Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T09:25:42.826Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The role of the water supply system in the infection and control of Campylobacter in chicken

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 August 2009

N.H.C. SPARKS
N.H.C. SPARKS*
Affiliation:
Avian Science Research Centre, R&D Division, SAC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
*
Corresponding author: nick.sparks@sac.ac.uk
Get access

Abstract

Campylobacter are the primary cause of food poisoning in the UK and many other countries so, because chicken are recognised as one of the main routes by which this organism gets into the human food chain, there is considerable interest in identifying potential sources of Campylobacter on the farm. One potential source of infection is water, which may also be a means by which the organism is transmitted through the flock following initial infection. Studies into the role of water in Campylobacter infection of chickens have identified the importance of factors such as biofilm in protecting the organisms and, potentially, the viable but non-culturable form (VNC) of Campylobacter. While difficulties in identifying the VNC form in field outbreaks may have led to an underestimate of the importance of water as a risk factor there are contradictory views regarding the ability of the VNC form to cause infection under field conditions. Producers may treat drinking water with a range of products to reduce the number of microbial contaminants, Campylobacter included, that reach the growing bird in the drinking water. Examples of products used by producers include chlorine, chlorine dioxide, organic acids, peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The efficacy of these products differs depending on the environment in which they are used, pH for example having a significant effect on the efficacy of chlorine. If the full benefits of drinking water treatment are to be realised then further evidence is required, in terms of the effects on the normal production parameters such as weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, flock uniformity as well as on the prevalence of infection such as that caused by Campylobacter.

Keywords

drinking waterCampylobacterchlorinehydrogen peroxideorganic acids
Type
Review Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 65 , Issue 3 , September 2009 , pp. 459 - 474
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ACMSF, (2005) Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food Second Report on Campylobacter(Available at: http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/acmsfCampylobacter.pdf accessed on 02 February 2008.)Google Scholar
ADKIN, A., HARTNETT, E., JORDAN, L., NEWELL, D. and DAVISON, H. (2006) Use of a systematic review to assist the development of Campylobacter control strategies in broilers. Journal of Applied Microbiology 100: 306-315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ARSENAULT, J., LETELLIER, A., QUESSY, S., NORMAND, V. and BOULIANNE, M. (2007) Prevalence and risk factors for Salmonella and Campylobacter caecal colonization in broiler chicken and turkey flocks slaughtered in Quebec, Canada. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 81(4): 250-264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BAGHURST, T. (2002) Investigating sanitation of surface water for poultry using chlorine IBDV models. RIRDC Web publication No. W02/014. (Available at: http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/EGGS/w02-014sum.html accessed on the 10 January 2008.)Google Scholar
BERNDTSON, E., EMANUELSON, U., ENGVALL, E.O. and DANIELSSON-THAM, M.-L. (1996) A one-year epidemiological study of Campylobacters in 18 Swedish chicken farms. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 26: 167-185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BOUWKNEGT, M., VAN DE GIESSEN, A.W., DAM-DEISZ, W.D.C., HAVELAAR, A.H., NAGELKERKE, N.J.D. and HENKEN, A.M. (2004) Risk factors for the presence of Campylobacter in Dutch broiler flocks. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 62: 35-49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BULL, S.A., ALLEN, V.M., DOMINGUE, , G, , JORGENSON, , F, , FROST, J.A., URE, R., WHYTE, R., TINKER, D., CORRY, J.E.L., GILLARD-KING, J. and HUMPHREY, T.J. (2006) Sources of Campylobacter colonising housed broiler flocks during rearing. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72(1): 645-652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BUSWELL, C.M., HERLIHY, Y.M., LAWRENCE, L.M., McGUIGGAN, J.T.M., MARSH, P.D., KEEVIL, C.W. and LEACH, S.A. (1998) Extended survival of Campylobacter in water and aquatic biofilms and their detection by immunofluorescent-antibody and –rRNS staining. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64: 733-741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CARTER, T.A. and SNEED, R.E. (1987) . Drinking water quality for poultry. Poultry Science and Technology: Guide No 42. North Carolina Co-operative Extension Service.Google Scholar
