2018/07/23/outrage-over-faulty-vaccines-again>>Google Scholar

Novet, Jordan, ‘Why Tech Companies Are Racing Each Other to Make Their Own Custom AI Chips’ (CNBC, 21 April 2018) <https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/21/alibaba-joins-google-others-in-making-custom-ai-chips.html>>Google Scholar

OECD, OECD: Main Science and Technology Indicators <https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MSTI_PUB>>Google Scholar

Ohnsman, Alan, ‘Baidu Aims for “Android” of Robocar Tech with Open-Source Apollo Platform’ (Forbes, 27 October 2017) <https://www.forbes.com/sites/alanohnsman/2017/10/27/baidu-aims-for-android-of-robocar-tech-with-open-source-apollo-platform/#2edbb5d0c799>>Google Scholar

Osborne, Charlie, ‘China Excludes Symantec, Kaspersky Lab from Approved Anti-Virus Vendors’ (ZDnet, 4 August 2014) <https://www.zdnet.com/article/china-excludes-symantec-kaspersky-lab-from-approved-anti-virus-vendors>>Google Scholar

Oshikiri, Tomoyoshi, ‘Toyota to Join Baidu’s Self-Driving Platform Apollo’ (Nikkei Asian Review, 28 June 2019) <https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Toyota-to-join-Baidu-s-self-driving-platform-Apollo>>Google Scholar

Oster, Shai and Wan, Allen, ‘Chinese Gripe at Being Left Out of Alibaba IPO’ (Bloomberg, 15 September 2014) <https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-09-14/chinese-gripe-at-being-left-out-of-alibaba-s-21-billion-ipo>>Google Scholar

Ouyang, Iris, ‘Pinduoduo, China’s Facebook-Groupon Mashup, Files for $1B US IPO’ (Pandaily, 1 July 2018) <https://pandaily.com/pinduoduo-chinas-facebook-groupon-mashup-files-for-1b-us-ipo>>Google Scholar

Pan, Che, ‘Baidu’s Apollo Gets Green Light to Test AD Cars in Beijing without On-board Safety Driver’ (South China Morning Post, 8 December 2020) <https://www.scmp.com/tech/innovation/article/3113029/baidus-apollo-gets-green-light-test-ad-cars-beijing-without-board>>Google Scholar

Pan, Yuanyuan, ‘The Long-Term Implications of Ant Group’s Delayed IPO’ (The Diplomat, 20 November 2020) <https://thediplomat.com/2020/11/the-long-term-implications-of-ant-groups-delayed-ipo/>>Google Scholar

Parmar, Tekendra, ‘China: Tech Giants Push Back against Beijing’s New Cyber Security Bill’ (Fortune, 2 December 2016) <https://fortune.com/2016/12/02/cyber-security-bill-source-code/>>Google Scholar

Patrizio, Andy, ‘Baidu Takes a Major Leap as an AI Player with New Chip, Intel Alliance’ (Network World, 11 July 2018) <https://www.networkworld.com/article/3289387/data-center/baidu-takes-a-major-leap-as-an-ai-player-with-new-chip-intel-alliance.html>>Google Scholar

Paul, Ryan, ‘Department of Defense Launches Open Source Site Forge.mil’ (Ars Technica, 2 April 2009) <https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2009/02/department-of-defense-launches-open-source-site-forgemil2019>>Google Scholar

Peng, Tony, ‘Fei-Fei Li at Google I/O: Humans Overestimate AI in the Short-Term, Underestimate Its Long-Term Potential’ (Synced Review, 10 May 2018) <https://medium.com/syncedreview/fei-fei-li-at-google-i-o-humans-overestimate-ai-in-the-short-term-underestimate-its-long-term-f21d7a4a19a9>>Google Scholar

Perez, Bien, ‘China Taps Nation’s Who’s Who of Technology to Anchor Ownership Shakeup at Unicom’s Parent’ (South China Morning Post, 17 August 2017) <https://www.scmp.com/tech/article/2106982/unicom-shares-halted-speculation-mounts-new-investors-its-parent-company>>Google Scholar

