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The Generals and the Downfall of the German Monarchy, 1917–1918

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 February 2009

Extract

Every modern war brings to the forefront the fundamental problem of the relations between the highest civil and the highest military authority. The German Empire never succeeded in solving this problem.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Historical Society 1952

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References

page 47 note 1 Eyck, E., Bismarck (Zürich, 1944), iii. 313Google Scholar.

page 48 note 1 Cf. Haller, J., Eulenburg (Berlin, 1924), p. 108Google Scholar.

page 48 note 2 Eyck, E., Das persönliche Regiment Wilhelms II (Zürich, 1948), p. 761Google Scholar.

page 49 note 1 Die deutschen Dokumente zum Kriegsausbruch (Charlottenburg, 1919), i. 193Google Scholar.

page 49 note 2 Untersuchungs-Ausschuss des Deutschen Reichstags, Zweiter Unter-Ausschuss (Berlin, 1930), Beilage iv, p. 213Google Scholar.

page 40 note 1 Untersuchungs-Ausschuss des Deutschen Reichstags, Zweiter Unter-Ausschuss (Berlin, 1920), Beilage iv, p. 214Google Scholar.

page 50 note 2 Ibid., p. 216.

page 50 note 3 von Bethmann-Hollweg, T., Betrachtungen zum Weltkriege (Berlin, 1920), ii. 131Google Scholar.

page 51 note 1 Ibid., ii. 191.

page 51 note 2 Ludendorff, E., Urkunden der Obersten Heeresleitung (Berlin, 1920)p. 291Google Scholar.

page 51 note 3 Ibid., pp. 293 ff.

page 52 note 1 The principal source for the following account is Das Werk des Untersuchungs-Ausschusses des Deutschen Reichstags 1919–1926. Vierte Reihe. Die Ursachen des Deutschen Zusammenbruches im Jahre 1918, cited as UDZ.

page 52 note 2 Schwertfeger, B., Kaiser und Kabinetschef (Oldenburg, 1931), p. 180Google Scholar.

page 53 note 1 Bauer, M., Der Grosse Krieg in Feld und Heimat (Tübingen, 1921), p. 134Google Scholar; UDZ, ii. 30.

page 53 note 2 The description, given by Wheeler-Bennett, J. W. in his otherwise excellent book Hindenburg, p. 105Google Scholar (‘The interview was carried out in tune with the best Prussian traditions; shoulder to shoulder the party leaders… stood to attention while the heir to the throne cross-examined them’), is incorrect and misleading. Each of the leaders of the greater parties had a separate interview. Cf. Payer, F., Von Bethmann Hollweg bis Ebert (Frankfurt, 1923), p. 31Google Scholar; Haussmann, C., Schlaglichter (Frankfurt, 1924), p. 120Google Scholar. Not the Social Democrat David, as Mr. Wheeler-Bennett says, but Payer, who at this time was not Vice-Chancellor but the chairman of the Progressive Party, was the only one who stood up for Bethmann.

page 54 note 2 UDZ, 154.

page 55 note 1 Eyck, E., Bismarck, i. 108Google Scholar.

page 55 note 2 Kriegserinnerungen, p. 363; UDZ, ii. 31.

page 55 note 3 von Kühlmánn, R., Erinnerungen (Heidelberg, 1948), p. 502Google Scholar.

page 56 note 1 UDZ, viii. 132 ff.

page 56 note 2 Meinecke, F., Kühlmann und die päpstliche Friedensaktion von 1917 (Preuss. Akademied. Wissensch., 1928, xvii)Google Scholar; Erinnerungen (Stuttgart, 1949), P. 204Google Scholar.

page 57 note 1 UDZ, iv (ii), 131.

page 57 note 2 Ibid., viii. 139.

page 57 note 3 Ibid., viii. 140.

page 58 note 1 Wheeler-Bennett, J. W., Brest-Litovsk (London, 1938), p. 37Google Scholar.

page 58 note 2 Czernin, O., Im Weltkriege (Berlin, 1919), p. 334Google Scholar.

page 58 note 3 UDZ, i–iii.

page 59 note 1 Ibid., ii.142

page 59 note 2 von Baden, Max, Erinnerungen und Dokumente (Stuttgart, 1927)Google Scholar.

page 59 note 3 UDZ, ii. 137; von Baden, Max; op. cit., p. 233Google Scholar.

page 60 note 1 UDZ, ii. 191.

page 60 note 2 Ibid., ii. 200; Kühlmann, , Erinnerungen, p. 572Google Scholar.

page 61 note 1 Ibid., ii. 387.

page 61 note 2 Ibid., ii. 213.

page 61 note 3 Ibid., ii. 388.

page 62 note 1 UDZ, ii. 390

page 62 note 2 Ibid., ii. 385.

page 63 note 1 Ibid., ii. 249, 403.

page 63 note 2 Ibid., ii. 400.

page 63 note 3 Ibid., ii. 405.

page 64 note 1 UDZ, i. 359.

page 65 note 1 von Baden, Max, Erinnerungen, pp. 491, 497Google Scholar.

page 66 note 1 vonBaden, Max Erinnerungen, p. 500Google Scholar.

page 66 note 2 Ibid., p. 592.

page 67 note 1 Wheeler-Bennett, , Hindenburg, p. 202Google Scholar.