Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T03:57:57.526Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Selling national urban renewal: the National Film Board, the National Capital Commission and post-war planning in Ottawa, Canada

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 July 2010

ROGER M. PICTON*
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada

Abstract:

Using film and archival evidence, this article focuses on post-war urban redevelopment in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. During this period, two federal institutions, the National Capital Commission and the National Film Board, worked in tandem to disseminate the promise of post-war urban renewal. Film and planning techniques perfected during World War II would be used to sell national urban renewal to Canadians. Rooted in centralized planning, steeped in militarist rhetoric and embedded in authoritarian tendencies, federal plans for a new modern capital had tragic implications for the marginalized and dislocated residents of the inner-city neighbourhood of LeBreton Flats.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Hayden, D., Building Suburbia: Green Fields and Urban Growth, 1820–2000 (New York, 2003), 131–2Google Scholar; Smith, N., The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City (London, 1996)Google Scholar; C. Klemek, ‘Urbanism as reform: modernist planning and the crisis of urban liberalism in Europe and North America, 1945–1975’ (University of Pennsylvania Ph.D. thesis, 2004).

2 Bacher, J., Keeping to the Marketplace: The Evolution of Canadian Housing Policy (Montreal, 1989)Google Scholar; Wade, J., Houses for All: The Struggle for Social Housing in Vancouver 1919–1950 (Vancouver, 1994)Google Scholar; Harris, R., Creeping Conformity: How Canada Became Suburban (Toronto, 2004), 119–21Google Scholar.

3 S. Purdy, ‘From place of hope to outcast space: territorial regulation and tenant resistance in Regent Park, 1949–2001’ (Queen's University Ph.D. thesis, 2004), 527.

4 Siciliano, A., ‘La Haine: framing urban “outcasts”’, ACME An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 6 (2007), 211–30Google Scholar.

5 Ross, S., ‘Jargon and the crisis of readability: methodology, language, and the future of film history’, Cinema Journal, 44 (2005), 130–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

6 Ross, K., Fast Cars, Clean Bodies: Decolonization and the Reordering of French Culture (Cambridge, 1996), 4Google Scholar; Purdy, S., ‘Framing Regent Park: the National Film Board of Canada and the construction of outcast spaces in the inner city, 1953 and 1994’, Media, Culture and Society, 27 (2005), 523–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gold, J. and Ward, S., ‘Of plans and planners: documentary film and the challenge of the urban future, 1935–52’, in Clark, D. (ed.), The Cinematic City (London, 1997), 5982Google Scholar.

7 Whitaker, R. and Marcuse, G., Cold War Canada: The Making of a National Insecurity State, 1945–1957 (Toronto, 1995), 230Google Scholar; Nelson, J., The Colonized Eye: Rethinking the Grierson Legend (Toronto, 1988)Google Scholar.

8 Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War, 236–9.

9 Grierson, J., Grierson on Documentary (New York, 1947), 192Google Scholar.

10 Z. Druick, ‘Narratives of citizenship: governmentality and The National Film Board of Canada (York University Ph.D. thesis, 1999), 54; Purdy, ‘Framing’.

11 Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War, 231.

12 Evans, G., In the National Interest: A Chronicle of the National Film Board of Canada from 1949 to 1989 (Toronto, 1991), 27CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

13 Druick, ‘Narratives’, 26, 36, 42–4.

14 ‘The documentary film in Canada’, National Archives and Library of Canada (NALC), R738, vol. 7, file 10.

15 NFB, A Capital Plan (1949).

16 NFB, Toronto Boom Town (1951); NFB, Farewell to Oak Street (1953).

17 NFB, The Winnipeg Story (1953).

18 Cities featured in NFB productions include Vancouver, To Build a Better City (1964); Ottawa, Capital on the Ottawa (1967); Edmonton, City under Pressure (1965); Halifax, Redevelopment in Halifax (1961); Montreal, A Report on Redevelopment: Les Habitations Jeanne-Mance (1961); Toronto, A Report on Redevelopment: Regent Park South (1961).

