Choosing to kill the innocent as a means to your ends is always murder. Naturally, killing the innocent as an end in itself is murder too: but that is no more than a possible future development for in our part of the globe it is a practice that has so far been confined to the Nazis. I intend my formulation to be taken strictly: each term in it is necessary. For killing the innocent, even if you know as a matter of statistical certainty that the things you do involve it, is not necessarily murder. I mean that if you attack a lot of military targets, such as munitions factories and naval dockyards, as carefully as you can, you will be certain to kill a number of innocent people; but that is not murder. On the other hand, unscrupulousness in considering the possibilities turns it into murder.