Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-wq484 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T04:09:29.765Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Challenges of Specialty Crop Weed Control, Future Directions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Steven A. Fennimore  and
Douglas J. Doohan
Steven A. Fennimore*
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Sciences, University of California-Davis, 1636 East Alisal Street, Salinas, CA 93905
Douglas J. Doohan
Affiliation:
Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: safennimore@ucdavis.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The process of labeling new herbicides for specialty crops has always been difficult. Progress in solving specialty crop weed control problems will likely be more challenging in the future. Major crops like corn, cotton, rice, soybean, and wheat are planted on millions of hectares, and most of these crops are treated with herbicides. In contrast, specialty crops (i.e., minor crops, e.g., container ornamentals or lettuce) are planted on 122,000 ha or less; thus, the potential value of herbicide sales is limited in these crops by the low number of hectares planted per crop. High crop value, small hectarage per crop, and generally marginal herbicide selectivity results in a high potential of liability for herbicide registrants and little incentive to label herbicides in these crops. The Interregional Project Number 4 (IR-4) program facilitates the registrations of pesticides on minor crops. Work needed to support pesticide tolerance in a given crop is conducted by IR-4 and cooperators. However, to develop new crop tolerances, the IR-4 process requires new herbicides. The success of glyphosate-resistant soybean has resulted in a less profitable herbicide market for all crops. In response, most primary pesticide manufacturers have reduced the size, or even eliminated herbicide discovery programs. As private industry slows or stops herbicide development, there will be fewer new minor-crop herbicides. Many questions face minor-crop weed scientists. For example, what are other practical solutions to control weeds in minor crops besides herbicides? Should research focus on development of competition models and decision thresholds or on weed removal tools such as robotics? What funding sources are available for minor-crop weed scientists? Are grant programs at the Federal level prepared to increase support for minor-crop weed research? Will university administrators replace retiring specialty crop weed scientists, knowing that their funding sources will produce little overhead? These questions require a response from all parties interested in specialty crop weed control.

Keywords

Corn, Zea mays L., cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., rice, Oryza sativa L., soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.wheat, Triticum aestivum L.Specialty cropsminor cropsfruitornamentalsvegetableslabor shortages
Type
Symposium
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 22 , Issue 2 , June 2008 , pp. 364 - 372
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Amvac 2007. Vapam Sample Label. http://www.amvac-chemical.com/media/pdf/products/specimen_labels/vapam_rup.pdf. Accessed: November 8, 2007.Google Scholar
Bayer 2007. Ignite Sample Label. http://www.bayercropscienceus.com/content/MSDSLabel/MSDSLabel635-1688264-82920Ignite2028020SL20Label20revised207-18-05.pdf. Accessed: November 8, 2007.Google Scholar
Bell, C. E. 1997. Weed management in vegetable crops. Pages 30–41. in McGiffen, M. E., editor. Weed Management in Horticultural Crops. Alexandria, VA ASHS.Google Scholar
Bell, C. E., Fennimore, S. A., McGiffen, M. E. Jr, et al. 2000. My view: vegetable herbicides and the Food Quality Protection Act. Weed Sci. 48:1.Google Scholar
Blank, S. C. 1998. The End of Agriculture in the American Portfolio. Westport, CT Quorum Books. 232.Google Scholar
Bolda, M., Tourte, L., Klonsky, K. M., and DeMoura, R. L. 2005. Sample costs to produce fresh market raspberries. http://www.agecon.ucdavis.edu/uploads/cost_return_articles/raspberrycc05.pdf. Accessed: June 6, 2007.Google Scholar
Bond, J. A., Stephenson, D. O., Barnes, J. W., Barapour, M. T., and Oliver, L. W. 2005. Diclofop-resistant Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) control in imidazolinone-tolerant wheat. Weed Technol. 19:437–442.Google Scholar
Boyd, N. S., Brennan, E. B., and Fennimore, S. A. 2006. Stale seedbed techniques for organic vegetable production. Weed Technol. 20:1052–1057.Google Scholar
Boydston, R. A. and Hang, A. 1995. Rapeseed (Brassica napus) green manure suppresses weeds in potato (Solanum tuberosum). Weed Technol. 9:669–675.Google Scholar
