There are two natural ways in which to attempt a classification of the lattices which occur in crystallography or, more generally, of n-dimensional lattices. The first method is algebraic and proceeds by classifying the symmetry groups of the lattices. Thus an n-dimensional lattice is a discrete subgroup

of Rn and determines a symmetry group

which is a subgroup of the orthogonal group On. Two lattices T1 and T2 are said to determine the same crystal system if the symmetry groups G(T1) and G(T2) are conjugate: that is there exists a linear isomorphism ø: Rn → Rn such that

Let H and K be groups with derived sub groups H´ and K´. Following (5) we say that H and K are orthogonal, and write H ⊥ K, if and only if the tensor product H/H´ ®K/K´ is trivial. If H and K are sub groups of a group we say that H and K permute if and only if HK = KH. We recall finally that the subgroup H of the group G is said to be subnormal in G, written H sn G, if and only if there exists a finite chain of subgroups

connecting H to G.

Infinitely divisible group representations were first defined by Streater(1) as an important concept closely related to continuous tensor product. Araki(2) analysed the factorizable representations of Lie groups and obtained a generalization of the Levy–Khinchine formula. A similar concept for Lie algebras was defined and studied by Streater in (3). Although the definition is not strictly an infinitesimal analogue of infinitely divisible representations of Lie groups, the results of (3) in the cohomological formulation are very similar to Araki's main theorem. Parthasarathy and Schmidt(4) generalized the concept of infinite divisibifity to the projective representations of locally compact groups and obtained a one-to-one correspondence between infinitely divisible projective representations and 1-co-cycles in the group cohomology with coefficients in a Hubert space. A similar generalization for Lie algebras is studied in the present paper. Infinitely divisible projective representations of Lie algebras are studied by a purely algebraic method, independently of (4) (since not all our projective representations are necessarily integrable). As expected, a one-to-one relation is obtained between the infinitely divisible projective representations and 1-co-cycles in the cohomology on the corresponding enveloping algebra with coefficients in a Hilbert space. The present problem is simpler than the group case since there is no continuity condition on the multiplier in a Lie algebra. A similar algebraic method was used in a discussion of infinitely divisible representations of canonical anticommutation relations (9).

In this paper, I shall establish the sufficiency of certain conditions on an ideal A of a local ring Q, and on a set {g1 …,gk} of elements of Q generating a proper ideal G, for the ideals A and G to be analytically disjoint. Hence I shall establish an upper bound for the analytic spread of A.

The maximal ideal of Q will be denoted throughout by M, and it will be assumed that the field Q/M is infinite.

In his book Transversal Theory (4) Mirsky introduces the problem of finding a necessary and sufficient condition in order that a finite family of sets have a unique independent transversal. The purpose of this note is to give one necessary and sufficient condition. More generally, we give a necessary and sufficient condition in order that a common basis of two rank-finite matroids be unique. We then specialize this result to give an answer to the above question.

In this paper we shall show how combinatorial methods can be applied to the study of maps on orientable surfaces. Our main concern is with maps which possess a certain kind of symmetry, called vertex-transitivity. We show how an extension of the well-known method of Cayley can be used to construct such maps, and we give conditions which suffice for the automorphism groups of these maps to have non trivial vertex-stabilizers. Finally, we investigate the special case when the skeleton of the map is a complete graph; a classical theorem of Frobenius then implies that all vertex-transitive maps are given by our extension of Cayley's construction.

A special type of S1-actions on homotopy spheres is defined and the properties of the fixed point set are studied.

Let ω be the space of all (complex) sequences. If E, F are subspaces of ω and if A is any (infinite) normal matrix, we set

and

If A is the matrix of a sequence–sequence summability transform, Ā and  shall denote the series–sequence and series–series forms of the transform, respectively. The multiplier spaces M(c(Ā), c(Ā)), M(lp(Â), l1(Â)) and M(lp(Â), c(Ā)) are characterized (1 ≤ p < ∞). Partial results are given for the spaces M(c(Ā), lp(Â)) and M(lp(Â), lp(Â)).

It is shown that a real scalar function in n which is of class Cn and either has zero mean on all spheres of unit radius, or has zero mean in all balls of unit radius admits a unique expansion in terms of eigenfunctions of the Laplacian operator. In a similar manner, a suitably smooth vector-valued function in n which has zero flux through all spheres cf unit radius is shown to be decomposable as the sum of a solenoidal part and a series of conservative parts that are eigenfunctions of the Laplacian. Applications are given, including some in complex analysis.

