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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 September 2022

Eivind Engebretsen  and
Mona Baker
Eivind Engebretsen
Affiliation:
Universitetet i Oslo
Mona Baker
Affiliation:
Universitetet i Oslo

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Type
Chapter
Information
Rethinking Evidence in the Time of Pandemics
Scientific vs Narrative Rationality and Medical Knowledge Practices
 , pp. 103 - 108
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

aborted fetuses, 74
abortion-derived cell lines, 74
accidental viral transmission, European, 1
aerosol transmission, 29
Africa
COVID-19 crisis and restrictions in, 52–53
impact of lockdowns on people’s livelihood, 54–55
vaccine distribution, 68
African Americans
treatment of in health care, 78
Tuskegee Syphilis Study on, 78
Agamben, Giorgio, 18, 43–44, 50
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 78
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), 67
AIDS, gay people death from, 1
All Saints’ Anglican Church, 58
American healthcare, racialized history of, 78
Andersen, Holly, 33
Antifa members, 37
anti-GMO activists. See also gene modification
anti-vaccine activists, 61
Architects for Social Housing website, 43
Are Bill Gates’s Billions Distorting Public Health Data, 74
Are Coronavirus Policies Aiding Criminal Activity (O’Brian), 36
argument, 2, 6, 8–9, 11, 13–15, 17–19, 24–28, 43–50, 68–69, 81, 87–89
Asian countries/nations, 77
use of face masks in, 31, 43, 44
AstraZeneca vaccine, 62–65
Atkins, Lesley, 49–50
audience, 15–17, 24, 27, 48, 77, 83–85, 89–90
Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI), 64
Austrian Press Agency, 72
author, 15–16, 19, 47–48, 90; see also character; narrator
autism, MMR vaccine and, 67, 73
autonomy, 45, 50–51, 71, 90
Avadhoota Gita and Devi Gita, 85
Baker, Mona, 19, 24, 35, 53, 83, 85–86
BAME populations, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among, 79
Batt-Rawden, Samantha, 77
Bell Curve, The (Herrnstein & Murray), 14
Bell Curve, The (Murray), 25
Benjamin, Walter, 12
Bhattacharya, Jay, 47
bias, 59, 81–83, 90–91
Biden, Joe, 41
Bin Laden, Osama, 79
Biotechnophobia, 76
Black and ethnic minorities
vaccination refusal by, 10
blood clotting (thrombosis) cases, 62
World Health Organisation statement about, 63
Bolsonaro, Jair, 41
border bans/controls, 1–2
Brazil, 28, 41
British Islamic Medical Association, Position Statement on the Moderna Covid-19 Vaccine, 74
Bruner, Jerome, 35–36, 83
Bulgaria, Romany neighborhoods in, 56
Burke, Kenneth, notion of identification, 89
businesses, essential and non-essential, 54
Canada, 57, 63
Case Against Lockdown, The (Snowdon), 17
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 78
chief medical officers, conflicting views from, 49
children, 49
fear of loss of civil liberties of, 51
fines for failure to vaccinate, 70
lockdowns and, 46
MMR vaccine and, 66
refusal to vaccinate, 70
wearing of face masks and, 34
Children’s Health Defense, 67
China, lockdowns in, 46
civil liberties
disregard for, 51–53
coherence. See also narrative probability
characterological, 15, 19–23, 31, 35, 48, 54, 66–69
principles of, 8
structural and material, 28–35
structural or argumentative, 15
colonialism, 1–2, 69
confinement, stress and, 46
Conly, John, 31
conscientious objector, 66, 71
consensus, 21, 28, 76, 86
consequence(s), 24, 28, 48, 51–53, 57–58, 66–67
consistency, 15, 24, 48, 54, 56, 85, 89
conspiracy theory, 53, 74
Corporation, The (Bakan), 67
Court of Ireland, 66
