Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c47g7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T09:50:33.561Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Executive functions are cognitive gadgets

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 September 2019

Senne Braem
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium. senne.braem@vub.be
Bernhard Hommel
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands. hommel@fsw.leidenuniv.nlbernhard-hommel.eu

Abstract

Many psychologists and neuroscientists still see executive functions as independent, domain-general, supervisory functions that are often dissociated from more “low-level” associative learning. Here, we suggest that executive functions very much build on associative learning, and argue that executive functions might be better understood as culture-sensitive cognitive gadgets, rather than as ready-made cognitive instincts.

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrahamse, E., Braem, S., Notebaert, W. & Verguts, T. (2016) Grounding cognitive control in associative learning. Psychological Bulletin 142:693728.Google Scholar
Ach, N. (1910) Über den willensakt und das temperament. Quelle & Meyer.Google Scholar
Arrington, C. M. & Logan, G. D. (2004) The cost of a voluntary task switch. Psychological Science 15(9):610–15.Google Scholar
Blakemore, S. J. & Choudhury, S. (2006) Development of the adolescent brain: Implications for executive function and social cognition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 47(3–4):296312.Google Scholar
Braem, S. (2017) Conditioning task switching behavior. Cognition 166:272276.Google Scholar
Braem, S. & Egner, E. (2018) Getting a grip on cognitive flexibility. Current Directions in Psychological Science 27:470476.Google Scholar
Braem, S., Verguts, T. & Notebaert, W. (2011) Conflict adaptation by means of associative learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 37:1662–66.Google Scholar
Byrne, B., Samuelsson, S., Wadsworth, S., Hulslander, J., Corley, R., DeFries, J. C., Quain, P., Willcutt, E. G. & Olson, R. K. (2007) Longitudinal twin study of early literacy development: Preschool through Grade 1. Reading and Writing 20(1–2):77102.Google Scholar
Carruthers, P. (2013) Evolution of working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 110(Suppl 2):10371–78.Google Scholar
Colzato, L. S., Hommel, B. & Shapiro, K. (2010) Religion and the attentional blink: Depth of faith predicts depth of the blink. Frontiers in Psychology 1:147.Google Scholar
Colzato, L. S., Slagter, H., de Rover, M. & Hommel, B. (2011) Dopamine and the management of attentional resources: Genetic markers of striatal D2 dopamine predict individual differences in the attentional blink. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23(11):3576–85.Google Scholar
Cools, R. & D'Esposito, M. (2010) Dopaminergic modulation of flexible cognitive control in humans. In: Dopamine handbook, ed. Björklund, A., Dunnett, S., Iversen, L. & Iversen, S., pp. 249–60. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Crump, M. J., Gong, Z. & Milliken, B. (2006) The context-specific proportion congruent Stroop effect: Location as a contextual cue. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 13(2):316321.Google Scholar
Deacon, T. W. (1997) The symbolic species. Norton.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1978) Brainstorms: Philosophical essays on mind and psychology. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Dolan, R. J. & Dayan, P. (2013) Goals and habits in the brain. Neuron 80(2):312–25.Google Scholar
Egner, T. (2014) Creatures of habit (and control): A multi-level learning perspective on the modulation of congruency effects. Frontiers in Psychology 5:Article ID 1247.Google Scholar
Eisenreich, B. R., Akaishi, R. & Hayden, B. Y. (2017) Control without controllers: Toward a distributed neuroscience of executive control. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 29(10):1684–98.Google Scholar
Evans, J. S. B. & Stanovich, K. E. (2013) Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate. Perspectives on Psychological Science 8(3):223–41.Google Scholar
Friedman, N. P. & Miyake, A. (2017) Unity and diversity of executive functions: Individual differences as a window on cognitive structure. Cortex 86:186204.Google Scholar
Friedman, N. P., Miyake, A., Altamirano, L. J., Corley, R. P., Young, S. E., Rhea, S. A. & Hewitt, J. K. (2016) Stability and change in executive function abilities from late adolescence to early adulthood: A longitudinal twin study. Developmental Psychology 52(2):326.Google Scholar
Fröber, K. & Dreisbach, G. (2017) Keep flexible – keep switching! The influence of forced task switching on voluntary task switching. Cognition 162:4853.Google Scholar
Hayden, B. Y. (2018) Why has evolution not selected for perfect self-control? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374(1766):2018.0139. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0139.Google Scholar
Heilbronner, S. R. & Hayden, B. Y. (2016) Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex: A bottom-up view. Annual Review of Neuroscience 39:149–70.Google Scholar
Hermer-Vazquez, L., Moffet, A. & Munkholm, P. (2001) Language, space, and the development of cognitive flexibility in humans: The case of two spatial memory tasks. Cognition 79(3):263–99.Google Scholar