CHAVEERACH, P., KEUZENKAMP, D.A., LIPMAN, L.J.A. and VAN KNAPEN, F. (2004) Effect of organic acids in drinking water for young broilers on Campylobacter infection, volatile fatty acid production, gut microflora and histological cell changes. Poultry Science 83(3): 330-334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
COOLS, I., UYTTENDAELE, M., CARO, C.D. D'HAESE, E., , NELIS, H.J. and DEBEVERE, J. (2003) Survival of Campylobacter jejuni strains of different origin on drinking water. Journal of Applied Microbiology 94: 886-892.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CORRY, J.E.L. and ATABAY, H.I. (2001) Poultry as a source of Campylobacter and related organisms. Journal of Applied Microbiology 90(S6): 96S-114S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DOYLE, M.P. (1991) Colonization of chicks by Campylobacter jejuni, in: BLANKENSHIP (Ed.) Colonization Control of Human Bacterial Enteropathogens in Poultry, pp. 121-131 (London, Academic Press).Google Scholar
DU PONT, (2008) Chlorine Dioxide: Iron & manganese control. (Available at: http://www2.dupont.com/Chlorine_Dioxide/en_US/assets/downloads/Nitrification_Control.pdf accessed on the 10 January 2008).Google Scholar
EVANS, S.J. (1997) Epidemiological studies of Salmonella and Campylobacter in poultry. PhD Thesis, London University.Google Scholar
EVANS, S.J. and SAYERS, A.R. (2000) A longitudinal study of Campylobacter infection of broiler flocks in Great Britain. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 46: 209-223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FORUM BIOSCIENCE, (2005) Introducing Aqualution. (Available at: http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/479/introducing-aqualution accessed on the 10 January 2008).Google Scholar
FRENCH, N., BARRIGAS, M., BROWN, P. RIBIERO, P, , WILLIAMS, N., LEATHERBARROW, H., BIRTLES, R., BOLTON, E., FEARNHEAD, P. AND FOX and A., (2005) Spatial epidemiology and natural population structure of Campylobacter jejuni colonizing a farmland ecosystem . Environmental Microbiology 7: 1116-1126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FSA, (2003) Food Standards Agency UK-wide Survey of Salmonella and Campylobacter Contamination of Fresh and Frozen Chicken on Retail Sale (Available at: http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/campsalmsurvey.pdf accessed on 02 February 2008).Google Scholar
GUERIN, M.T., MARTIN, W., REIERSEN, J., BERKE, O., McEWEN, S.A., BISAILLON, J-R and LOWMAN, R. (2007a) House-level risk factors associated with the colonization of broiler flocks with Campylobacter in Iceland, 2001-2004. BMC Veterinary Research 3: 30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GUERIN, M.T., MARTIN, W., REIERSEN, J., BERKE, O., McEWEN, S.A., BISAILLON, J-R. and LOWMAN, R. (2007b) A farm-level study of risk factors associated with the colonization of broiler flocks with Campylobacter in Iceland, 2001-2004. Acta Vetrerinaria Scandinavica 49: 18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HALD, B., WEDDERKOPP, A. and MADSEN, M. (2000) Thermophilic Campylobacter in Danish broiler production: a cross-sectional survey and a retrospective analysis of risk factors for occurrence in broiler flocks. Avian Pathology 29: 123-131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HANSSON, I., VAGSHOLM, I., SVENSSON, L. and ENGVALL, E.O. (2007) Correlations between Campylobacter prevalence in the environment and broiler flocks. Journal of Applied Microbiology 103(3): 640-649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HAZELEGER, W.C., JANSE, J.D., KOENRAAD, P.M.F.J., BEUMER, R.R., ROMBOUTS, F.M. and ABEE, T. (1995) Temperature-dependent membrane fatty acid and cell physiology changes in coccoid forms of Campylobacter jejuni. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 2713-2719.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HEALTH PROTECTION AGENCY, (2008a) Campylobacter Laboratory reports of faecal isolates reported to the Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections England and Wales, 1986-2006 (Available at: http://www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733838402?p=1191942152851 accessed on the 18 March 2008).Google Scholar
HEALTH PROTECTION AGENCY, (2008b) Salmonella in humans (excluding S. Typhi amp; S. Paratyphi) Faecal amp; lower gastrointestinal isolates reported to the Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections England and Wales, 1981 - 2006 (Available at: http://www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733760280?p=1191942172078 accessed on the 18 March 2008).Google Scholar
