Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-5g6vh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T01:07:08.677Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Feather growth and development

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

A. Deschutter
Affiliation:
Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaN1G 2W1
S. Leeson
Affiliation:
Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaN1G 2W1
Get access

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, J. O. and Warnick, R. E. (1967). Gross abnormalities in chicks fed amino acid deficient diets. Poultry Science 46: 856862.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, D. H. and Molitoris, B. A. (1975). Lack of response to supplemental tin, vanadium. chromium and nickel when added to a purified crystalline amino acid diet for chicks. Poultry Science 54: 925927.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beckingham-Smith, K. (1973). The proteins of the embryonic chick cpidermis. 1. During normal development in ovo. Developmental Biology 30: 249262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, E. and Merrill, C. (1967). Synthesis, transport, use and stabilization of messenger RNA in the developing feather. In The Control of Nuclear Activity. Goldstein, L. editor, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliff. NJ.Google Scholar
Bell, E. and Thathachari, Y. T. (1963). Development of feather keratin during embryogenesis of the chick. Cell Biology 16: 215223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Block, R. S. and Weiss, K. W. (1956). Amino acid handbook. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield.Google Scholar
Bradley, O. C. (1972). The structure of the fowl. 3rd ed. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Champe, K. A. and Maurice, D. V. (1984). Plasma sulphur AA in the domestic hen following molt induced by low sodium diet. Nutrition Reports International 30: 965.Google Scholar
Charles, O. W. and Kiker, J. (1974). The nutritional aspects of the feathering dermatitis syndrome in broilers. Poultry Science, 53: 1634.Google Scholar
Daghir, N. J. and Balloun, S. L. (1963). Evaluation of the effect of breed on vitamin B6 requirements of chicks. Journal of Nutrition 79: 279288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Damron, B. L., Harms, R. H., Arafa, A. S. and Janky, D. M. (1977). The effect of dietary lasalocid or monensin in the presence of roxarsone and graded methionine levels on broiler performance and processing characteristics. Poultry Science 56: 14871491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ede, D. E. (1964). Bird structure: An approach through evolution development and function in the fowl. Anchor Press. London.Google Scholar
Engler, K., Thomas, O. P. and Bossard, E. (1985). The sulphur amino acid requirement of 3-week old broilers. Proceedings Maryland Nutrition Conference. p. 5–10.Google Scholar
Filshie, B. K. and Rogers, G. E. (1962). An electron microscope study of the fine structure of feather keratin. Journal Cellular Biology 13: 112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher, M. L., Leeson, S., Morrison, W. D. and Summers, J. D. (1981). Feather growth and feather composition of broiler chickens. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 61: 769773.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, R. D. B. and Macrae, T. P. (1962). Helical Models of feather keratin structure. Nature 195: 11671168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, H. L. and Wilcke, H. L. (1942). Dietary factors affecting feather growth. Poultry Science 21: 540547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, C. E., Waitkoff, H. K. and Hier, S. W. (1949). The amino acid content of some scleroproteins. Journal Biological Chemistry 177: 529532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrap, B. S. and Woods, E. F. (1964). Soluble derivatives of feather keratin. Biochemistry Journal 49: 826.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hegsted, D. M., Briggs, G. M., Elvehjem, C. A., and Hart, E. B. (1941). The role of arginine and glycine in chick nutrition. Journal Biological Chemistry 140: 191200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, B. O. (1980). Feather damage in hens caged individually. British Poultry Science 21: 149154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, B. O. and Duncan, I. J. H. (1972). The influence of strain and environmental factors upon feather picking and cannibalism in fowls. British Poultry Science 13: 525547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunton, P. (1985). What price feathers? in Technical Newsletter for Producers. The Ontario Egg Producers Marketign Board. 03 1985.Google Scholar
Kemp, D. J., Dyer, P. Y. and Rogers, G. E. (1974). Keratin synthesis during development of the embryonic chick feather. Journal Cell Biology 62: 114131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kemp, D. J., and Rogers, G. E. (1972). Differentiation of avian keratinocytes. Characterization and relationships of the keratin proteins of adult and embryonic feathers and scales. Biochemistry 11: 969975.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiker, J. T. and Sherwood, D. H. (1974). Barebacks in broiler type chickens. Poultry Science 53: 1639.Google Scholar
Landsborough-Thompson, A. (1964). A new dictionary of birds. Nelson, London.Google Scholar
Lee, B. D., Morrison, W. D. and Leeson, S. (1983). Effects of feather cover and insulative jackets on metabolic rate of laying hens. Poultry Science 62: 11291132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leeson, S. and Morrison, W. D. (1978). Effect of feather cover on feed efficiency in laying birds. Poultry Science 57: 10941096.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leeson, S. and Summers, J. D. (1983). Growth and carcass characteristics of broilers fed salinomycin in diets containing graded levels of methionine and energy. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 63: 409419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, A. M. and Stettenheim, P. R. (1972). in Avian Anatomy – Integument. Agr. Handbook 362.Google Scholar
Matulionis, D. H. (1970). Morphology of the developing dawn feathers of chick embryos. A descriptive study at the ultrastructural level of differentiation and keratinization. Z. Anat. Entwickl. Gesch. 132: 107157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mccasland, W. E. and Richardson, L. R. (1967). Methods of determining the nutritive value of feather meals. Poultry Science 45: 12311236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moran, E. T. Jr. (1981). Cystine requirements of feather-sexed broiler chickens with sex and age. Poultry Science 60: 10561061.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moran, E. T. Jr. (1984). Feathers and L-methionine substitutes. Feed Management, January, p. 46.Google Scholar