Heyes, C. (2018) Cognitive gadgets: The cultural evolution of thinking. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hommel, B. & Colzato, L.S. (2017) The social transmission of metacontrol policies: Mechanisms underlying the interpersonal transfer of persistence and flexibility. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 81 (Part A):4358.Google Scholar
Hommel, B., Colzato, L. S., Scorolli, C., Borghi, A. M. & van den Wildenberg, W. P. M. (2011) Religion and action control: Faith-specific modulation of the Simon effect but not stop-signal performance. Cognition 120(2):177–85.Google Scholar
Hughes, C. H. & Ensor, R. A. (2009) How do families help or hinder the emergence of early executive function? New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 2009(123):3550.Google Scholar
Inoue, S. & Matsuzawa, T. (2007) Working memory of numerals in chimpanzees. Current Biology 17(23):R1004R1005.Google Scholar
Janczyk, M. & Leuthold, H. (2018) Effector system-specific sequential modulations of congruency effects. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 25(3):1066–72.Google Scholar
Jurado, M. B. & Rosselli, M. (2007) The elusive nature of executive functions: A review of our current understanding. Neuropsychology Review 17(3):213233.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. (2003) A perspective on judgment and choice: Mapping bounded rationality. American Psychologist 58(9):697720.Google Scholar
Karr, J. E., Areshenkoff, C. N., Rast, P., Hofer, S. M., Iverson, G. L. & Garcia-Barrera, M. A. (2018) The unity and diversity of executive functions: A systematic review and re-analysis of latent variable studies. Psychological Bulletin 144(11):1147.Google Scholar
Kovas, Y., Haworth, C. M., Dale, P. S., Plomin, R., Weinberg, R. A., Thomson, J. M. & Fischer, K. W. (2007) The genetic and environmental origins of learning abilities and disabilities in the early school years. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 72(3):i,iii–v,vii,1156. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/i30163176.Google Scholar
Lan, X., Legare, C. H., Ponitz, C. C., Li, S. & Morrison, F. J. (2011) Investigating the links between the subcomponents of executive function and academic achievement: A cross-cultural analysis of Chinese and American preschoolers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 108(3):677–92.Google Scholar
Logue, S. F. & Gould, T. J. (2014) The neural and genetic basis of executive function: Attention, cognitive flexibility, and response inhibition. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 123:4554.Google Scholar
Lotem, A., Halpern, J. Y., Edelman, S. & Kolodny, O. (2017) The evolution of cognitive mechanisms in response to cultural innovations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 114(30):7915–22.Google Scholar
Mansouri, F. A., Egner, T. & Buckley, M. J. (2017) Monitoring demands for executive control: Shared functions between human and nonhuman primates. Trends in Neurosciences 40(1):1527.Google Scholar
Mayr, U. & Bryck, R. L. (2005) Sticky rules: Integration between abstract rules and specific actions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 31(2):337–50.Google Scholar
Melby-Lervåg, M., Redick, T. S. & Hulme, C. (2016) Working memory training does not improve performance on measures of intelligence or other measures of “far transfer” evidence from a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science 11(4):512–34.Google Scholar
Oh, S. & Lewis, C. (2008) Korean preschoolers’ advanced inhibitory control and its relation to other executive skills and mental state understanding. Child Development 79(1):8099.Google Scholar
Pope, S. M., Fagot, J., Meguerditchian, A., Washburn, D. A. & Hopkins, W. D. (2019) Enhanced cognitive flexibility in the seminomadic Himba. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 50(1):4762.Google Scholar
Pope, S. M., Meguerditchian, A., Hopkins, W. D. & Fagot, J. (2015) Baboons (Papio papio), but not humans, break cognitive set in a visuomotor task. Animal Cognition 18(6):1339–46.Google Scholar
Sabbagh, M. A., Xu, F., Carlson, S. M., Moses, L. J. & Lee, K. (2006) The development of executive functioning and theory of mind: A comparison of Chinese and US preschoolers. Psychological Science 17(1):7481.Google Scholar
Schultz, W. (2013) Updating dopamine reward signals. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 23(2):229–38.Google Scholar
Simons, D. J., Boot, W. R., Charness, N., Gathercole, S. E., Chabris, C. F., Hambrick, D. Z. & Stine-Morrow, E. A. (2016) Do “brain-training” programs work? Psychological Science in the Public Interest 17(3):103186.Google Scholar
Spapé, M. M. & Hommel, B. (2008) He said, she said: Episodic retrieval induces conflict adaptation in an auditory Stroop task. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 15(6):1117–21.Google Scholar
Tully, K. & Bolshakov, V. Y. (2010) Emotional enhancement of memory: how norepinephrine enables synaptic plasticity. Molecular Brain 3(1):15.Google Scholar
Verbruggen, F. & Logan, G. D. (2008) Automatic and controlled response inhibition: associative learning in the go/no-go and stop-signal paradigms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 137(4):649.Google Scholar
Waszak, F., Hommel, B. & Allport, A. (2003) Task-switching and long-term priming: Role of episodic stimulus-task bindings in task-shift costs. Cognitive Psychology 46:361413.Google Scholar
Zmigrod, L., Rentfrow, P. J., Zmigrod, S. & Robbins, T. W. (2018) Cognitive flexibility and religious disbelief. Psychological Research. Published online 11 June 2018. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00426-018-1034-3.pdfGoogle Scholar