HOOP, R. and EHRSAM, H. (1987) A contribution to the epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in poultry meat production. Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde 129(4): 193-203.Google Scholar
JACOBS-REITSMA, W.F., VAN DE GIESSEN, Q.W. BOLDER, N.M., and MULDER, R.W.A.W. (1995) Epidemiology of Campylobacter at two Dutch broiler farms. Epidemiology Infections 114: 413-421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KALMAKOFF, M., LANTHIER, P., TREMBLAY, T.-L. FOSS, M., , LAU, P.C., SANDERS, G., AUSTIN, J., KELLY, J. and SZYMANSKI, C.M. (2006) Proteomic analysis of Campylobacter jejuni 1168 biofilms reveals a role for the motility complex in biofilm formation. Journal of Bacteriology 188(12): 4312-4320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KAPPERUD, G., SKJERVE, E., VIK, L., HAUGE, K., LYSAKER, A., AALMEN, I., OSTROFF, S.M. and POTTER, M. (1993) Epidemiologic investigation of risk factors for Campylobacter colonisation in Norwegian broiler flocks. Epidemiology and Infection 111(2): 245-255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KING, C.H., SHOTTS, E.B., WOOLEY, R.E. and and PORTER, K.G. (1988) Survival of coliforms and bacterial pathogens within protozoa during chlorination. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54(12): 3023-3033.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KNIGHT, C., HOFACRE, C., MATHIS, G., QUIROZ, M. and DIBNER, J. (2006) Organic acid water treatment reduced Salmonella horizontal transmission in broiler chickens. No 239 Poultry Science Association Symposium. p 232.Google Scholar
LEHTOLA, M.J., PITKANEN, T., MEIBACH, L. and MIETTINEN, I.T. (2006) Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in potable water biofilms: a comparative study with different detection methods. Water Science and Technology 54(3): 57-61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LENNTECH, (2008) Lentech Disinfectants Chlorine (Available at: http://www.lenntech.com/water-disinfection/disinfectants-chlorine.htm accessed on 12 February 2008).Google Scholar
LUND, V. (1996) Evaluation of E. coli as an indicator for the presence of Campylobacter jejuni and Yersinia enterocolitica in chlorinated and untreated oligotrophic lake water. Water Research 30(6): 1528-1534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
METCALF, J.H., VENKITANARAYANAN, K., SANTOS, F.S. DE LOS, DONOGHUE, A.M., DIRAIN, M.L., REYES-HERRERA, I., AGUIAR, V., BLORE, P. and DONOGHUE, D.J. (2007) Dosing with the fatty acid, sodium caprylate in the water did not reduce enteric Campylobacter concentrations in broilers. Journal of Animal Science 85: 224-225.Google Scholar
MOHYLA, P., BILGILI, S.F., OYARZABAL, O.A., WARF, C.C. and KEMP, G.K. (2007) . Application of acidified sodium chlorite in the drinking water to control Salmonella serotype typhimurium and Campylobacter jejuni in commercial broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 6(1): 45-51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NEWELL, D.G. and WAGENAAR, J.A. (2000) Poultry infections and their control at the farm level, in: NACHAMKIN, I. & BLASER, M.J. (Eds) Campylobacter, pp. 497-509 (ASM Press, Washington, D.C.).Google Scholar
OGDEN, I.D., MACRAE, M., JOHNSTON, M., STRACHAN, N.J.C., CODY, A.J., DINGLE, K.E. and NEWELL, D.G. (2007) Use of multilocus sequence typing to investigate the association between the presence of Campylobacter in broiler drinking water and Campylobacter colonization in broilers. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73(16): 5125-5129CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
PATTISON, M. (2001) Practical intervention strategies for Campylobacter. Journal of Applied Microbiology 90: 121S-125S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PEARSON, A.D., GREENWOOD, M., HEALING, T.D., ROLLINS, D., SHAHAMAT, M., DONALDSON, J. and COLWELL, R.R. (1993) Colonization of broiler chickens by waterborne Campylobacter jejuni. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59(4): 987-996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
QUIROZ, M. (2008) Water quality and broiler performance. (Available at: http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/poulsci/conference_proceedings/supervisors_shortcourse/2008/quiroz_2008.pdf accessed on the 30 May 2008).Google Scholar