Perez, Chris, ‘Creepy Facebook Bots Talked to Each Other in a Secret Language’ (New York Post, 1 August 2017) <https://nypost.com/2017/08/01/creepy-facebook-bots-talked-to-each-other-in-a-secret-language>>Google Scholar

Polk, Andrew, ‘China Is Quietly Setting Global Standards’ (Bloomberg, 7 May 2018) <https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2018-05-06/china-is-quietly-setting-global-standards>>Google Scholar

Prinsloo, Loni, ‘Tencent’s 60,000% Runup Leads to One of the Biggest VC Payoffs Ever’ (Bloomberg, 22 March 2018) <https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-22/naspers-sells-10-6-billion-of-tencent-to-fund-investments>>Google Scholar

Purtill, Corinne, ‘Your Phone Isn’t Really Spying on Your Conversations – The Truth Might Be Even Creepier’ (Quartz, 2 May 2018) <https://qz.com/1609356/your-phone-is-not-recording-your-conversations>>Google Scholar

Qi, Frida, ‘Tech Companies Prepare for Jumbo IPO Season in Hong Kong and Shanghai’ (SupChina, 15 January 2021) <https://supchina.com/2021/01/15/tech-companies-prepare-for-jumbo-ipo-season-in-hong-kong-and-shanghai/>>Google Scholar

Qiqing, Lin, ‘Outside the Green Bubble of China’s Super-App’ (Sixth Tone, 28 June 2018) <http://www.sixthtone.com/news/1002502/outside-the-green-bubble-of-chinas-super-app>>Google Scholar

Quakenbush, Casey, ‘Three Things to Know about China’s Kindergarten Abuse Scandal’ (Time, 27 November 2017) <http://time.com/5037556/china-beijing-kindergarten-abuse-scandal>>Google Scholar

Raby, Geoff, ‘Not All Successful Markets Are Free’ (Sydney Morning Herald, 7 August 2018) <https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/not-all-successful-markets-are-free-20180806-p4zvqt.html>>Google Scholar

Radinsky, Kira, ‘Data Monopolists Like Google Are Threatening the Economy’ (Harvard Business Review, 2 March 2015) <https://hbr.org/2015/03/data-monopolists-like-google-are-threatening-the-economy>>Google Scholar

Ramsey, Carly and Wootliff, Ben, ‘China’s Cyber Security Law: The Impossibility of Compliance?’ (Forbes, 29 May 2017) <https://www.forbes.com/sites/riskmap/2017/05/29/chinas-cyber-security-law-the-impossibility-of-compliance/#580961c7471c>>Google Scholar

Rayner, Tristan, ‘What China Is Doing to Create a Tech Edge over the US’ (Android Authority, 19 December 2017) <https://www.androidauthority.com/what-china-is-doing-to-create-a-tech-edge-over-the-us-823656>>Google Scholar

Redrup, Yolanda, ‘How Chinese e-Commerce Player JD.com Is Becoming an AI Powerhouse’ (Australian Financial Review, 21 July 2018) <https://www.afr.com/technology/how-chinese-ecommerce-player-jdcom-is-becoming-an-ai-powerhouse-20180719-h12vph>>Google Scholar

Reich, Robert, ‘Break Up Facebook (And While We’re at It, Google, Apple and Amazon)’ (The Guardian, 20 November 2018) <https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/nov/20/facebook-google-antitrust-laws-gilded-age>>Google Scholar

Reisman, Dillon, ‘Where Is Your Data, Really? The Technical Case against Data Localization’ (Lawfare, 22 May 2017) <https://www.lawfareblog.com/where-your-data-really-technical-case-against-data-localization>>Google Scholar

Rivest, Ronald L, ‘The Case against Regulating Encryption Technology’ (Scientific American, October 1998) <https://people.csail.mit.edu/rivest/pubs/Riv98e.pdf>>Google Scholar

Rowley, Jason, ‘The Well-Funded Startups Driven to Own the Autonomous Vehicle Stack’ (TechCrunch, 27 May 2018) <https://techcrunch.com/2018/05/27/the-well-funded-startups-driven-to-own-the-autonomous-vehicle-stack>>Google Scholar