Brennan, E. B. and Smith, R. F. 2005. Winter Cover Crop Growth and Weed Suppression on the Central Coast of California. Weed Technol. 19:1017–1024.Google Scholar
Brittan, K., Munier, D., Klonsky, K. M., and Livingston, P. 2004. Sample Costs to Produce Field Corn. http://www.agecon.ucdavis.edu/uploads/cost_return_articles/cornsv2004.pdf. Accessed: February 20, 2008.Google Scholar
Buhler, D. D. 1999. Expanding the context of weed management. Pages 1–7. in Buhler, D. D., editor. Expanding the Context of Weed Management. New York Haworth.Google Scholar
Buhler, D. D. and Gunsolus, J. L. 1996. Effect of date of preplant tillage and planting on weed populations and mechanical weed control in soybean (Glycine max). Weed Sci. 44:373–379.Google Scholar
[CA-DFA] California Department of Food and Agriculture 2006. Field Crops. California Agricultural Resources Directory 2006. Department of Food and Agriculture. http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/files/pdf/card/ResDir06_FieldFlowerProd.pdf. Accessed: November 9, 2007.Google Scholar
[CA-DPR] California Department of Pesticide Regulation 2005. Annual Pesticide Use Report. Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, CA. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/purmain.htm Accessed: February 20, 2008.Google Scholar
CA-DPR 2006a. 2005 Annual Pesticide Use Report. Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, CA. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/purmain.htm. Accessed: June 6, 2007.Google Scholar
CA-DPR 2006b. Department of Pesticide Regulation. 2005 Update of Volatile Organic Compound Emission Inventory. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/vocproj/vocinvent05.pdf. Accessed: June 6, 2007.Google Scholar
Calvin, L., Avendaño, B., and Schwentesius, R. 2004. The economics of food safety: the case of green onions and hepatitis A outbreaks. USDA Economics Research Service. http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/vgs/nov04/VGS30501/VGS30501.pdf. Accessed: November 9, 2007.Google Scholar
Carpenter, J., Lynch, L., and Trout, T. 2001. Township limits on 1,3-D will impact adjustment to methyl bromide phase-out. Calif. Agric. 55:12–18.Google Scholar
Doohan, D. J., Felix, J., Welty, C., Jasinski, J., and Kleinhenz, M. D. 2002. Insect management and herbicide tolerance in near-isogenic sister lines of transgenic and non-transgenic sweet corn. Crop Prot. 21:375–381.Google Scholar
Downey, D., Giles, D. K., and Slaughter, D. C. 2004. Weeds accurately mapped using DGPS and ground-based vision identification. Calif. Agric. 58:218–221.Google Scholar
Duke, S. O. 2005. Taking stock of herbicide-resistant crops ten years after introduction. Pest Manag. Sci. 61:211–218.Google Scholar
Elmore, C. E., Merwin, I., and Cudney, D. 1997. Weed management in tree fruit, nuts, citrus and vine crops. Pages 17–29. in McGiffen, M. E., editor. Weed Management in Horticultural Crops. Alexandria, VA ASHS.Google Scholar
Elmore, C. E. and Wilen, C. A. 2000. Weed Management. Floriculture and Ornamental Nurseries: Field-Grown Flowers. University of California Pest Management Guidelines. http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r280701411.html. Accessed: June 6, 2007.Google Scholar
Encore 2006. Devine Sample Label. http://www.encoretechllc.com/pdf/Devine20Label.pdf. Accessed: March 2006.Google Scholar
[EPA] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2004. Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Process for Exempting Critical Uses from the Phase Out of Methyl Bromide. http://www.epa.gov/ozone/mbr/CUE_NPRM_080904.pdf. Accessed: June 6, 2007.Google Scholar
Fennimore, S. A., Haar, M. J., and Ajwa, H. A. 2003. Weed control in strawberry provided by shank- and drip-applied methyl bromide alternative fumigants. HortScience. 38:55–61.Google Scholar
Fennimore, S. A. and Jackson, L. E. 2003. Organic amendments and tillage effects on vegetable field weed emergence and seedbanks. Weed Technol. 17:42–50.Google Scholar
Fennimore, S. A., Rachuy, J. S., and Mou, B. 2005. Evaluations of acetolactate synthase herbicide tolerant lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Abstr. Weed Sci. Soc. Am. 45:84.Google Scholar
Fennimore, S. A., Rachuy, J. S., Smith, R. F., and Tourte, L. J. 2007. Evaluation of machine-guided cultivators to improve herbicide and hoeing efficiency in vegetables. Abstr. Weed Sci. Soc. Am. 47:289.Google Scholar
Fennimore, S. A., Smith, R. F., and McGiffen, M. E. Jr. 2001. Weed management in fresh market spinach (Spinacia oleracea) with S-metolachlor. Weed Technol. 15:511–516.Google Scholar