Necessary and sufficient conditions for sequence-to-sequence or sequence-to-function summability method to include (R, λ, α), when 1 < α ≤ 2, are given. Also, for suitably restricted sequences λ, necessary and sufficient conditions for a series-to-sequence or series-to-function summability method to include (R, λ, α) for 1 < α ≤ 2 are given. These results are obtained by showing that a certain sequence {δj} (j ≥ 0) is a Schauder-basis in Rλα(N) for each α, 1 < α ≤ 2.

Various constructions are described for sets F = F(q, k, l) of residues modulo q such that F–F contains all residues while (k)F = F + F + … + F (k summands) omits l consecutive residues, in the cases k = 2, 3, 4 and 5. Let Q(k, l) denote the set of moduli q for which such a set F(q, k, l) exists. The following results are proved: q∈Q (2, 1) if and only if q ≥ 6; q∈Q(2,l) if q ≥ 4l + 2; 29, 31 and 33∈Q(3, 1) and if q∈Q(3, 1) if q ≥ 35; 24l + 21∈Q(3, l) if q ≥ 44l + 41. Upper bounds are also obtained for the least elements in Q(4, l) and Q(5, l).

The inverse eigenvalue problem for vibrating membranes (4), may also be examined in three or more dimensions. Let us suppose that λn are the eigen values of the problem

where Ω is a closed convex region or body in En and S is the bounding surface of Ω. The basic problem is to determine the precise shape of Ω on being given the spectrum of eigenvalues λn. In analogy with the membrane problem, it is clear that the trace function may be constructed in identical fashion; thus

where G(r, r', t) is the Green's function of the diffusion equation

and satisfies the Dirichiet condition G(r, r', t) = 0, r∈S, and the initial condition G(r, r', t) → δ(r–r') as t → 0.

We are using the term ‘bivariate Poisson process’ to describe a bivariate point process (N1(.), N2(.)) whose components (or, marginal processes) are Poisson processes. In this we are following Milne (2) who amongst his examples cites the case where N1(.) and N2(.) refer to the input and output processes respectively of the M/G/∈ queueing system. Such a bivariate point process is infinitely divisible. We shall now show that in a stationary M/M/1 queueing system (i.e. Poisson arrivals at rate λ, exponential service at rate µ > λ, single-server) a similar identification of (N1(.), N2(.)) yields a bivariate Poisson process that is not infinitely divisible.

A general method is given for the determination of diagonal matrix elements of relative state operators in shell model states of a given supermultiplet and SU3 symmetry, for states in s, p and sd shells, and for cross-terms between these shells, enabling the excitation energies of particle–hole configurations to be evaluated.

A method is given for evaluating matrix elements of three particle operators in many nucleon states of [44…4] symmetry.

An identity of fundamental interest in General Relativity is the breakup or ‘decomposition’ of the scalar curvature density into an ordinary divergence in addition to a term constructed solely from the metric tensor and its first derivative. It is proven that this identity is the most elementary example of an identity satisfied by all members of a particularly important class of Riemannian invariants. For a subset of these invariants, the decomposition identity undergoes a simplification that connects this material with some problems of current research interest.

This paper is concerned with the linear theory of the transmission of sound through a vortex sheet separating two fluids in relative motion, but with the same density and sound speed. For harmonic excitation asolution is determined, with particular attention to transition regions where large effects might be expected, and it is found that Helmholtz instability plays no role in this solution. However, this harmonic field does not lead to a solution of the initial value problem which satisfies causality. When causality is complied with an additional field must be superimposed which gives waves growing exponentially in space in the harmonic case and a singularity, which is more severe than has been previously encountered, in the time-dependent problem. The consequent effects of this instability are discussed.

An existence theorem is proved for Robin's integral equation for the density of electric charge on a closed surface, under the assumptions that the surface is convex, smooth and twice continuously differentiable. The technique is essentially Neumann's method of the arithmetic mean, used by Robin himself to show that the solution, assumed to exist, can be successively approximated by a sequence. In order to facilitate the main argument of the proof, it is assumed initially that the Gaussian curvature is everywhere positive, but this restriction is subsequently removed.

The compression of fairly short solid cylinders under axial load is considered. Radial expansion is prevented over a central region of the outer surface by a rigid constraint concentric with the cylinder. Physically the situation arises when a fairly soft rivet is expanded into a relatively rigid plate. Two types of elastic material are considered; firstly, rubber-like materials governed by a strain energy function of the Mooney form, and secondly, metals which have a quadratic strain energy function. In the former case a finite axial compression is permitted prior to contact between the cylinder and the constraint. In both cases the irregularities introduced by the constraint are sufficiently small that they can be described by infinitesimal elasticity theory. The analysis utilizes displacement potential functions and is reduced to solving a set of dual cosine series. The particular case in which the cylinder height and diameter are equal and the contact height is equal to the radius is examined in detail and the contact stresses are given graphically.