1 Beckett, J.V., The Aristocracy in England 1660–1914 (1986), 10.Google Scholar

2 Bush, M.L., The English Aristocracy: A Comparative Synthesis (1984), 75.Google Scholar This stands in sharp contrast to a recent attempt to write a regional geography of industrial culture: Langton, J., ‘The industrial revolution and the regional geography of England’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, new series, 9 (1984), 145–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3 Soja, E.W., ‘The socio-spatial dialectic’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 70 (1980), 207–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

4 Soja, E.W., ‘The spatiality of social life: towards a transformative retheorisation’ in Social Relations and Spatial Structures, eds Gregory, D. and Urry, J. (1985), 90–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

5 Lefebvre, H., La Production de l'Espace (1974).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

6 Power, M.J., ‘East and west in early-modern London’ in Wealth and Power in Tudor England, eds Scarisbrick, J.J. et al. (1978), 167–85Google Scholar; Power, M.J., ‘John Stow and his London’, Journal of Historical Geography, 11 (1985), 1–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Power, M.J., ‘The social topography of Restoration London’ in The Making of the Metropolis: London 1500–1700, eds Beier, A.L. and Finlay, R. (1986), 199–223.Google Scholar

7 In this paper the ‘City of London’ refers to the commercial core, which was also a separate administrative unit. On London's private palaces see Pearce, D.J., London's Mansions: the Palatial Houses of the Nobility (1986).Google Scholar

8 Stone, L., ‘The residential development of the West End of London in the seventeenth century’ in After the Reformation, ed. Malament, B.C. (1980), 167–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

9 Lee, S., A Collection of the Names of the Merchants Living in and About the City of London (1677).Google Scholar

10 Vance, J., This Scene of Man: the Role and Structure of the City in the Geography of Western Civilization (1977).Google Scholar

11 Bush, , The English Aristocracy, 74.Google Scholar

12 The dates given refer to the commencement of construction. See Chancellor, E.B., The History of the Squares of London (1907)Google Scholar, and Rude, G., Hanoverian London 1714–1808 (1971).Google Scholar

13 Rasmussen, S.E., London: the Unique City (1948), ch. 9.Google Scholar

14 Summerson, J., Georgian London (1988), 26.Google Scholar

15 Schwarz, L.D., ‘Social class and social geography: the middle classes in London at the end of the eighteenth century’, Social History, 7 (1982), 167–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

16 Ibid., 172.

17 Harvey, D.W., The Urbanization of Capital (1985), 155.Google Scholar

18 Harvey, D.W., Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization (1985), 213.Google Scholar

19 Gough, B. Worsley, Fashions in London (1952), 47.Google Scholar

20 Sheppard, F.H.W. (ed.), Survey of London, Volume XXXIX: the Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair. Part I: General History (1977).Google Scholar

21 Ibid., 84–6.

22 The Duke of Westminster rescinded his objection to professional consulting rooms and offices in 1934. The resident population of Mayfair fell from approximately 17,000 in 1841 to 4,345 in 1961. See Sheppard, , Survey of London, Volume XXXIX, 93–102Google Scholar, and Kennedy, C., Mayfair: a Social History (1986).Google Scholar

23 Summerson, Georgian London.

24 Olsen, D.J., Town Planning in London: the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (1964)Google Scholar; Olsen, D.J., The Growth of Victorian London (1976).Google Scholar

25 Olsen, , The Growth of Victorian London, 162–9.Google Scholar

26 From Trollope's The Small House at Allington, quoted in Weinreb, B. and Hibbert, C., The London Encyclopaedia (1983), 599.Google Scholar

27 Booth, C., Life and Labour of the People in London. First Series, Poverty, Volume 2: Streets and Population Classified (1902).Google Scholar

28 Including institutions such as the Foundling Hospital, which developed its estate, comprising Mecklenburgh and Brunswick Squares, from 1790 to 1830.

29 Thompson, F.M.L., Hampstead: Building a Borough, 1650–1964 (1974), 73.Google Scholar

30 Harvey, , The Urbanization of Capital, 213.Google Scholar

31 Summerson, , Georgian London, 81–4.Google Scholar

32 Hobhouse, H., Thomas Cubitt: Master Builder (1971).Google Scholar

33 Sheppard, F.H.W., London 1808–1870: the Infernal Wen (1971), 106.Google Scholar

34 Booth, , Life and Labour of the People in London, 17 vols (1902–1903).Google Scholar

35 Ibid.

36 A further commentary on these districts is given in Cox, A., The Landlord's and Tenant's Guide (1853).Google Scholar

37 Sheppard, , Survey of London, Volume XXXIX, 90–1.Google Scholar

38 H., and Evans, M., The Party that Lasted 100 Days. The Late Victorian Season: a Social Study (1976), 28.Google Scholar

39 Davidoff, L., The Best Circles: Society, Etiquette and the Season (1973), 15–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

40 Guttsman, W.L., The British Political Elite (1963), 158.Google Scholar

41 Summerson, , Georgian London, 121–4.Google Scholar

42 Ibid., 84.

43 Bush, , The English Aristocracy, 75.Google Scholar

44 Jones, G. Stedman, Outcast London: a Study in the Relationship Between Classes in Victorian Society (1971), ch. 2.Google Scholar