Rudder, Alana, ‘ML and AI Partner to Save Disaster Victims: How Aid Organizations Can Tap into Its Power’ (Towards Data Science, 5 April 2018) <https://towardsdatascience.com/ml-and-ai-partner-to-save-disaster-victims-how-aid-organizations-can-tap-into-its-power-b8de67e92a09>>Google Scholar

Russell, Chris, ‘Rules of the Game: Changes in China’s Foreign Investment Law’ (CKGSB Knowledge, 1 September 2014) <https://english.ckgsb.edu.cn/knowledges/rules-of-the-game-changes-in-chinas-foreign-investment-law/>>Google Scholar

Russell, Jon, ‘China Is Beating the US on AI, Says Noted Investor Kai-Fu Lee’ (TechCrunch, 7 September 2018) <https://techcrunch.com/2018/09/05/china-is-beating-the-us-on-ai-says-noted-investor-kaifu-lee>>Google Scholar

Russo, Bill, Tse, Edward and Chan, Alan, ‘Accelerating Innovation in China’s Automobility Sector’ (Gao Feng Advisory, April 2018) <http://www.edwardtseblog.com/view/accelerating-innovation-in-chinas-automobility-sector/>>Google Scholar

Saalman, Lora, ‘New Domains of Crossover and Concern in Cyberspace’ (Sipri.org, 26 July 2017) <https://www.sipri.org/commentary/topical-backgrounder/2017/new-domains-crossover-and-concern-cyberspace>>Google Scholar

Sacks, Samm, ‘Apple in China, Part I: What Does Beijing Actually Ask of Technology Companies?’ (Lawfare, 22 February 2016) <https://www.lawfareblog.com/apple-china-part-i-what-does-beijing-actually-ask-technology-companies>>Google Scholar

Sacks, Samm and Laskai, Lorand, ‘China’s Privacy Conundrum’ (Slate, 7 February 2019) <https://slate.com/technology/2019/02/china-consumer-data-protection-privacy-surveillance.html>>Google Scholar

Sacks, Samm and Li, Manyi Kathy, ‘How Chinese Cybersecurity Standards Impact Doing Business in China’ (CSIS, 2 August 2018) <https://www.csis.org/analysis/how-chinese-cybersecurity-standards-impact-doing-business-china>>Google Scholar

Sacks, Samm and O’Brien, Robert, ‘What to Make of the Newly Established CyberSecurity Association of China’ (CSIS, 25 May 2016) <https://www.csis.org/analysis/what-make-newly-established-cybersecurity-association-china>>Google Scholar

Sacks, Samm, Triolo, Paul and Webster, Graham, ‘Beyond the Worst-Case Assumptions on China’s Cybersecurity Law’ (New America, Blog Post, 13 October 2017) <https://www.newamerica.org/cybersecurity-initiative/blog/beyond-worst-case-assumptions-chinas-cybersecurity-law>>Google Scholar

Saran, Cliff, ‘Why AI Success Depends on IT Picking the Low-Hanging Fruit’ (Computer Weekly, 22 September 2017) <https://www.computerweekly.com/news/450426790/Why-AI-success-depends-on-IT-picking-the-low-hanging-fruit>>Google Scholar

Sawers, Paul, ‘Google and Huawei Partner to Bring RCS to Millions via Jibe and Android Messages App’ (Venture Beat, 18 January 2018) <https://venturebeat.com/2018/01/18/google-and-huawei-partner-to-bring-rcs-to-millions-via-jibe-and-android-messages-app>>Google Scholar

Schechner, Sam, MacMillan, Douglas and Lin, Liza, ‘US and Chinese Companies Race to Dominate AI’ (Wall Street Journal, 18 January 2018) <https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-u-s-companies-may-lose-the-ai-race-1516280677>>Google Scholar

Schneier, Bruce, ‘Should US Hackers Fix Cybersecurity Holes or Exploit Them?’ (The Atlantic, 19 May 2014) <https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/05/should-hackers-fix-cybersecurity-holes-or-exploit-them/371197>>Google Scholar