19 Purdy, ‘From place of hope’, 245.

20 Ibid., 523.

21 Evans, National Interest, 31.

22 Grierson, Documentary, 192.

23 Druick, ‘Narratives’, 205–6; Grierson, Documentary, 192.

24 Ibid., 255.

25 Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War, 256.

26 Evans, National Interest, 20; Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War, 255.

27 Ibid.

28 Evans, National Interest, 10, 40.

29 Rodgers, D., Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge, 1998)Google Scholar; Klemek, ‘Urbanism’, 10–11.

30 Harris, Creeping Conformity; Hayden, Building Suburbia; Lefebvre, H., La production de l'espace (Paris, 1974)Google Scholar.

31 Boyer, C., Dreaming the Rational City: The Myth of American City Planning (Cambridge, 1983)Google Scholar; Purdy, S., ‘Industrial efficiency, social order and moral purity: housing reform thought in English Canada, 1900–1950’, Urban History Review, 25 (1997), 179211CrossRefGoogle Scholar; K. Brushett, ‘Blots on the face of the city: the politics of slum housing and urban renewal in Toronto, 1940–1970’ (Queen's University Ph.D. thesis, 2001); Berman, M., All that is Solid Melts into Air (New York, 1982)Google Scholar.

32 Zukin, S., Landscapes of Power (Berkeley, 1991), 45Google Scholar; Harvey, D., The Urban Experience (Oxford, 1989), 192Google Scholar; Webber, R., ‘Extracting value from the city: neoliberalism and urban redevelopment’, Antipode, 34 (2002), 519–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

33 Klemek, ‘Urbanism’, 25.

34 Smith, Urban Frontier, 110; Harvey, Urban Experience, 193.

35 Ward, S., Planning the Twentieth-Century City: The Advanced Capitalist World (Chichester, 2002)Google Scholar.

36 A. Lortie, ‘Jacques Gréber (1882–1962) et l'urbanisme. Le temps et l'espace de la ville’ (Université de Paris XII Ph.D. thesis, 1997); Gréber, J., L'architecture aux États Unis (Paris, 1920)Google Scholar.

37 Gournay, I., ‘Revisiting Jacques Greber's L'architecture aux États-Unis: from city beautiful to cite-jardin’, Urban History Review, 29 (2001), 619CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

38 Mackenzie King Diaries, 14 Oct. 1936, NALC; Gordon, D.L.A., ‘From noblesse oblige to nationalism: elite involvement in planning Canada's capital’, Journal of Urban History, 28 (2001), 334CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

39 Lortie, ‘Gréber’, 272; Voldman, D., La reconstruction des villes françaises de 1940 à 1954: histoire d'une politique (Paris, 1997), 63Google Scholar.

40 Lortie, ‘Gréber’, 273.

41 Ibid., 274.

42 Yagil, L., ‘L'homme nouveau’ et la révolution nationale de Vichy (1940–1944) (Lille, 1997)Google Scholar.

43 Gréber, , ‘Urbanisme’, in France 1941: la révolution nationale constructive, un bilan et un programme (Paris, 1941), 492Google Scholar. Lortie, ‘Gréber’, 269, 275–6.

44 Gréber, ‘Urbanisme’, 490.

45 Rossignol, D., Histoire de la propagande en France de 1940–1944: l'utopie Pétain (Paris, 1991), 120Google Scholar.

46 Ibid., 119.

47 Marrus, M., ‘Vichy et les juifs: after fifteen years’, in Fishman, S. et al. (eds.), France at War: Vichy and the Historians (Oxford, 2000), 39Google Scholar; Y. Durand, ‘Collaboration French-style’, in Fishman et al. (eds.), France at War, 64; Paxton, R., Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944 (New York, 1972), 371Google Scholar.