Covid Drug Wars that Pitted Doctor vs Doctor, The (The New York Times), 3
COVID-19 crisis, 1, 2–3, 32
controversies of the, 90
face mask controversy and, 28
international arguments for meaures adopted for, 46–47
narrative identification and the, 35
policy-oriented discourses about, 45
politics and science clashing about, 42
public health measures and, 45
reasons for resistance to measures for, 45
reliable medical information and, 3
resistance to lockdowns during, 56
restrictions in Africa, 52–53
transmission route of the virus, 28–35
unreliable stories about, 18
vaccines for, 61
wearing face masks and the, 8
COVID-,19 passports. See also vaccine passports
use of in Europe, 72
COVID-,19 vaccinatio
Johnson & Johnson, 74
COVID-19 vaccination, 61–62, 72
acceptance rates study, 77
COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca, 63
Covid-19 Vaccine Global Access Facility (Covax), 68
programme, 6
reasons for objections to, 73–76
refusal of in Pakistan, 78
vaccine shortages, 69
creationism, 41, 90
credibility, 21, 23, 31, 35, 67, 84
critical appraisal, 81, 90–91
cultural association, 36
culture, 3, 5, 8, 13, 36, 39–41, 46, 53, 58, 82, 84
Cummins, Ivor, 25
curfews, 46
enforcement of, 56
limited, 46
national, 6, 45
victims of, 54
curve, flattening the, 48
Cyprus, 72
data, 10–11, 14–15, 32, 43, 64, 72, 74, 86
quantitative, 49, 56
Deer, Brian, The Doctor Who Fooled the World, 67
Democracy under Lockdown, The Freedom House 2020 report, 56
Denmark, 62, 65
dental law & ethics questions, 51–52
Department for Education (DfE), 34
disclosure, 83–84
discrimination, sterilization as a form of, 79
diversity, 6, 28, 80, 90
Doctor Who Fooled the World, The (Deer), 67
Donnelly, Christl, 20
Downing Street Press Conference, 29
DR Congo, 77
droplets, 29, 31
dwelling, 9, 13, 44, 87–90
EBM model
critical appraisal of, 90–91
Ebola outbreak, 77
economy, 26–27, 45–46, 48–56, 74
Egypt, 56
empiricism, 4–5, 11, 64, 82, 86
Engebretsen, Eivind, 4, 12, 68
England, frontline healthcare workers in, 10
epidemiology, 16, 19, 32–33, 41, 48–49, 52, 73
epistemology, 4–5, 7, 10, 33, 65, 81, 86–88, 91
ethics, 51, 53, 57, 68, 79, 91
Europe, 52, 57
use of COVID-19 passport in, 72
Europe and Africa relationship, colonial mindset and, 2
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), 16, 45
European countries, curfews in, 46
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), 59
European Medicine Agency (EMA), 62–63
European politicians, 76
European Union, 74
evidence, 2–6, 10, 12, 16, 29–34, 47–51, 57, 59–62, 64–65, 77, 79–82, 88–91
medical, 3, 5, 59, 64
pyramid, 4, 81
evidene-based, 59, 82
medicine (EBM), 3, 12, 32–33, 60, 81
policy, 59
evidence-based medicine (EBM), 3–5, 81
face masks
anti-mask protests, 42
controversy around, 28
effect of wearing on children, 34
scientific arguments about wearing, 8
Swedish position on wearing, 16
World Health Organization (WHO)
guidelines, 29–31
facts, 86
Ferguson, Neil, 19, 66
fidelity, 53, 84–85, 88–90
narrative, 15, 23–27, 36, 88
principles of, 8
Fisher, Walter, 2, 6, 77, 86, 87
characterological coherence, 54
definition of narration and, 89
discussion of structural coherence, 15
logic of good reasons and, 14, 24
narrative paradigm, 81–85
narrative paradigm of, 14, 89
narrative rationality and, 64, 79
Warnick’s criticism of, 85
Focused Protection, 47
France, 39, 46, 77
Franklin County Public Health Board, 37
freedom
and social responsibility, 69–73
individual, 56
Freedom House 2020 report, Democracy under Lockdown, 56
freedom of movement, 57
freedom, discussion about, 43–44