REESER, R.N., MEDLER, R.T., BILLINGTON, S.J., JOST, B.H. and JOENS, L.A. (2007) Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni biofilms under defined growth conditions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73(6): 1908-1913.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RICHARDSON, G., THOMAS, D.R., SMITH, R.M.M., NEHAUL, L., RIBEIRO, C.D., BROWN, A.G. and SALMON, R.L. (2007) A community outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infection from a chlorinated public water supply. Epidemiology and Infection 135(7): 1151-1158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ROLLINSON, D.M. and COLWELL, R.R. (1986) Viable but nonculturable stage of Campylobacter jejuni and its role in survival in the natural aquatic environment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 52: 531-538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SAHA, S.K., SAHA, S. and SANYAL, S.C. (1991) Recovery of injured Campylobacter jejuni cells after animal passage. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 57: 3388-3389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SAID, B., WRIGHT, F., NICHOLS, G.L., REACHER, , M, and RUTTER, M. (2003) Outbreaks of infectious disease associated with private drinking water supplied in England and Wales 1970-2000. Epidemiology and Infection 130(3): 469-479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SCHUSTER, C.J., ELLIS, A.G., ROBERTSON, W.J., CHARRON, D.E., ARAMINI, J.J., MARSHALL, B.J. and MEDEIROS, D.T. (2005) Infectious disease outbreaks related to drinking water in Canada, 1974-2001. Canadian Journal of Public Health 96(4): 254-258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SKELLY, C. (2003) Pathogen survival trajectories: an eco-environmental approach to the modeling of human campylobacteriosis ecology. Environmental Health Perspectives 111: 19-28. (Available at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CYP/is_1_111/ai_98539770 accessed on the 10 May 2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SNELLING, W.J., MCKENNA, J.P., HACK, C.J., MOORE, J.E. and DOOLEY, J.S.G. (2006) . An examination of the diversity of a novel Campylobacter reservoir Archives of Microbiology 186(1): 31-40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SNELLING, W.J., LOWERY, C.J., MOORE, J.E., STERN, N.J. and DOOLEY, J.S.G. (2007) Protozoa: A novel Campylobacter reservoir? Zoonose and Public Health 54(1): 120-120.Google Scholar
SNELLING, W.J., STERN, N.J., LOWERY, C.J., MOORE, J.E., GIBBONS, E., BAKER, C. and DOOLEY, J.S.G. (2008) . Colonization of broilers by Campylobacter jejuni internalized within Acanthamoeba castellanii. Archives of Microbiology 189(2): 175-179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
STERN, N.J., JONES, D.M., WESLEY, I.V. and ROLLINS, D.M. (1994) Colonization of chicks by non-culturable Campylobacter Letters in Applied Microbiology 18: 333-336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
STERN, N.J., ROBACH, M.C., COX, N.A. and MUSGROVE, M.T. (2002) Effect of drinking water chlorination and Campylobacter colonization of broilers. Avian Diseases 46: 401-404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SUMMERS, J. (2006) Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2. Fact Sheet no. 12. Poultry Industry Council. (Available at: http://www.poultryindustrycouncil.ca/factsheets/fs_12.html accessed on the 21 January 2008.)Google Scholar
TALIBART, R., DENIS, M., CASTILLO, A., CAPPELIER, J.M. and ERMEL, G. (2000) Survival and recovery of viable but noncultivable forms of Campylobacter in aqueous microcosm. International Journal of Food Microbiology 55(1-3): 263-267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
TRACHOO, N. and FRANK, J.F. (2002) Effectiveness of chemical sanitizers against Campylobacter jejuni – containing biofilms. Journal of Food Protection 65(7): 1117-1121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
TRACHOO, N., FRANK, J.F. and STERN, N. (2002) Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in biofilms isolated from chicken houses. Journal of Food Protection 65(7): 1110-1116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE, (1998) Section 6.13 Sanitizing poultry drinking water, in: The Disaster Handbook 1998 National Edition. Institute of Food and Agricultural. Science, University of Florida.Google Scholar
WATKINS, S.E. (2005) Water quality and sanitation. (Available at: http://www.poultryworkshop.com/Presentations/Dr.%20Susan%20Watkins/Water%20%20The%20Overlooked%20Nutrient.pdf accessed on the 12 December 2007.)Google Scholar
WILSON, B. (2008) Are water system biofilms a major flaw in biosecurity programmes? (Available at: http://www.dbecosystems.com/pdf/BiofilmChicken.pdf accessed on 02 January 2008).Google Scholar
WINCHELL, W. (2001) Water requirements for poultry. 5603 2001:04 Canada Plan Service No 4. (Available at: http://www.cps.gov.on.ca/english/plans/E5000/5603/5603L.pdf accessed on the 21 January 2008.)Google Scholar
ZIMMER, M., BARNHART, H. IDRIS, U., and LEE, M.D. (2003) Detection of Campylobacter jejuni strains in the water lines of a commercial broiler house and their relationship to the strains that colonized the chickens. Avian Diseases 47(1): 101-107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar