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Edward I and his Tenants-in-Chief
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 February 2009
Extract
No student of Edward I's rule in Gascony can fail to be struck by the close resemblance between his policy there and in England; especially in his relations with the feudal nobility and in his encouragement of the towns and of the burgesses.
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- Copyright © Royal Historical Society 1924
References
page 3 note 1 Recueil d'Actes relatifs à Administration des rots d'Angleterre en Guyenne au XIIIe siècle, —transcrits et publicés par Bémont, Charles. Paris, 1914. No. 291.Google Scholar
page 3 note 2 Some light is thrown on this subject by conditions in Béarn, where the cavers or knights were almost the equals of the greater barons, except that they did not share with them the right to sit in the Cour Majour of the Vicomté; but they had their own courts of justice and led their own vassals to war. The domengers, corresponding to the domicelli elsewhere, were as a rule under the jurisdiction of the cavers, were not exempt as they were from taxation to the State, and were only responsible for attending the military levy in their own person. (Cadier, , Etats de Béarn, p. 69Google Scholar, quoting from Fors de Béarn, Paris, 1888; Pinard, Etudes sur les moeurs, p. 441 sq.)
page 4 note 1 Recueil d'Actes relatifs à l'Administration des rois d'Angleterre en Guyenne au XIIIe sèicle,—transcrits et publicés par Bémont, Charles. Paris, 1914. No. 122.Google Scholar
page 5 note 1 Recueil d'Actes relatifs à l'Administration des rots d'Angleterre en Guyenne au XIIIe sèicle,—transcrits et publiés par Bémont, Charles. Paris, 1914, No. 177, 310.Google Scholar
page 5 note 2 Ibid., No. 333.
page 5 note 3 Ibid., No. 109. Reconnaissance de Raimond Bernard et de Bernard Raimond de Laporte son cousin, ce dernier agissant en son nom et au nom de sa soeur.
No. 238. Reconnaissance de Guillaume Sanche de Pommiers pour lui et ses cohéritiers, Pierre de Pommiers et Pierre Amanieu de Pommiers.
No. 665. “Arnaldus de Stagia, Ramundus de Stagia et Nicholaus de Davinham pro se et parssionariis suis.”
page 6 note 1 No. 535. “Bertrandus de Noalhan et domina Trencaleon, uxor Galhardi Columbi … recognoverunt quod ipsi tenent et debent tenere … quartam partem castri de La Marqua.”
page 6 note 2 Arch. Historiques de la Gironde, Vol. I, p. 353 (Register of homages due 1286 and 1287).
Cf. Cartulaire de Saint Seurin (ed. Brutails, , Bordeaux, , 1897), p. 95. Fourth part of a stone house given to Church.Google Scholar
page 6 note 3 Livre des Coutumes, No. 63 (Arch. Mun. de Bordeaux, Vol. V).
page 6 note 4 Róles Gascon II, No. 906. Grant of “Sexaginta libras rendales in allodio.”
Cart, de St. Jean du Mont. Bibl. Nat. MSS. Lat 5460 A f° 20 V°. “Arnaldus miles dedit rusticum unum ad allodium.”
Ibid., f° 36. “Unum boscum ad alodium.”
page 6 note 5 Terrier of Camparrian, 1309. (Brequigny XVIII, 241. Copied from Julius E.I). Mayense sold to Guillaume Damporian “homini questali Domini d'Ornon unam sadonem vinie in franco alodio.”
Arch. Hist, de la Gironde, Vol. Ill, p. 170 (II Sept. 1376). Four “hommes questaux” were sold “en franc alo.”
page 6 note 6 Recueil d'Actes, Nos. 139, 517, etc
page 7 note 1 Recueil d'Actes, No. 613.
page 7 note 2 Ibid.
page 7 note 3 No. 219 “Tenet in allodium libere”; No. 341, “in allodium liberum,” etc., etc.
page 7 note 4 No. 563.
page 7 note 5 No. 341.
page 7 note 6 Livre des Coutumes (Archives Municipales de Bordeaux).
page 7 note 7 Recueil d'Actes, No, 252.
page 8 note 1 Recueil d'Actes, No. 216. “Tenet in allodium liberum sub posse et dominio domini regis.”