frontline healthcare workers, 10
Gandhi, Guide to Health, 73
Gaskin, Ina May, Ina May’s Guide to Childbirth, 12
Gates, Bill, 74
Gaza, 52, 53
gene editing (GE), European politicians and, 76
gene therapy, 75
General Medical Council, UK, 67
Generation Rescue, 67
genetic modification (GM), 74, 75
European politicians and, 76
genetic-based therapy, 74
Genome Revolution, the, 74
germ theory, 2
Germany, 72
Ghebreyesus, Tedros Adhanom, 60
good reasons, logic of, 14–15, 54
Great Barrington Declaration, the (Bhattacharya, Gupta, and Kulldorff), 47
critiques of, 47–49
Greece, 72
Greenhalgh, Trish, 49, 51, 60
Guide to Health (Gandhi), 73
Gupta, Sunetra, 47, 49, 51
Oxford model of, 51
Harries, Jenny, 20
health care decisions, 11–12
healthcare communication, 81
Heidegger, Martin, 7, 9, 87
Heneghan, Carl, 49
Hepatitis B, 72
fake vaccination programme against, 79
herd immunity, 45, 47, 50, 70
benefits of, 47
The Great Barrington Declaration and, 47–49
Herrnstein, Richard, The Bell Curve, 14
Hitchens, Peter, 42
HIV
and primate virus, 1
blocking federal funding for research in, 1
condom use for, 41
reluctance to wearing condoms and, 41
Hölerlin, Friedrich, 87
homo narrans metaphor, 9
homo sapiens, 9
homophobia, 40–42
humanity, 9
hydroxychloroquine, 61
identification, 40
narrative, 81–82, 88–90
narrative paradigm and, 77
notion of, 89
identity, 28, 36, 57, 88; see also narrative identification
immunological naivete, natives, 1
Ina May’s Guide to Childbirth (Gaskin), 12
incoherence
material, 47, See also coherence
structural, 46
structural and material, 28, 34, 37, 45, 47–53, 59, 62
India
discrimination against Muslim minority populations, 58
intellectual property (IP) regulations, 67
inference, 13–14
influenza vaccine, 78
information, 86
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), 74
institutional trust, African Americans and, 78
intellectual property (IP) regulations, waiver of, 67
Invention of a Pandemic, The, 18
Iran, 57–58
Italy, 18, 43
John Snow Memorandum, 47–48; see also Great Barrington Declaration
Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine, 74
Johnson, Boris, 23, 28, 34, 39
Kagumire, Rosebell, 69
Kennedy, Robert F. Jr, 67
Kriebel, David, 33
Kristeva, Julia, 7, 90
Kulldorff, Martin, 47
Kuwait, 56
Lahren, Tomi, 41
Lancet Infectious Disease, The, 77
Lekki Free Trade Zone, 55
Lewis, Norman, 60
LGBT community
discrimination against, 56
in Kampala, 56
liberty, negative and positive, 43–44
lockdowns, 45, 70
and other restrictions on small businesses, 53–54
enforced, 25
fines for breaking, 56
impact on livelihoods of people, 54–55
in the UK, 45
lockdown measures, 49, 56
protests against, 54–55
resistance to, 56
UK’s approach to, 46
victims of, 54
Lockdownsceptics.com, 17
logos, 10, 87
London, Freeman, 49
Lonergan, Bernard, 12
long covid, 49
Luxembourg, 72
Lyndon, M, 52
Lynteris, Christos, 44
malaria, 6, 61
Malawi, 54
Manchurian plague, 31
mandatory vaccination, 70–71, 72
Marcus, Julia, 41–42
masculinity, 40–42
performative, 40
toxic white, 41
mask. See face masks
material incoherence, 33, 45, 49, See also incoherence
Agamben use of, 18
charges of, 17
Great Barrington Declaration, 47
in institutional narratives, 32
Snowdon’s accounts and, 17
McClure, Kevin, 35–36, 40–41, 88–90
media, 6, 13, 22, 35–36, 45, 53, 58, 65, 69, 83
mainstream, 6, 22, 28, 35, 65–66
social, 3, 6, 23, 28, 36, 53, 74–75, 89
medical doctors, being off duty, 12
medical evidence, and policy making, 59
migrant populations, 57
misinformation, 29, 31, 57
MMR vaccine, 66, 72
and autism, 67, 73
Moderna vaccination, 74
