Central to the understanding of Modern architecture is the concept of three-dimensional space and an appreciation of the nature of new materials. But the contemporary architectural historian, denied an Architectural education, continues to explore, often two-dimensionally, traditional structures. Conversely, many architects, denied an education in History, have moved towards Philosophy in the study of their own subject, alienating their discourse from much of the profession and almost all of the public. The historical study of Modern architecture, therefore, can never be successful until the architectural historian has learned the process of making buildings within the language of Modernism.