45 Thompson, F.M.L., English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century (1963), 336.Google Scholar

46 Nevill, R., London Clubs: their History and Treasures (1911).Google Scholar

47 Besant, W., London in the Nineteenth Century (1909), 259.Google Scholar

48 Ibid., 20.

49 Thompson, English Landed Society, ch. 10.

50 Pumphrey, R.E., ‘The introduction of industrialists into the British peerage: a study in adaptation of a social institution’, American Historical Review, 65 (1959), 1–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rubinstein, W.D., Elites and the Wealthy in Modern British History (1987).Google Scholar

51 Whitehand, J.W.R., ‘The changing urban landscape: the case of London's high-class residential fringe’, Geographical Journal, 154 (1988), 351–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

52 Dennis, R., English Industrial Cities of the Nineteenth Century: a Social Geography (1984), ch. 6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

53 Atkins, P.J., The Directories of London 1677–1977 (1990, forthcoming), ch. 3.Google Scholar

54 Atkins, P.J., ‘Eighteenth century London directories’, Factotum, 28 (1989), 12–16.Google Scholar

55 Beckett, , The Aristocracy in England, 41.Google Scholar

56 In the 1851 census 33,000 people in Britain ‘of rank or property’ were not engaged in any occupation. His investigation of the court pages of the press counted 4,000 fashionable arrivals in 1841, although some were for the same families. Sheppard, , Survey of London, Volume XXXIX, 91, 104.Google Scholar

57 Boyle, E., Boyle's Fashionable Court and Country Guide and Town Visiting Directory (1813), iii.Google Scholar

58 Malcolmson, P., ‘Getting a living in the slums of Victorian Kensington’, London Journal, 1 (1975), 28–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

59 Hampstead, St Pancras, St Marylebone, Paddington, Kensington, Chelsea, St George Hanover Square, SS Margaret and John Westminster, St Martin in the Fields, St James Westminster, St Anne Soho, St Paul Covent Garden, St Luke, Strand, Bloomsbury, St Clement Danes, and St George Martyr.

60 Shaw, G. and Wild, M.T., ‘Retail patterns in the Victorian city’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, new series, 4 (1979), 278–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Atkins, P.J., ‘The Covent Garden ladies’, Factotum, 30 (1989), 10–11Google Scholar; Nevill, London Clubs; Carter, H., An Introduction to Urban Historical Geography (1983), 164–7.Google Scholar

61 Olsen, , The Growth of Victorian London, 83.Google Scholar

62 Ibid., 82–4.

63 Saunders, A., Regent's Park: a Study of the Development of the Area from 1086 to the Present Day (1969).Google Scholar

64 Tyburnia was occupied by wealthy merchants, professional men and MPs. Cox, , The Landlord's and Tenant's Guide, 212.Google Scholar

65 Reeder, D.A., ‘A theatre of suburbs: some patterns of development in west London, 1801–1911’ in The Study of Urban History, ed. Dyos, H.J. (1968), 253–71.Google Scholar

66 Sheppard, F.H.W. (ed.) Survey of London, Volume XXXVII: North Kensington (1973), 232–3.Google Scholar

67 This square reached its peak in 1860 and declined thereafter.

68 Although there were still 600 addresses listed here as late as 1920.

69 Many colonial administrators made their home in Paddington and Bayswater. Garside, P.L., ‘West End, East End: London, 1890–1940’ in Metropolis 1890–1940, ed. Sutcliffe, A. (1984), 221–58.Google Scholar

70 Webber, M., ‘Order in diversity: community without propinquity’ in Cities and Space, ed. Wingo, L. (1963), 23–54.Google Scholar

71 Knox, P., Urban Social Geography: an Introduction (1982), 44.Google Scholar

72 Besant, , London in the Nineteenth Century, 230.Google Scholar

73 Gough, Worsley, Fashions in London, 35.Google Scholar

74 Giddens, A., Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

75 Spring, D., European Landed Elites in the Nineteenth Century (1977).Google Scholar

76 Summerson, Georgian London, ch. 7.

77 Thompson, , English Landed Society, 106.Google Scholar

78 Searle, M., Turnpikes and Toll-Bars (1930), volume 2, 714.Google Scholar

79 Olsen, , Town Planning in London, 145.Google Scholar

80 Rude, , Hanoverian London, 43Google Scholar; Jones, Stedman, Outcast London, 291–5.Google Scholar

81 Ley, D., A Social Geography of the City (1983), 161.Google Scholar

82 Giddens, A., The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration (1984).Google Scholar

83 Sheppard, , Survey of London, Volume XXXIX, 90–1.Google Scholar

84 Giddens, A., A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism: Power, Property and the State (1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

85 Cooke, P., ‘Class practices as regional markers: a contribution to labour geography’, in Gregory, D. and Urry, J., Social Relations and Spatial Structures, 213–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Thrift, N.J., ‘The geography of nineteenth century class formation’ in Class and Space: the Making of Urban Society, eds Thrift, N.J. and Williams, P. (1987), 25–50.Google Scholar

86 Thrift, N.J., ‘On the determination of social action in space and time’, Society and Space, 1 (1983), 23–57.Google Scholar

87 P. Cooke, ‘Locality, economic restructuring and world development’ in Localities: the Changing face of Urban Britain, ed. idem. (1989), 1–44.