Schwartz, Oscar, ‘“The Discourse Is Unhinged”: How the Media Gets AI Alarmingly Wrong’ (The Guardian, 25 July 2018) <https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/25/ai-artificial-intelligence-social-media-bots-wrong>>Google Scholar

Segal, Adam, ‘Beijing’s AI Strategy: Old-School Central Planning with a Futuristic Twist’ (Council on Foreign Relations, 9 August 2017) <https://www.cfr.org/blog/beijings-ai-strategy-old-school-central-planning-futuristic-twist>>Google Scholar

Sha, Liu, ‘Govt Takes Down Illegal Websites’ (Global Times, 14 January 2015) <http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/901784.shtml>>Google Scholar

Sha, Liu, ‘UISEE Finds a Short Cut for Driverless Cars’ (CKGSB Knowledge, 19 June 2017) <http://knowledge.ckgsb.edu.cn/2017/06/19/automobile-industry/uisee-technology-finds-shortcut-driverless-cars>>Google Scholar

Shafto, Patrick, ‘Why Big Tech Companies Are Open-Sourcing Their AI Systems’ (The Conversation, 16 February 2016) <https://theconversation.com/why-big-tech-companies-are-open-sourcing-their-ai-systems-54437>>Google Scholar

Shen, Jill, ‘Baidu Accelerating Automaker Deals for Car Software Deployment’ (Technode, 12 June 2019) <https://technode.com/2019/06/12/baidu-dueros-apollo-installment>>Google Scholar

Shen, Jill, ‘China Drafts Guidelines for AV Security, but Challenges Remain’ (Technode, 14 June 2019) <https://technode.com/2019/06/14/china-icv-policy-cesa-19>>Google Scholar

Shen, Samuel and Zhu, Julie, ‘Start-Ups Hopeful as China Readies Nasdaq-Style Tech Board’ (Reuters, 6 January 2019) <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-markets-exchange-tech/start-ups-hopeful-as-china-readies-nasdaq-style-tech-board-idUSKCN1P00PA>>Google Scholar

Shen, Timmy, ‘China’s Obsession with QR Codes’ (Technode, 16 February 2018) <https://technode.com/2018/02/16/photo-chinas-obsession-qr-codes>>Google Scholar

Shen, Xinmei, ‘Chinese Internet Users Criticize Baidu CEO for Saying People in China Are Willing to Give Up Data Privacy for Convenience’ (Abacus, 28 March 2018) <https://www.abacusnews.com/big-guns/chinese-internet-users-criticize-baidu-ceo-saying-people-china-are-willing-give-data-privacy/article/2139313>>Google Scholar

Shepherd, Christian, ‘China’s SenseTime Sells Out of Xinjiang Security Joint Venture’ (Financial Times, 15 April 2019) <https://www.ft.com/content/38aa038a-5f4f-11e9-b285-3acd5d43599e>>Google Scholar

Shi, Mingli, ‘Translation: Principles and Criteria from China’s Draft Privacy Impact Assessment Guide’ (New America, 13 September 2018) <https://www.newamerica.org/cybersecurity-initiative/digichina/blog/translation-principles-and-criteria-from-chinas-draft-privacy-impact-assessment-guide>>Google Scholar

Shi, Mingli, ‘What China’s 2018 Internet Governance Tells Us about What’s Next’ (New America, 28 January 2019) <https://www.newamerica.org/cybersecurity-initiative/digichina/blog/what-chinas-2018-internet-governance-tells-us-about-whats-next>>Google Scholar

Shih, Gerry and Carsten, Paul, ‘Apple Begins Storing Users’ Personal Data on Servers in China’ (Reuters, 15 August 2014) <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-apple-data-china/apple-begins-storing-users-personal-data-on-servers-in-china-idUSKBN0GF0N720140815>>Google Scholar

Si, Ma, ‘China a Pioneer in AI Innovation’ (China Daily, 27 March 2018) <http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201803/27/WS5ab9a24da3105cdcf65147e9.html>>Google Scholar

Simonite, Tom, ‘China Challenges Nvidia’s Hold on Artificial Intelligence Chips’ (Wired, 20 November 2017) <https://www.wired.com/story/china-challenges-nvidias-hold-on-artificial-intelligence-chips>>Google Scholar

