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Narrow-windrow burning to control seeds of Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) in wheat and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in soybean

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2022

Matthew P. Spoth Open the ORCID record for Matthew P. Spoth [Opens in a new window] ,
Steven C. Haring Open the ORCID record for Steven C. Haring [Opens in a new window] ,
Wesley Everman Open the ORCID record for Wesley Everman [Opens in a new window] ,
Chris Reberg-Horton Open the ORCID record for Chris Reberg-Horton [Opens in a new window] ,
Wykle C. Greene Open the ORCID record for Wykle C. Greene [Opens in a new window]  and
Michael L. Flessner Open the ORCID record for Michael L. Flessner [Opens in a new window]
Matthew P. Spoth
Affiliation:
Graduate Research Assistant, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Steven C. Haring
Affiliation:
Graduate Research Assistant, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Wesley Everman
Affiliation:
Associate Professor, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
Chris Reberg-Horton
Affiliation:
Associate Professor, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
Wykle C. Greene
Affiliation:
Graduate Research Assistant, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Michael L. Flessner*
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Michael L. Flessner, 675 Old Glade Rd., Blacksburg, VA 24061. Email: flessner@vt.edu
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Abstract

Narrow-windrow burning (NWB) is a form of harvest weed seed control in which crop residues and weed seeds collected by the combine are concentrated into windrows and subsequently burned. The objectives of this study were to determine how NWB will 1) affect seed survival of Italian ryegrass in wheat and Palmer amaranth in soybean and 2) determine whether a relationship exists between NWB heat index (HI; the sum of temperatures above ambient) or effective burn time (EBT; the cumulative number of seconds temperatures exceed 200 C) and the post-NWB seed survival of both species. Average soybean and wheat windrow HI totaled 140,725 ± 14,370 and 66,196 ± 6224 C, and 259 ± 27 and 116 ± 12 s of EBT, respectively. Pre-NWB versus post-NWB germinability testing revealed an estimated seed kill rate of 79.7% for Italian ryegrass, and 86.3% for Palmer amaranth. Non-linear two-parameter exponential regressions between seed kill and HI or EBT indicated NWB at an HI of 146,000 C and 277 s of EBT potentially kills 99% of Palmer amaranth seed. Seventy-six percent of soybean windrow burning events resulted in estimated Palmer amaranth seed kill rates greater than 85%. Predicted Italian ryegrass seed kill was greater than 97% in all but two wheat NWB events; therefore, relationships were not calculated. These results validate the effectiveness of the ability of NWB to reduce seed survival, thereby improving weed management and combating herbicide resistance.

Keywords

Italian ryegrass, Lolium perenne L. ssp multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot. LOLMUPalmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson, AMAPAsoybeanGlycine max (L.) Merr.wheat, Triticum aestivum L.Harvest weed seed controlheat indexeffective burn timethermal weed seed killsoil seedbankweed seed viabilityweed seed longevity
Type
Research Article
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 36 , Issue 5 , October 2022 , pp. 716 - 722
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Weed Science Society of America

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Footnotes

Associate Editor: Michael Walsh, University of Sydney

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