Moore, Tom, 22–23
morality, 4, 8, 27, 48, 50, 74, 82–84, 86; see also ethics
mRNA vaccines, 74
Murray, Charles, The Bell Curve, 14, 25
Nancy, Jean-Luc, 18
narrative accrual concept, 36
narrative fidelity, 15, 23–27, 36, 88
logic of good reasons and, 14–15
narrative identification, 35–36, 81–82, 88–90
narrative paradigm, 6, 8–11, 81–82, 89
expansion of, 88–90
identification and, 77
limitations of Fisher’s, 82–85
purpose of Fisher’s, 14
versus rational world paradigm, 11–14
narrative probability, 15, 19, 23, 36
meaning of, 15
narrative rationality, 9, 88
Fisher’s, 64
Fisher’s, 9
narrator, 2, 19, 21, 25, 65; see also author
National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) – Canada, 63, 65
national curfews, 6, 45
National Health Service (NHS), 22–23, 25, 46, 51, 71–73
national lockdowns, 19, 20, 49
in England, 17, 46
Native Americans, 79
smallpox effect on, 1
New York Times, The, Covid Drug Wars that Pitted Doctor vs Doctor, The, 3
Nigeria, 55, 79
normative ambiguity, 45
Norway, 31, 62, 65
Norwegian Medical Agency, 64–65
notion of identification, 89
O’Brian, Kevin, 36–37
objectivist knowledge, 81–82, 86
official institutions
mistrust of, 56
Omicron variant, 1–2, 69
ontology, 10, 86, 88
Open Access Government, 76
Our Medical Liberties, 78
Oxford-AstraZeneca (Vaxzevria) vaccine. See AstraZeneca vaccine
Pakistan, resistance to polio vaccine, 78
pharmaceutical companies, trust in, 78
pharmaceutical interventions, government policies and, 69
phronesis, 10
physical distancing measures, 6, 20, 21, 33, 45
difficulty maintaining, 39
in the classroom, 34
Planet of Viruses, A (Zimmer), 1, 2
Plato, 11, 85
polio vaccine, resistance to in Pakistan, 78
politics
science and, 1–2
Predictive Analytics World, 15
Price of Panic, The (Axe), 59
primate virus, HIV and, 1
probability, 53, 88–90
narrative, 36
probability, narrative, 15, 23
public health
communication and persuasion and, 85
public health measures, 32, 45, 59–60
protests over, 57
public health messages, structural and material incoherence in, 62
public health recommendations. See Public health measures
public policy, structural and material incoherence of, 45
pure bodies, 73–76
Quach-Thanh, Caroline, 65
Quakers, 66
quarantine, 21, 57, 70; see also lockdowns
Qvortrup, Mads and Esben Bjerggaard Nielsen, 9–10, 13, 81, 87–88
race-based segregation strategies, 2
racial differences debate, The Bell Curve and, 14–15
racism, 40
randomised controlled trials (RCTs), 3, 11, 32, 33, 60, 62, 81; see also evidence-based medicine
rational world paradigm, 13–14
facts and, 86
vs narrative paradigm, 13–14
rationality, 81
narrative, 12
types of, 8
view of, 11
Reagan administration, 1
reasons, the logic of, 24–25
relevance, 4, 17–18, 23–24, 27–29, 48, 88; see also logic of good reasons
regulations, lack of compliance with, 8
rhetoric, 5, 9–10, 14, 24, 27, 36, 53, 83–85, 87, 89
right to religious assembly, 57–59
Romany neighborhoods, in Bulgaria, 56
Rone, Julia, 64–65
Rutter, Henry, 60
Sadler, Neil, 83–84, 87–88
SARS-CoV-2, 30
variant Omicron, 1
Savage, Michael, 42
Science and Law of Refusing to Wear Masks, The, 43
science claims, and politics, 1–2
Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), 19
Scientific American, 41
scientific claims, 48
as narratives, 2
scientific data, subjectivity in assessing, 14
settler colonialism, 1
Sierra Leone slums, 52
Sikora, Karol, 49
small businesses, impact of restrictions on, 53–54
smallpox
effect on Native Americans, 1
mandates, 72
terror attacks, 74
vaccine for, 66, 70
Smith, Iain Duncan, 20
Snowdon, Christopher, 17–18, 25