Moran, E. T. Jr., Summers, J. D. and Slinger, S. J. (1966). Keratin as a source of protein for the growing chick. Poultry Science 45: 12571266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mccasland, W. E. and Richardson, L. R. (1967). Methods of determining the nutritive value of feather meals. Poultry Science 45: 12311236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nitsan, Z., Dvorin, A. and Nir, I. (1981). Composition and amino acid content of carcass, skin and teathers of the growing gosting. British Poultry Science 22: 79–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'guin, W. M. and Sawyer, R. H. (1982). Avian scale development. VIII. Relationships between morphogenetic and biosynthetic differentiation. Developmental Biology 89: 485492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Neill, S. J. B., Blanave, D. and Jackson, N. (1971). The influence of feathering and environmental temperature on the heat production and efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy by the mature cockerel. Journal of Agricultural Science 77: 293305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owings, W. T. and Balloun, S. L. (1959). Relation of arginine and lysine to feather tyrosinase activity. Poultry Science 38: 12851289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patel, M. B., Bishawi, K. O., Nam, C. W. and McGinnis, J. (1980). Effect of drug additives and type of diet on methionine requirement for growth, feed efficiency and feathering of broilers reared in floor pens. Poultry Science 59: 21112120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perek, M. and Sulman, F. (1945). The basal metabolic rate in molting and laying hens. Endrocinology 36: 240243.Google Scholar
Poley, W. E. (1938). The utilization of wheat and wheat by-products in feeding young chickens. IV. Ground wheat as a source of vitamin G growth factor. Unknown factors which affect plummage colour and structure. Poultry Science 17: 390398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richard, S. S. A. (1976). Keep your feathers on. Poultry World Dec. 16th.Google Scholar
Richards, S. A. (1977). The influence of loss of plummage on temperature regulation in laying hens. J. Agri. Sci. Camb 89: 393398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robel, E. J. (1977). A feather abnormality in chicks fed diets deficient in certain amino acids. Poultry Science 56: 19681971.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanders, B. G., Brown, B. G. and Couch, J. R. (1950). A feathering syndrome in chicks after feeding optimal levels of lysine in the absence of arginine. Proceedings Society Experimental Biology and Medicine 74: 114117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, M. L., Holm, E. R. and Reynolds, R. E. (1959). Studies on the niacin, riboflavin, choline, manganese and zinc requirements of young ring necked pheasants for growth, feathering and prevention of leg disorders. Poultry Science 38: 13441350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheridan, A. K. and Mcdonald, M. W. (1963). The relationship between feathering and body weight in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 24: 14681470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spearman, R. I. C. (1971). Integumentary system in Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl. Ed. Bell, D. J. and Freeman, B. M. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Stuart, E. S. and Moscona, A. A. (1967). Embryonic morphogenesis: Role of fibrous lattice in the development of feathers and feather patterns. Science 157: 947948.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Summers, J. D., Leeson, S. and Ferguson, A. E. (1978). Performance and leg conditions of caged and floor reared broilers fed diets deficient in selected vitamins and minerals. Poultry Science 51: 506512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sunde, M. L. (1972). Zinc requiremtnt for normal feathering of commercial leghorn-type pullets. Poultry Science 51: 1353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplee, W. C. (1966). Feather abnormality in poults fed a diet deficient in vitamin E and selenium. Poultry Science 45: 852854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplee, W. C., Combs, G. F. and Blamberg, D. L. (1958). Zinc and potassium effects on bone formation. feathering and growth of pullets. Poultry Science 37: 6367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tauson, R. and Svensson, S. A. (1980). Influence of plumage condition on the hen's feed requirement. Swedish Journal of Agricultural Research 10: 3539.Google Scholar
Taylor, T. G. (1967). A characteristic feather abnormality in chicks. Poultry Science 36: 315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tullett, S. G., Macleod, M. G. and Jewitt, T. R. (1980). The effects of partial defeathering on energy metabolism in the laying fowl. British Poultry Science 21: 241245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vohra, P. and Kratze, R. F. H. (1957). The role of lysine in the growth and feather pigmentation of turkey poults. Journal of Nutrition 63: 471476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vohra, P. and Kratzer, F. H. (1959a). Specificity of lysine for the growth of the turkey poults and the prevention of feather pigmentation. Poultry Science 38: 280281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vohra, P. and Kratzer, F. H. (1949b). The effect of phenylalanine deficiency on the growth and feather pigmentation of turkey poults. Poultry Science 38: 902906.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, D. C. (1976). Feather sexing chicks. Poultry Tribune, February, p. 3034.Google Scholar
Watson, G. E. (1963). The mechanism of feather replacement during natural molt. Auk. 80: 486495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watterson, R. L. (1942). The morphogenesis of down feathers with special reference to the development history of melanophores. Physiological Zoology 15: 234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wheeler, K. B. and Latshaw, T. D. (1981). Sulphur amino acid requirements and interactions in broilers during two growth periods. Poultry Science 60: 228236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilcke, H. L. and Hammond, J. C. (1940). Feathering, growth, feed consumption and rachitogenesis in chicks as influenced by the kind of grain in the diet. Agricultural Research 61: 369380.Google Scholar
Wilkening, M.C., Schweigert, B. S., Pearson, P. B. and Sherwood, R. M. (1947). Studies on the requirement of the chick for tryptophan. Journal of Nutrition 34: 701714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wyatt, R. D., Hamilton, P. B. and Burmeister, H. R. (1975). Altered feathering of chicks caused by T-2 Toxin. Poultry Science 54: 10421045.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed