Yukos conducted its sales through a network of companies registered in a number of low-tax regions in Russia. Following tax investigation, Russian authorities found it had underpaid taxes and held it liable for unpaid taxes, fines, and penalties of USD 24.18 billion. The tax investigations were accompanied by criminal proceedings against and the subsequent imprisonment of some of Yukos's senior management. Following Yukos's unsuccessful attempts to settle its tax debt, the Russian tax authorities sold its core production facility, YNG, in order to satisfy their tax payment demands. YNG was eventually acquired by the state-owned Rosneft. Yukos then went into bankruptcy, with the Russian State owning 97.67 per cent of the claims against it and receiving 99.71 per cent of the bankruptcy proceeds.

This dispute concerned the definitive safeguard measure imposed by Ukraine on imports of certain passenger cars to Ukraine and the investigation that led to the imposition of this measure.

This paper seeks to evaluate the prospects for constitutional reform of the WTO by drawing on the broader literature on constitutionalization. In particular, it argues that constitutionalization implies a coherent civil society, linked to the constitutionalized entity via democratic politics. While there may be an emergent global civil society around international trade, there is no framework for democratic politics. Thus, constitutional reform seems problematic.

This dispute concerned the price range system (PRS) maintained by Peru that may result in the imposition of additional duties or rebates on certain types of imported rice, sugar, maize, and milk.

The award in the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) case Micula v. Romania was released to the parties at the very end of 2013. It is in 2014, however, that the case gained notoriety as the European Commission (EC) started actions to fight against the enforcement of the award.

In Bilcon et al. v. Canada, a NAFTA Chapter 11 dispute, the tribunal's majority held Canada liable for breaches of NAFTA Articles 1102 (National Treatment) and 1105 (Minimum Standard of Treatment). Pr. D. McRae – Canada's appointed arbitrator – dissented from both findings.