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Factors responsible for the continuous persistence and evolution of low pathogenic avian influenza virus (H9N2)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 October 2017

M. UMER ASHRAF ,
M. SHAHID MAHMOOD ,
A. RAFIQUE ,
R. ZAHID ABBAS ,
Z. IQBAL ,
M. YOUNAS ,
S. AHMAD SADIQ ,
M. USMAN ,
M. OMER ASGHAR  and
M. USMAN ISHAQ
M. UMER ASHRAF
Affiliation:
Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
M. SHAHID MAHMOOD*
Affiliation:
Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
A. RAFIQUE
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
R. ZAHID ABBAS
Affiliation:
Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Z. IQBAL
Affiliation:
Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
M. YOUNAS
Affiliation:
CVAS, Jhang, Pakistan
S. AHMAD SADIQ
Affiliation:
Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
M. USMAN
Affiliation:
Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
M. OMER ASGHAR
Affiliation:
Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
M. USMAN ISHAQ
Affiliation:
Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
*
Corresponding author: shahiduaf@gmail.com
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Abstract

Avian influenza virus (AIV) type A subtype H9N2 usually causes mild asymptomatic infections, and is mostly undetected and is, therefore, under-reported. This has allowed the virus to rapidly evolve via mutations and reassortments in its genome with other avian influenza subtypes especially H1N1, H5N1 and H7N3 thereby introducing new variant strains and producing severe disease. It has been reported that the AIV H9N2 donated its internal genes for the devastating 1997 Hong Kong outbreak and furthermore, it may be the cause of the next influenza pandemic. There are many factors such as its wide host range, ability to cross the species barrier, ecological diversity, antiviral resistance and zoonotic importance that make it an excellent candidate for the next influenza pandemic. These and other factors like ineffective vaccination, negative immunological pressures, lack of surveillance, which contribute to its continuous persistence and evolutionary dynamics are discussed in this paper. It is important to take the necessary measures to control and prevent its unchecked circulation to prevent the future outbreaks.

Keywords

factorspersistenceevolutionAIV H9N2
Type
Reviews
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 73 , Issue 4 , December 2017 , pp. 791 - 802
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2017 

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