Fennimore, S. A. and Umeda, K. 2003. Time of glyphosate application in glyphosate-tolerant lettuce. Weed Technol. 17:738–746.Google Scholar
Gallandt, E. R., Liebman, M., and Huggins, D. R. 1999. Improving soil quality: implications for weed management. Pages 95–121. in Buhler, D. D., editor. Expanding the Context of Weed Management. New York Haworth.Google Scholar
Gaskell, M., Foche, B., Koike, S., Lanini, T., Mitchell, J., and Smith, R. 2000. Organic vegetable production in California—science and practice. HortTechnology. 10:699–713.Google Scholar
Gast, R. 2008. Industry view of minor crop weed control. Weed Technol. 22:385–388.Google Scholar
Gilreath, J. P. and Santos, B. M. 2004. Efficacy of methyl bromide alternatives on purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) control in tomato and pepper. Weed Technol. 18:341–345.Google Scholar
Goldman, L. R. 1997. Raw and processed food schedule for pesticide tolerance reassessment notice. Federal Register. 67:42,019–42,030.Google Scholar
Gowan 2007. Prefar 4E Sample Label. http://www.cdms.net/LDat/ld142010.pdf. Accessed: November 8, 2007.Google Scholar
Haramoto, E. R. and Gallandt, E. R. 2005. Brassica cover cropping: I. Effects on weed and crop establishment. Weed Sci. 53:695–701.Google Scholar
Heap, I. 2008. International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds. http://www.weedscience.org/in.asp. Accessed: February 20, 2008.Google Scholar
[IR-4] Interregional Project 4 2006. IR-4 Strategic Plan 06-08. http://ir4.rutgers.edu/index.html. Accessed: June 6, 2007.Google Scholar
Kaffka, S. 1996. Short-term prospects for the sugarbeet industry seem to be improving. Sugarbeet Notes. University of California Cooperative Extension. http://sugarbeet.ucdavis.edu/Notes/First_ed.html. Accessed: November 9, 2007.Google Scholar
Klonsky, K. 2000. Forces impacting the production of organic foods. Agric. Hum. Values. 17:233–243.Google Scholar
Krishnan, G., Holshouser, D. L., and Nissen, S. 1998. Weed control in soybean (Glycine max) with green manure crops. Weed Technol. 12:97–102.Google Scholar
Kunkel, D. L., Salzman, F. P., Arsenovic, M., Baron, J. J., Braverman, M. P., and Holm, R. E. 2008. The role of IR-4 in the herbicide registration process for specialty crops. Weed Technol. 22:373–377.Google Scholar
Lee, W. S., Slaughter, D. C., and Giles, D. K. 1999. Robotic weed control system for tomatoes. Precision Agric. 1:95–113.Google Scholar
Levine, L. 2007. Farm Labor Shortages and Immigration Policy. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress. http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/key_workplace/23/. Accessed: June 5, 2007.Google Scholar
Locascio, S. J., Gilreath, J. P., Dickson, D. W., Kucharek, T. A., Jones, J. P., and Noling, J. W. 1997. Fumigant alternatives to methyl bromide for polyethylene mulched tomato. HortScience. 32:1208–1211.Google Scholar
Lynch, R. E., Wiseman, B. R., Plaisted, D., and Warnick, D. 1999. Evaluation of transgenic sweet corn hybrids expressing a cryIA(b) toxin for resistance to corn earworm and fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 92:246–252.Google Scholar
Martin, P. 2007. Farm Labor Shortages: How Real, What Responses? ARE Update. University of California, Davis. http://www.agecon.ucdavis.edu/extension/update/articles/v10n5_3.pdf. Accessed: November 9, 2007.Google Scholar
Maynard, D. N. and Hochmuth, G. J. 1997. Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers. 4th ed. Hoboken NJ: Wiley. 359–375.Google Scholar
Mortensen, D. A., Bastiaans, L., and Sattin, M. 2000. The role of ecology in the development of weed management systems: an outlook. Weed Res. 40:49–62.Google Scholar
[NASS] National Agricultural Statistics Service 2002. 2002 Census of Agriculture. http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/volume1/us/st99_1_002_002.pdf. Accessed: February 4, 2006.Google Scholar
NASS 2004. Acreage. http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/reports/nassr/field/pcp-bba/acrg0604.pdf. Accessed: June 6, 2007.Google Scholar
Norris, R. F. 1992. Case history for weed competition/population ecology: barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) in sugar beets (Beta vulgaris). Weed Technol. 6:220–227.Google Scholar
Norris, R. F. 1999. Ecological implications of using thresholds for weed management. Pages 31–58. in Buhler, D. D., editor. Expanding the Context of Weed Management. New York Haworth.Google Scholar
Northsworthy, J. K. and Meehan, J. T. 2005. Use of isothiocyanates for suppression of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus parlmeri), pitted morningglory (Ipomea lacunosa), and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus). Weed Sci. 53:884–890.Google Scholar