lockdown narratives of, 19
social distance measures, 54
social distancing. See physical distancing measures
social distancing measures
in Africa, 52
social responsibility, 56, 70
socialization, process of, 10
South Africa, 54–55
intellectual property (IP) regulations, 67
Omicron variant in, 1–2, 69
social distancing in, 52
South Korea, 43, 77
Spain, 46
Spiked, 60
Sridhar, Devi, 45
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 43
Stanford School of Medicine, 32
statistics, 4, 26, 50, 86
sterilization, of ethnic people, 79
story
meaning of a, 17
story, 1, 5, 8, 10–19, 21–24, 26–27, 35, 48, 66–67, 77, 83–85, 87–90; see also narrative
stress, 46
Stroud, Scott R., 11, 13, 16, 36, 84–87, 89
structural incoherence, 39, 49
UK’s approach to lockdowns, 46
Sweden, 31
Syed, Imam Abdul, 58
Tablighi Jamaat, 58
Talibani crime, 58
Tegnell, Anders, 16–17
test regimes, 8
thrombocytopenia, 63
Toughlove, 13
TRIPS Council, 67
Trudeau, Justin, 64
Trump, Donald, 28, 41, 61
Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 78
Uganda, 55
discrimination against LGBT groups, 56
ultra religious groups, 58
United Kingdom (UK), 69
lockdowns in, 45
United Nations (UN), 51, 60, 68
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, 59
United States Public Health Service (PHS), 78
Urrutia, Manuel León, 86
US, 52, 57
mistrust of the official institutions in the, 54
vaccination, 61–62
exemption on religious grounds, 73
reasons for objections to, 73–76
refusal by Black/ethnic minority frontline workers, 10
rejection of mandated, 70
Vaccination Act
1853, 78
1853 and 1867, 66
1898, 71
vaccine apartheid, 68, 69
vaccine distribution, global, 67–69
vaccine hesitancy, 6, 8, 61, 75, 85
amongst BAME populations, 79
questions about vaccines, 61
vaccine nationalism, 68, 69
vaccine passports, 70
Vaccine Resistance Movement (VRM), 67
values, 2–3, 5–6, 8–9, 11–16, 19, 23–28, 33, 35–36, 40–42, 44–51, 53–54, 57, 59–60, 62, 66–67, 69–70, 72, 75–76, 82–86, 88; see also principles
transcendental, 25–26, 35–36, 43, 57, 69
Van Tam, Jonathan, 29
Vaxzevria, 62–63
virus transmission, 28–29
vulnerable groups, 50
Wakefield, Andrew, 67, 73
Waterloo Mosque, 58
Waters, Gerard, 66
Whitty, Chris, 18
Wolpert, Miranda, 60
World Health Organization (WHO), 60
guidelines, 29–31
statement about vaccines and clotting, 63
World Health Organization (WHO) Pandemic Task Force, 74
World Trade Organization (WTO), 67
Wright, Austin, 28
Wright, Nicholas, 43
Yeadon, Mike, 25
Young Earth Creationists, 41, 90
Young, Toby, 17–18, 19
rebuttal of Christopher Snowdon’s argument, 25
Zimmer, Carl
A Planet of Viruses, 1

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  • Index
  • Eivind Engebretsen, Universitetet i Oslo, Mona Baker, Universitetet i Oslo
  • Book: Rethinking Evidence in the Time of Pandemics
  • Online publication: 15 September 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009030687.008
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  • Index
  • Eivind Engebretsen, Universitetet i Oslo, Mona Baker, Universitetet i Oslo
  • Book: Rethinking Evidence in the Time of Pandemics
  • Online publication: 15 September 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009030687.008
Available formats
×

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  • Index
  • Eivind Engebretsen, Universitetet i Oslo, Mona Baker, Universitetet i Oslo
  • Book: Rethinking Evidence in the Time of Pandemics
  • Online publication: 15 September 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009030687.008
Available formats
×