Simonite, Tom, ‘How Health Care Data and Lax Rules Help China Prosper in AI’ (Wired, 8 January 2019) <https://www.wired.com/story/health-care-data-lax-rules-help-china-prosper-ai/>>Google Scholar

Soo, Zen, ‘Alibaba’s AutoNavi Becomes the First Chinese Maps Service to Navigate a Path to 100 Million Daily Users’ (South China Morning Post, 5 October 2018) <https://www.scmp.com/tech/enterprises/article/2167114/alibabas-autonavi-blazes-trail-first-chinese-maps-service-cross-100>>Google Scholar

Stevenson, Alexandra, ‘US Investor Tries to Shake Up Sina, a Pillar of China’s Internet’ (New York Times, 31 October 2017) <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/31/business/dealbook/china-sina-aristeia-proxy-fight.html>>Google Scholar

Stupp, Catherine, ‘Carmakers Fear EU Plans to Ease Data Flows Will Help Tech Rivals’ (Euractiv, 30 September 2016) <https://www.euractiv.com/section/transport/news/carmakers-fear-eus-plan-to-ease-data-flows-will-help-tech-rivals>>Google Scholar

Sun, Yiting, ‘China Wants to Make the Chips That Will Add AI to Any Gadget’ (MIT Technology Review, 24 January 2018) <https://www.technologyreview.com/2018/01/24/241365/china-wants-to-make-the-chips-that-will-add-ai-to-any-gadget/>>Google Scholar

Tai, Mariko, ‘Alibaba to Buy 33% of Spinoff Ant Financial’ (Nikkei Asia, 2 February 2018) <https://asia.nikkei.com/Asia300/Alibaba-to-buy-33-of-spinoff-Ant-Financial>>Google Scholar

Thompson, Nicholas and Bremmer, Ian, ‘The AI Cold War That Threatens Us All’ (Wired, 23 October 2018) <https://www.wired.com/story/ai-cold-war-china-could-doom-us-all>>Google Scholar

Thurm, Scott, ‘Chinese-American Elites Lament a Brewing Trade War’ (Wired, 6 May 2018) <https://www.wired.com/story/chinese-american-elites-lament-a-brewing-trade-war>>Google Scholar

Tobin, Meaghan, ‘China Wants to Build an Open Source Ecosystem to Rival GitHub (Rest of the World, 19 January 2021) <https://restofworld.org/2021/china-gitee-to-rival-github/>>Google Scholar

Triolo, Paul and Goodrich, Jimmy, ‘From Riding a Wave to Full Steam Ahead’ (New America, 28 February 2018) <https://www.newamerica.org/cybersecurity-initiative/digichina/blog/riding-wave-full-steam-ahead>>Google Scholar

Triolo, Paul and Scott, Matt, ‘China’s AI Trajectory Is Set by Entrepreneurs and International Collaboration, not by Government Edict’ (SupChina Project, 19 April 2019) <https://supchina.com/2019/04/19/chinas-ai-trajectory-is-set-by-entrepreneurs-and-international-collaboration-not-by-government-edict>>Google Scholar

Tse, Edward, ‘Don’t Belittle China’s Innovation Potential’ (Europe’s World, 14 February 2014) <https://www.friendsofeurope.org/insights/dont-belittle-chinas-innovation-potential>>Google Scholar

Udemans, Chris, ‘Chinese Care More about Data Privacy than You Think, but They Still Need Better Protection’ (TechNode, 15 May 2018) <https://technode.com/2018/05/15/data-privacy-china>>Google Scholar

Udemans, Chris, ‘Didi Launches Open Platform for Smart Transportation, AI Services’ (Technode, 9 May 2019) <https://technode.com/2019/05/10/didi-open-ai-transport>>Google Scholar

Udemans, Chris, ‘Second-Hand Mobile Phone User Data Is Being Sold in China for as Little as RMB 10’ (TechNode, 1 June 2018) <https://technode.com/2018/06/01/mobile-phone-user-data>>Google Scholar

