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Weed control by 2,4-D dimethylamine depends on mixture water hardness and adjuvant inclusion but not spray solution storage time

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 November 2020

Geoffrey P. Schortgen  and
Aaron J. Patton Open the ORCID record for Aaron J. Patton [Opens in a new window]
Geoffrey P. Schortgen
Affiliation:
Extension Educator, Agriculture & Natural Resources, Wabash County Extension, Purdue University, Wabash, IN, USA
Aaron J. Patton*
Affiliation:
Professor, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Aaron J. Patton, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907. Email: ajpatton@purdue.edu
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Abstract

Herbicides are an important tool in managing weeds in turf and agricultural production. One of the earliest selective herbicides, 2,4-D, is a weak acid herbicide used to control broadleaf weeds. Water-quality parameters, such as pH and hardness, influence the efficacy of weak acid herbicides. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate how varying water hardness level, spray solution storage time, and adjuvant inclusion affected broadleaf weed control by 2,4-D dimethylamine. The first experiment evaluated a range of water-hardness levels (from 0 to 600 mg calcium carbonate [CaCO3] L−1) on efficacy of 2,4-D dimethylamine applied at 1.60 kg ae ha−1 for dandelion and horseweed control. A second experiment evaluated dandelion control from spray solutions prepared 0, 1, 4, 24, and 72 h before application. Dandelion and horseweed control by 2,4-D dimethylamine was reduced when the CaCO3 level in water was at least 422 or at least 390 mg L−1, respectively. Hard-water antagonism was overcome by the addition of 20 g L−1 ammonium sulfate (AMS) into the mixture. When AMS was included in spray mixtures, no differences were observed at 600 mg CaCO3 L−1, compared with distilled water. Spray solution storage time did not influence dandelion control, regardless of water-hardness level or adjuvant inclusion. To prevent antagonism, applicators should use a water-conditioning agent such as AMS when applying 2,4-D dimethylamine in hard water.

Keywords

2,4-D amineammonium sulfateantagonismcalciumhard waterresidence timewater qualityweak acid2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)2,4-D dimethylaminedandelion, Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. TAROFhorseweed, Conyza canadensis (L.), Cronq. ERICA
Type
Research Article
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 34 , Issue 1 , February 2020 , pp. 107 - 116
Copyright
© Weed Science Society of America, 2019 

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Footnotes

Associate Editor: Scott McElroy, Auburn University

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