48 Paxton, Vichy, 374, 371.

49 Ibid., 352.

50 Voldman, La reconstruction, 145, 151.

51 Ibid., 58, 110, 250.

52 Faure, C., Le project culturel de Vichy (Paris, 1989)Google Scholar.

53 Voldman, La reconstruction, 59.

54 Ibid.

55 Lortie, ‘Gréber’, 155.

56 Ibid., 174.

57 Ibid., 148, 162, 165.

58 Guicheteau, G., Marseille, 1943: la fin du vieux-port (Paris, 1973), 11Google Scholar.

59 Sportielo, A., ‘Le vieux port de Marseille à l'heure allemande’, L'histoire, 16 (1979), 116Google Scholar; Guicheteau, Marseille, 14.

60 Guicheteau, Marseille, 9; A. Sportielo, ‘Le vieux port’, 120.

61 Rajsfus, M., La police de Vichy: les forces de l'ordre française au service de la Gestapo (Paris, 1995), 215Google Scholar.

62 Guicheteau, Marseille, 3.

63 Le Petit Marseillais, 8 Jan. 1943.

64 Guicheteau, Marseille, 9.

65 Gréber, ‘Urbanisme’, 492; Lortie, ‘Gréber’, 269, 275; Voldman, La reconstruction, 8.

66 O'Connor, J., The Fiscal Crisis of the State (New York, 1973), 6CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

67 Mackenzie King Diaries, 23 Aug. 1945, NALC.

68 Lortie, ‘Gréber’, 284; Gordon, ‘From noblesse’.

69 Purdy, ‘From place of hope’; Brushett, ‘Blots’; City of Ottawa, Ottawa Urban Renewal, 1967.

70 Gréber, J., Plan for the National Capital (Ottawa, 1950), 148Google Scholar.

71 Ibid., 150.

72 Memorandum, 30 Apr. 1949, NALC, RG2, vol. 127, F-21.

73 NCPC Press Release, NALC, RG2, vol. 127, F-21.

74 FDC, Annual Report, 1948.

75 NCPS Memorandum, 25 Apr. 1949, NALC, RG2, vol. 18, F-21–3; FDC, Annual Report, 1948.

76 Peer, S., France on Display: Peasants, Provincials, and Folklore in the 1937 Paris World's Fair (Albany, 1998), 7Google Scholar.

77 Memorandum to Minister of Public Works A. Fournier from Jacques Gréber, 18 Oct. 1950, NALC, RG2, vol. 18, F-21–3.

78 FDC, Annual Report, 1950.

79 Memorandum, 30 Apr. 1949, NALC, RG2, vol. 127, F-21.

80 Memorandum, privy council office, 23 Mar. 1949, NALC, RG2, vol. 127, F-21.

81 NFB, A Capital Plan.

82 Ibid.

83 Ibid.

84 NFB, Ottawa: Today and Tomorrow (1951).

85 Ibid.

86 NFB, Capital on the Ottawa.

87 NFB, A Capital Plan.

88 Purdy, ‘From place of hope’, 531.

89 Brushett, ‘Blots’, 430; Harris, Creeping Conformity, 76.

90 Purdy, ‘From place of hope’, 531.

91 NFB, Ottawa: Today and Tomorrow.

92 NFB, A Capital Plan.

93 Andrew, C., ‘Ottawa-Hull’, in Magnusson, W. and Sancton, A. (eds.), City Politics in Canada (Toronto, 1983), 147–8Google Scholar.

94 Address by Jacques Gréber 18 Nov. 1953, NALC, MG30, vol. 44, 1952–3.

95 Taylor, J.H., Ottawa: An Illustrated History (Toronto, 1986), 188Google Scholar; Gordon, D.L.A., ‘Ottawa-Hull: lumber town to national capital’, in Gordon, D.L.A. (ed.), Planning Twentieth-Century Capital Cities (London, 2006), 159Google Scholar.

96 Gordon, ‘Ottawa-Hull’, 160.

97 Ibid., 159; Wright, J., Crown Assets: The Architecture of the Department of Public Works, 1867–1967 (Toronto, 1997), 231, 233Google Scholar.