Udemans, Chris, ‘Tencent Enforces Real-Name Verification in “Honor of Kings”’ (TechNode, 17 September 2018) <https://technode.com/2018/09/17/real-name-verification-honor-of-kings>>Google Scholar

US Information Technology Office, ‘TC260 Drafts New Standard for China’s Cloud Security Review Regime’ (USITO, 26 June 2015) <http://www.usito.org/news/tc260-drafts-new-standard-chinas-cloud-security-review-regime>>Google Scholar

Vincent, James, ‘AI Researchers Debate the Ethics of Sharing Potentially Harmful Programs’ (Verge, 21 February 2019) <https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/21/18234500/ai-ethics-debate-researchers-harmful-programs-openai>>Google Scholar

Jinping, Xi, ‘Remarks by HE Xi Jinping President of the People’s Republic of China at the Opening Ceremony of the Second World Internet Conference’ (Speech, Wuzhen, 16 December 2015) https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1327570.shtmlGoogle Scholar

Wagner, Jack, ‘China’s Cybersecurity Law: What You Need to Know’ (The Diplomat, 1 June 2017) <https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/chinas-cybersecurity-law-what-you-need-to-know>>Google Scholar

Wang, Eudora, ‘Chinese AI Firm 4Paradigm Pockets $700m Led by Boyu, Primavera, Hopu’ (Deal Street Asia, 23 January 2021) <https://www.dealstreetasia.com/stories/4paradigm-funding-224587/>>Google Scholar

Wang, Ke, ‘Xiaogang Village, Birthplace of Rural Reform, Moves On’ (China.org.cn, undated) <http://www.china.org.cn/china/features/content_16955209.htm>>Google Scholar

Wang, Lianzhang, ‘Apps That “Unlock” Wi-Fi Investigated for Privacy Breaches’ (Sixth Tone, 4 April 2018) <https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1002042/apps-that-unlock-wi-fi-investigated-for-privacy-breaches>>Google Scholar

Wang, Serenitie and Shane, Daniel, ‘Jack Ma Endorses China’s Controversial 12 Hours a Day, 6 Days a Week Work Culture’ (CNN Business, 2 April 2019) <https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/15/business/jack-ma-996-china/index.html>>Google Scholar

Waters, Richard, ‘Making It Big in China Requires a Large Measure of Localisation’ (Financial Times, 20 August 2015) <https://www.ft.com/content/0d472a74-4752-11e5-af2f-4d6e0e5eda22?mhq5j=e5>>Google Scholar

Webster, Graham and Triolo, Paul (trans), ‘Translation: China Proposes “Global Data Security Initiative”’ (New America, 7 September 2020) <https://www.newamerica.org/cybersecurity-initiative/digichina/blog/translation-chinese-proposes-global-data-security-initiative/>>Google Scholar

Webster, Graham and Sacks, Samm, ‘Five Big Questions Raised by China’s New Draft Cross-Border Data Rules’ (New America, 13 June 2019) <https://www.newamerica.org/cybersecurity-initiative/digichina/blog/five-big-questions-raised-chinas-new-draft-cross-border-data-ruless>>Google Scholar

Webster, Graham et al., ‘China’s Plan to “Lead” in AI: Purpose, Prospects, and Problems’ (New America, 1 August 2017) <https://www.newamerica.org/cybersecurity-initiative/blog/chinas-plan-lead-ai-purpose-prospects-and-problems/>>Google Scholar

Wei, He, ‘Ma: Embrace AI Opportunities’ (China Daily, 21 September 2018) <http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201809/21/WS5ba444dca310c4cc775e7726.html>>Google Scholar

Wei, Lu, ‘Cyber Sovereignty Must Rule Global Internet’ (Huffington Post, 15 December 2014) <https://www.huffingtonpost.com/lu-wei/china-cyber-sovereignty_b_6324060.html>>Google Scholar

Wertime, David, ‘It’s Official: China Is Becoming a New Innovation Powerhouse: The World’s Factory Is Turning into an R&D Machine – And Fast Catching Up with America’ (Foreign Policy, 7 February 2014) <https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/02/07/its-official-china-is-becoming-a-new-innovation-powerhouse>>Google Scholar