Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-l82ql Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-29T11:06:16.875Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Design and Interpretation of Herbicide Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism Studies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Susan Erhardt Zabik  and
Jeff D. Wolt
Susan Erhardt Zabik
Affiliation:
DowElanco, Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, 9330 Zionsville Rd., Indianapolis, IN 46268-1053
Jeff D. Wolt
Affiliation:
DowElanco, Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, 9330 Zionsville Rd., Indianapolis, IN 46268-1053
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Herbicides may be exposed to a broad range of anaerobic conditions in the environment. This range can extend from weakly reducing conditions within typically aerobic compartments to stable, strongly reducing conditions in sites well removed from oxidative conditions. Currently, Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) regulatory guidelines specify the design criteria for guideline studies that frequently result in highly stable, strongly reducing test systems. These test systems do not simulate environments where herbicides are likely to occur. Design criteria for anaerobic aquatic test systems can influence the nature of the results of anaerobic aquatic metabolism studies as well as the relevance of these results to natural environmental processes. Design criteria which should be considered are the effects of sediment to water ratio, establishment of an anaerobic system, monitoring the reducing potential (Eh) of the system and the system Eh-pH relationship. These criteria influence how results are interpreted and the extrapolation of data to field environments where herbicides are likely to occur.

Keywords

Anaerobic degradationenvironmental fateFIFRA regulatory guideline requirementsherbicides
Type
Symposium
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 10 , Issue 1 , March 1996 , pp. 191 - 201
Copyright
Copyright © 1996 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

