Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vvkck Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T23:15:39.942Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

“HE SINGS ALONE”: HYBRID FORMS AND THE VICTORIAN WORKING-CLASS POET

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 September 2009

Kirstie Blair*
Affiliation:
University of Glasgow

Extract

In 1868, Alexander Wallace paused in his introduction to the life and works of Janet Hamilton, a respected Scottish working-class poet, to note his subject's interest in literary parlour games: “Janet asked us if we had ever tried the writing of Cento verses, which she characterized as a pleasant literary amusement for a meeting of young friends in a winter's night.”

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

WORKS CITED

Allingham, William. “The Wayside Well.” Household Words: A Weekly Journal 1 (1850): 19.Google Scholar
Anderson, Alexander. Ballads and Sonnets. London: Macmillan, 1879.Google Scholar
Anderson, Alexander. Later Poems of Alexander Anderson, “Surfaceman.” Ed. Brown, Alexander. Glasgow: Fraser, Asher, 1912.Google Scholar
Anderson, Alexander. Songs of the Rail. London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1878.Google Scholar
Ashcroft, Bill, Griffiths, Gareth, and Tiffin, Helen. Post-Colonial Studies: The Key Concepts. London: Routledge, 1998.Google Scholar
Bakhtin, Mikhail. The Dialogic Imagination. Ed. Holquist, Michael. Trans. Michael Holquist and Caryl Emerson. Austin: U of Texas P, 1981.Google Scholar
Bhabha, Homi K.Signs Taken for Wonders: Questions of Ambivalence and Authority under a Tree outside Delhi, May 1817.” Critical Inquiry 12 (1985): 144–65.Google Scholar
Bloom, Harold. A Map of Misreading. New York: Oxford UP, 1975.Google Scholar
Bold, Valentina. “Beyond ‘The Empire of the Gentle Heart’: Scottish Women Poets of the Nineteenth Century.” A History of Scottish Women's Writing. Ed. Gifford, Douglas and McMillan, Dorothy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1997. 246–61.Google Scholar
Boos, Florence. “Cauld Engle-Cheek: Working-Class Women Poets in Victorian Scotland.” Victorian Poetry 33 (1995): 5374.Google Scholar
Boos, Florence. “‘Nurs'd up amongst the scenes I have describ'd’: Political Resonances in the Poetry of Working-Class Women.” Functions of Victorian Culture at the Present Time. Ed. Krueger, Christine. Athens: Ohio UP, 2002. 137–56.Google Scholar
Byron, George Gordon. Lord Byron: The Major Works. Ed. McGann, Jerome. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000.Google Scholar
Campbell, Matthew. “Poetry in English 1829 to 1890: from Catholic Emancipation to the Fall of Parnell.” The Cambridge History of Irish Literature. Ed. Kelleher, Margaret and O'Leary, Philip. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006. 500–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlyle, Thomas. “Corn-Law Rhymes” (1832). Critical and Miscellaneous Essays. Vol 3. London: Chapman & Hall, 1899. 136–66.Google Scholar
Carruthers, Gerard, David, Goldie, and Renfrew, Alistair, eds. Beyond Scotland: New Contexts for Twentieth-Century Scottish Literature. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2004.Google Scholar
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. Poetical Works. Ed. Coleridge, Ernest Hartley. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1969.Google Scholar
Cowper, William. The Poems of William Cowper. Vol. 2: 17821785. Ed. Baird, John D. and Ryskamp, Charles. Oxford: Clarendon, 1995.Google Scholar
Craig, Cairns. “Scotland and Hybridity.” Carruthers, Goldie, and Renfrew, eds. 229–55.Google Scholar
Cronin, Richard. “Alexander Smith and the Poetry of Displacement.” Victorian Poetry 28 (1990): 129–45.Google Scholar
Cunningham, Valentine, ed. The Victorians: An Anthology of Poetry and Poetics. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.Google Scholar
Dickens, Charles. “A Preliminary Word.” Household Words 1 (1850): 12.Google Scholar
Dickens, Charles. Selected Journalism, 1850–1870. Ed. Pascoe, David. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1997.Google Scholar
Ebbatson, Roger. Tennyson's English Idylls. Lincoln: Tennyson Society, 2003.Google Scholar
Eyre-Todd, George. The Glasgow Poets: Their Lives and Poems. Paisley: Alexander Gardner, 1906.Google Scholar
Findlay, William. “Reclaiming Local Literature: William Thom and Janet Hamilton.” The History of Scottish Literature. 4 vols. Gen. ed. Craig, Cairns. Vol 3. Ed. Douglas Gifford. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1987. 353–76.Google Scholar