98 Gordon, ‘Ottawa-Hull’, 190.

99 Order-in-Council, PC 1962–566.

100 NCC, Annual Report, 1962–63.

101 House of Commons Debates, Minister of Public Works G.J. Mcllraith, Oct. 1966; NFB, Capital on the Ottawa.

102 ‘Huge expropriation: 10 govt. buildings planned to “beautify” central area’, Ottawa Citizen, 19 Apr. 1962.

103 ‘Expropriation good news for most in the Flats’, Ottawa Citizen, 21 Apr. 1962.

104 Memorandum to cabinet on new national defence headquarters’, 2 Apr. 1964, NALC, RG2, vol. 6260, file 141/64.

105 Memorandum to Treasury Board by NCC and ND, 31 Jan. 1967, NALC, RG34, C-3, vol. 70, file F-General (2).

106 Cabinet decisions, 17 May 1966, RG2, A-5-a, 632; memorandum to cabinet, 12 May 1966, NALC, RG2, 6317, 272–66.

107 Klemek, ‘Urbanism’, 264.

108 Address by Jacques Gréber, Château Laurier, 18 Nov. 1953, LAC, MG30, vol. 44, FDC (1952–53).

109 City of Ottawa, minutes of council, 9 July 1962, ‘Housing needs, policies programme and projects 1962–7’, NALC, Charlotte Whitton Fonds, MG30, E256, vol. 62, ‘Housing needs, policies and programmes and projects, 1962’; letter to Allister Grosart, 18 May 1962, PC national headquarters, from J.M.P. Kelly, NCC Expropriation, NALC, Charlotte Whitton Fonds, MG30, E256, vol. 62 ‘LeBreton Flats’.

110 Letter to Provincial Economics and Development Minister Robert McCauley, NALC, Charlotte Whitton Fonds, MG30, E256, vol. 62 ‘LeBreton Flats’.

111 ‘Housing needs, policies and programme and projects, draft report, July 9, 1962’, NALC MG30, E256, vol. 62 ‘Housing 1960–63’.

112 Ibid.; Rooke, P. and Schnell, R., No Bleeding Heart: Charlotte Whitton, a Feminist on the Right (Vancouver, 1987), 148Google Scholar.

113 Letter to Minister Robert McCauley, Department of Economics and Development (includes Planning and Development) Province of Ontario from city clerk, 22 Oct. 1962, NALC, MG 30, E256, vol. 62.

114 Minutes, joint conference on housing, special meeting no. 68, 9 Aug. 1962, NALC MG30 E256, vol. 62, ‘Housing 1960–63’.

115 NALC, MG30, Charlotte Whitton Fonds, E256, vol. 78, ‘Clippings 1965’.

116 ‘Mayor Whitton strikes a blow for little folk’, Ottawa Citizen, 11 Jan. 1961.

117 Housing standards officer, annual report, 1964, City of Ottawa, COA.

118 Rooke and Schnell, No Bleeding Heart.

119 Ross, Fast Cars.

120 Wright, Crown Assets, 232.

121 Deachman, H. and Woffrey, J., ‘Highrise and superprofits’, in Roussopoulos, D. (ed.), The City and Radical Social Change (Montreal, 1982), 301–44Google Scholar, and Andrew, ‘Ottawa-Hull’, 149–50.

122 NCC memorandum from D.C. Symons, planner, urban design, LAC, RG34, C-3, vol. 70, F-General (2); NCC memorandum on LeBreton Flats and Confederation Square, 23 Dec. 1968, NALC, RG34, C-3, vol. 70, F-General (2); Wright, Crown Assets, 268.

123 ’Minister's questions’, NALC, RG34, 1979–80/018, Gen 2–19-1, vol. 4; minister's information sheet on LeBreton Flats, 23 Jan. 1970, NALC, RG34 1979–80/018 box 2, file 1–7-7.