1. American Crop Protection Association. 1994. Comments of the American Crop Protection Association on Proposed Revisions of 40 CFR Part 158: Data Requirements for Pesticide Registration, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
2. Adrian, N. R. and Suflita, J. M. 1994. Anaerobic biodegradation of halogenated and non-halogenated N-, S- and O-heterocyclic compounds in aquifer slurries. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13:1551–1557.Google Scholar
3. Agriculture Canada, Environment Canada and Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 1987. Environmental Chemistry and Fate Guidelines for Registration of Herbicides in Canada, Ottawa, Canada.Google Scholar
4. Baas Becking, L.G.M., Kaplan, I. R., and Moore, D. 1960. Limits of the natural environment in terms of pH and oxidation-reduction potentials J. Geol. 68:243–284.Google Scholar
5. Bajpai, R. K. and Iannotti, E. 1988. Product Inhibition. p. 207–242 in Erickson, L. E. and Fung, E., eds. Handbook on Anaerobic Fermentations. Marcel Dekker, New York.Google Scholar
6. Bartlett, R. J. 1986. Soil Redox Behavior in Soil Physical Chemistry. Sparks, D. L., ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. p. 179–208.Google Scholar
7. Beller, H.R., Gribic-Galic, D., and Reinhard, M. 1992. Microbial degradation of toluene under sulfate reducing conditions and influence of iron on the process. App. Environ. Microbiol. 58:786–793.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8. Berry, D. F., Francis, A. J., and Bollag, J.-M. 1987. Microbial metabolism of homocyclic and heterocyclic aromatic compounds under anaerobic conditions. Microbiol. Rev. 51:43–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9. Biologishe Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtshaft, Federal Republic of Germany. 1990. Guidelines for the Examination of Herbicides within the Registration Procedures, Part IV, 5–1: Degradability and Persistence of Herbicides in the Water/Sediment System, Bonn, FRG.Google Scholar
10. Bromilow, R. H., Briggs, G. G., Williams, M. R., Smelt, J. H., Tuinstra, L.G.M.Th., and Traag, W. A. 1986. The role of ferrous ions in the rapid degradation of oxamyl, methomyl and alidicarb in anaerobic soils. Pestic. Sci. 17:535–547.Google Scholar
11. Chapelle, F. H. 1993. Ground-Water Microbiology and Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, New York.Google Scholar
12. Cobb, G. D. and Bouwer, E. J. 1991. Effects of electron acceptors on halogenated organic compound biotransformation in a biofilm column. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25:1068–1074.Google Scholar
13. Colinvaux, P. 1973. Introduction to Ecology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.Google Scholar
14. Donnivant, F. M., Schwarzenbach, R. P., and Macalady, D. L. 1992. Reduction of substituted nitrobenzenes in aqueous solutions containing natural organic matter. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26:2133–2141.Google Scholar
15. Fisher, U. and Pecher, K. 1993. Test stability of chlorophenols and lindane (γ-HCH) in different leachates originating from anaerobic municipal waste decomposition. Waste Manag. Res. 11:203–214.Google Scholar
16. Fogel, S., Lancione, R. L., and Sewall, A. E. 1982. Enhanced biodegradation of methoxychlor in soil under sequential environmental conditions. App. Environ. Microbiol. 44:113–120.Google Scholar
17. Garrels, R. M. and Christ, C. L. 1965. Solutions. Minerals, and Equilibria. Freeman, Cooper, and Company, San Francisco.Google Scholar
18. Kaspar, H. F. and Tiedje, J. M. 1982. Anaerobic bacteria and process. In Page, A. L., Miller, R. H., and Keeney, D. R., eds. Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2—Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison, WI.Google Scholar
19. Knezovich, J. P., Bishop, D. J., Kulp, T. J., Grbic-Galic, D., and Dewitt, J. 1990. Anaerobic microbial degradation of acridine and the application of remote fiber spectroscopy to monitor the transformation process. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9:1235–1243.Google Scholar
20. Laskowski, D. A. and Broadbent, F. E. 1970. Effect of chlorinated aliphatic acids on gas and volatile fatty acid production in anaerobic soil. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 34:72–77.Google Scholar
21. Lindberg, R. D. and Runnells, D. D. 1984. Ground water redox reactions: an analysis of equilibrium stale applied to Eh measurements and geochemical modeling. Science 225:925–927.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22. Lindsay, W. L. 1979. Chemical Equilibria in Soils. John Wiley and Sons. Inc., New York.Google Scholar
23. Macalady, D. L., Trantnyek, P. G., and Grundl, T. J. 1986. Abiotic reduction reactions of anthropogenic organic chemicals in anaerobic systems: a critical review. J. Contam. Hydrol. 1:1–28.Google Scholar
24. Meyer, C. L. and Papoutsakis, E. T. 1988. Biochemistry kinetics and transport in anaerobic fermentation. p. 83–118 in Erickson, L. E. and Fung, E. eds. Handbook on Anaerobic Fermentations. Marcel Dekker, New York.Google Scholar
25. Mikesell, M. D. and Boyd, S. A. 1985. Reductive dechlorination of the pesticides 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T and pentachlorophenol in anaerobic sludges. J. Environ. Qual. 14:337–340.Google Scholar
26. Nelson, H. and Laskowski, D. A. 1994. Recommended changes in pesticide fate study guidelines for enhancing computer modeling input. 15th Annual Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Meeting, Denver, CO.Google Scholar
27. Pannamperuma, F. N. 1972. The chemistry of submerged soils. Adv. Agron. 24:29–96.Google Scholar
28. Pereira, W. E., Rostad, C. E., Updegraff, D. M., and Bennet, J. L. 1986. Fate and movement of azaarenes and their anaerobic biotransformation products in an aquifer contaminated by wood-treatment chemicals. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 6:163–176.Google Scholar
29. Pignatello, J. J., Johnson, L. K., Martinson, M. M. Carlson, R.E., and Crawford, R. L. 1986. Response of microflora in outdoor experimental streams to pentachlorophenol: environmental factors. Can. J. Microbiol. 32:38–46.Google Scholar
30. Pothuluri, J. V., Moorman, T. B., Obenhuber, D. C., and Wacuchope, R. D. 1990. Aerobic and anaerobic degradation of alachlor in samples from a surface-to-groundwater profile. J. Environ. Qual. 19:525–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31. Rhodes, D. 1973. Clay and Glazes for the Potter, Chilton Book Company, Radnor. PA. p. 317–318.Google Scholar
32. Schwarzenbach, R. P., Stierli, R., Lanz, K., and Zeyer, J. 1990. Quinone and iron porphyrin mediated reduction of nitroaromatic compounds in homogenous aqueous solution, Environ. Sci. Technol. 24:1566–1574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33. Stumm, W. and Morgan, J. 1981. Aquatic Chemistry, 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Chichester, England.Google Scholar
34. Tratnyek, P. G. and Wolfe, N. L. 1989. Abiotic reduction of nitro aromatic herbicides in anaerobic laboratory systems. J. Agric. Food Chem. 37:248–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35. Tratnyek, P. G. and Wolfe, N. L. 1990. Characterization of the reducing properties of anaerobic sediment slurries using redox indicators. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9:289–295.Google Scholar
36. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1982. Herbicide Assessment Guidelines. Subdivision N—Chemistry: Environmental Fate; Section 162-3 Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism Studies, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
37. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1988. Environmental Fate and Effects Division Standard Evaluation Procedure: Anaerobic Soil Metabolism Studies, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
38. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1992. Rejection Rate Analysis: Environmental Fate, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
39. Ward, T. E. 1985. Characterizing the aerobic and anaerobic microbial activities in surface and subsurface soils. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 4:727–737.Google Scholar
40. Wilson, J. T., McNabb, J. F., Cochran, J. W. Wang, T. H., Tomson, M. B., and Bedient, P. B. 1985. Influence of microbial adaptation on the fate of organic pollutants in ground water. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 4:721–726.Google Scholar
41. Wolf, D. C., Dao, T. H., Scott, H. D., and Lavy, T. L. 1989, Influence of sterilization methods on selected soil microbiological, physical and chemical properties. J. Environ. Qual. 18:39–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42. Wolfe, N. L., Kitchens, B. E., Macalady, D. L., and Grundl, T. J. 1986. Physical and chemical factors that influence the anaerobic degradation of methyl parathion in sediment systems. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 5:1019–1026.Google Scholar
43. Wolfe, N. L. and Macalady, D. L. 1992. New perspectives in aquatic redox chemistry: Abiotic transformations of pollutants in groundwater and sediments. J. Contam. Hydrol. 9:17–34.Google Scholar
44. Wolfe, N. L., Mingelgrin, U., and Miller, G. C. 1990. Abiotic transformations in water sediments and soil in Cheng, H. H., ed. Herbicides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling. Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison, WI.Google Scholar
45. Wolt, J. D., Schwake, J. D., Batzer, F. R., Brown, S. M., McKendry, L. H., Miller, J. R., Roth, G. A., Stanga, M. A., Portwood, D., and Holbrook, D. L. 1992. Anaerobic aquatic degradation of flumetsulam [N-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-5-methyl[1,2,4]triazolo[1.5α]pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide]. J. Agric. Food Chem. 40:2302–2308.Google Scholar
46. Wolt, J. D. 1994. Soil Solution Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons. New York.Google Scholar