[NRI] National Research Initiative 2005. National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program. http://www.csrees.usda.gov/fo/fundview.cfmfonum1112. Accessed: June 6, 2007.Google Scholar
Olson, K. D. and Kidman, V. R. 1992. A farmer's choice of weed control method and impacts of policy and risk. Rev. Agric. Econ. 14:125–137.Google Scholar
Peachy, E. 2007. Weed management in vegetable crops. Chapter 24. in William, R. D., editor. Pacific Northwest Weed Management Handbook. http://pnwpest.org/pnw/weeds24W_VEGA01.dat. Accessed: February 20, 2008.Google Scholar
Polter, S. B., Doohan, D., and Scheerens, J. 2005. The effect of irrigation on terbacil tolerance in field grown strawberry. HortTech. 15:560–564.Google Scholar
Santos, B. M., Gilreath, J. P., Motis, T. N., Noling, J. W., Jones, J. P., and Norton, J. A. 2006. Comparing methyl bromide alternatives for soilborne disease, nematode and weed management in fresh market tomato. Crop Prot. 25:690–695.Google Scholar
Schneider, S. M., Rosskopf, E. N., Leesch, J. G., Chellemi, D. O., Bull, C. T., and Mazzola, M. 2003. United States Department of Agriculture—Agriculture Research Service research on alternatives to methyl bromide: pre-plant and post-harvest. Pest Manag. Sci. 59:814–826.Google Scholar
Segawa, R. 2005. Volatile organic compound emissions from pesticides. Proc. Calif. Weed Sci. Soc. 58:172–173.Google Scholar
Shaner, D. L. 2000. The impact of glyphosate-tolerant crops on the use of other herbicides and on resistance management. Pest Manag. Sci. 56:320–326.Google Scholar
Sigurbjornsson, B. 1983. Induced mutations. Pages 153–176. in Wood, D. R., editor. Crop Breeding. Madison, WI American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America.Google Scholar
Simarmata, M., Bughrata, S., and Penner, D. 2005. Inheritance of glyphosate resistance in rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) from California. Weed Sci. 53:615–619.Google Scholar
Slaughter, D. C., Giles, D. K., Fennimore, S. A., and Smith, R. F. 2008. Multispectral machine vision identification of lettuce and weed seedlings for automated weed control. Weed Technol. 22:378–384.Google Scholar
Smith, R. F. 2005. Celery. Susceptibility of Weeds to Herbicide Control. University of California, Pest Management Guidelines. http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r104700411.html. Accessed: February 2006.Google Scholar
Smith, R. F., LeStrange, M., and Fennimore, S. A. 2005a. Integrated Weed Control in Spinach. University of California, Pest Management Guidelines. Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources publication 3467. 29.Google Scholar
Smith, R. F., Nunez, J., and Poole, G. 2005b. Carrot. Susceptibility of Weeds to Herbicide Control. University of California, Pest Management Guidelines. http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r102700411.html. Accessed: February 2006.Google Scholar
Swanton, C. J., Weaver, S., Cowan, P., Van Acker, R., Deen, W., and Shrestha, A. 1999. Weed thresholds: theory and applicability. Pages 9–29. in Buhler, D. D., editor. Expanding the Context of Weed Management. New York Haworth.Google Scholar
Tourte, L. and Smith, R. F. 2001. Sample Production Costs for Wrapped Iceberg lettuce—Monterey and Santa Cruz Counties. University of California Cooperative Extension. http://coststudies.ucdavis.edu/files/lethead2001.pdf. Accessed: February 20, 2008.Google Scholar
Tourte, L., Smith, R. F., Klonsky, K. M., and DeMoura, R. L. 2004. Sample costs to produce organic leaf lettuce. University of California Cooperative Extension. http://www.agecon.ucdavis.edu/uploads/cost_return_articles/lettuceorgcc2004.pdf. Accessed: June 6, 2007.Google Scholar
[USDS] United States Department of State 2006. Methyl bromide critical use nomination for preplant soil use for strawberries grown for fruit in open fields. http://www.epa.gov/ozone/mbr/CUN2008/CUN2008_StrawberryFruit.pdf. Accessed: June 6, 2007.Google Scholar
Vallad, G. E., Bhat, R. G., Koike, S. T., Subbarao, K. V., and Ryder, E. J. 2005. Seedborne transmission of Verticillium dahliae in lettuce. Plant Dis. 89:317–324.Google Scholar
Wiles, L. J. 2004. Economics of weed management: principles and practices. Weed Technol. 18:1403–1407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[WSSA] Weed Science Society of America 2002a. Glufosinate. Pages 229–230. in Vencill, W. K., editor. Herbicide Handbook. 8th ed. Lawrence, KS Weed Science Society of America.Google Scholar
WSSA Vencill, W. K., editor. 2002b. Chemicals presented in previous editions. Pages 449–452. in. Herbicide Handbook. 8th ed. Lawrence, KS Weed Science Society of America.Google Scholar