Gorji, Mina. “Burying Bloomfield: Poetical Remains and ‘the unlettered muse.’” Robert Bloomfield: Forgotten Romantic. Ed. Keegan, Bridget and White, Simon. Lewisburg: Bucknell UP, 2006. 232–52.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Janet. Poems and Ballads. Intro. Gilfillan, George and Wallace, Alexander. Glasgow: James Maclehose, 1868.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Janet. Poems and Essays of a Miscellaneous Character on Subjects of General Interest. Glasgow: Thomas Murray, 1863.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Janet. Poems of Purpose and Sketches in Prose of Scottish Life and Character in Auld Langsyne. Glasgow: Thomas Murray, 1865.Google Scholar
Jay, Elisabeth. “Charlotte Mary Yonge and Tractarian Aesthetics.” Victorian Poetry 44 (2006): 4360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordan, Elaine. Alfred Tennyson. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1988.Google Scholar
Kay, Billy. Scots: The Mither Tongue. Edinburgh: Mainstream, 1986.Google Scholar
Kerrigan, Catherine, ed. An Anthology of Scottish Women Poets. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kossick, Kaye, ed. Nineteenth-Century English Labouring-Class Poets 1800–1900. Vol 2: 1830–1860. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2006.Google Scholar
Macfarlan, James. The Poetical Works of James Macfarlan. Intro. and memoir Colin Rae-Brown. Glasgow: Robert Forrester, 1882.Google Scholar
Maidment, Brian. The Poorhouse Fugitives: Self-taught Poets and Poetry in Victorian Britain. Manchester: Carcanet, 1987.Google Scholar
Massey, Gerald. The Ballad of Babe Christabel. London: David Bogue, 1855.Google Scholar
Massey, Gerald. My Lyrical Life. Vol 1. London: Kegan Paul, 1889.Google Scholar
Massey, Gerald. “Tennyson and His Poetry.” Christian Socialist (Nov. 1851). 23 Nov. 2007. <http://www.gerald-massey.org.uk/massey/cpr_tennyson_2.htm>. Web..+Web.>Google Scholar
Milne, James. Pages in Waiting. London: John Lane, 1926.Google Scholar
Murphy, Paul Thomas. Towards a Working-Class Canon: Literary Criticism in British Working-Class Periodicals, 1816–1858. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 1994.Google Scholar
Prince, John C. Hours With the Muses. London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1842.Google Scholar
Ricks, Christopher. Allusion to the Poets. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2002.Google Scholar
Rossetti, Christina. The Complete Poems. Ed. Crump, Rebecca. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2001.Google Scholar
Rossetti, Christina. The Letters of Christina Rossetti. Vol. 1: 1843–1873. Ed. Harrison, Antony H.. Charlottesville: U of Virginia P, 1997.Google Scholar
Rossetti, Christina. Selected Prose of Christina Rossetti. Ed. Kent, David A. and Stanwood, P. G.. New York: St Martin's, 1998.Google Scholar
Said, Edward. Culture and Imperialism. London: Vintage, 1993.Google Scholar
Sanders, Mike. “‘A Jackass Load of Poetry’: The Northern Star's Poetry Column 1838–1852.” Victorian Periodicals Review 39 (2006): 4666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shakespeare, William. William Shakespeare. The Complete Works. Ed. Wells, Stanley and Taylor, Gary. Oxford: Clarendon, 1986.Google Scholar
Shaw, David. Gerald Massey: Chartist, Poet, Radical and Freethinker. London: Bucklan Publications, 1995.Google Scholar
Smith, Alexander. Poems. London: David Bogue, 1853.Google Scholar
Tennyson, Alfred. The Poems of Tennyson. Ed. Ricks, Christopher. 2nd ed. 3 vols. Harlow: Longman, 1987.Google Scholar
Vicinus, Martha. The Industrial Muse: A Study of Nineteenth-Century British Working-Class Literature. London: Croom Helm, 1974.Google Scholar
Wordsworth, William, and Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. Lyrical Ballads. Ed. Brett, R. L. and Jones, A. R.. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 1991.Google Scholar
Young, John. Pictures in Prose and Verse, or, Personal Recollections of the Late Janet Hamilton, Langloan. Glasgow: George Gallie, 1877.Google Scholar
Young, John. Selections from Lays of the Poorhouse. 2nd ed. Glasgow: George Gallie, 1881.Google Scholar
Young, Robert. Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race. London: Routledge, 1995.Google Scholar
Zlotnick, Susan. “Lowly Bards and Incomplete Lyres: Fanny Forrester and the Construction of a Working-Class Woman's Identity.” Victorian Poetry 36 (1998): 1736.Google Scholar