Ibid., No. 332. “Habent in allodiis sub dominio domini Regis,” etc., etc.
page 8 note 2 Ibid., No. III.
page 8 note 3 Ibid., No. 116. “Eleas et frater suus praedicti habebant in allodium liberum oblias et terras quas eorum pater et mater et ipsimet adquisierant, pro quibus recognoverunt quod debebant facere jus et recipere coram eo, et ex nunc recepit in feodum immediate ab ipso, cum uno pari cirothecarum albarum quas pro sporle exinde reddere promisit in mutacione doming et obsequium exercitus pro omnibus supradictis.”
page 9 note 1 Livre des Coutumes (Archives Municipales de Bordeaux, Vol. V), p. 508: “quedam sunt allodiales que tenentur ad manum ipsorum dominorum, qui locant eas vel inhabitant, et eas vendunt et distraunt, et faciunt de ipsis pro suo libito voluntate.”Google Scholar
page 9 note 2 Arch. Hist., Vol. III, p. 118. (Inquest into exactions of the King's bailiffs in Entre-deux-Mers in 1238.)
page 9 note 3 Cart, de Sauve Majeure XIIIe siècle (Bibl. Mun. de Bordeaux), No. 35, “hoc totum libere et allodialiter,” and a man gave himself “de allodiale et libera possessione.”
page 9 note 4 Rôles Gascons I, No. 1211 (1243).
page 9 note 5 Brit. Mus. Julius E.I (copied Brequigny XVIII, p. 209).
page 9 note 6 Quoted by Lanéry d'Arc, Du Franc Alleu, p. 76 (Paris, 1885).
page 9 note 7 Gascon Rolls (Record Office), 3 Ed. II, Membrane 2.
page 10 note 1 Cartulaire de Sainte Croix. (Arch. Hist, de la Gironde), Vol. XXVII.
page 10 note 2 Livre des Coutumes, No. 3, p. 75.
page 10 note 3 Recueil d'Actes, No. 252.
page 10 note 4 Druilhet, , Coutumes de Lectoure, p. 41Google Scholar (Arch. Hist, de la Gascogne, Vol. IX).
page 11 note 1 Recueil d'Actes, No. 204.
page 11 note 2 Ibid., No. 20.
page 12 note 1 Livre des Coutumes, p. 507.
page 13 note 1 This seems to be rather a national militia than a feudal levy; as no land is mentioned in the connection and the tenants of all classes in Bigorre early paid money for their estates. (Balencie, Enquête de l'année 1300 sur les revenus du Comté de Bigorre, Paris, 1884.)
page 13 note 2 Arch. Hist, de la Gironde, Vol. VI, p. 388.
page 13 note 3 Recueil d'Actes, No. 11.
page 13 note 4 Ibid., No. 79.
page 13 note 5 Ibid., No. 568.
page 14 note 1 Recueil d'Actes, Nos. 71, 106.
page 14 note 2 Ibid., Nos. 113, 116, 133.
page 14 note 3 Ibid., No. 32. In Gascony, as in England, it would appear that some connection gradually arose between military service and the worth of a man's possessions. Thus in 1376 the Comte de Foix gave notice that all with rent and movables to the value of 200 florins should bring a horse; those with 400 florins two horses, and those with more than 400 florins two horses completely armed. (Arch. Historiques de la Gironde, Vol. XII, No. 20, p. 135.Google Scholar)
page 14 note 4 Ibid., No. 235.
page 15 note 1 A young hawk was valued at £4 Bordeaux money. In 1278 Wm. Colom was allowed to pay £8 for the hawk he owed (Rôles Gascons, Vol. II, No. 386). Ibid., No. 1119.
page 15 note 2 Recueil d'Actes, No. 518.
page 15 note 3 Ibid., No. 653.
page 15 note 4 Ibid., No. 189.
page 15 note 5 Ibid., Nos. 27, 123.
There is a great variety of evidence on this subject from other documents, both for nobles and for townsmen; the latter had generally more distinct rules of service, since their charters defined their customs and privileges.
Ancient Petitions (Record Office) 283, 14115.
A group of knights owe for a castle the service of one armed knight (or 40 days when war was in Gascony).
The men of Labourd owed 40 days.
The men of Bordeaux—60 days in the diocese of Bordeaux (Livre des Privilèges, No. 33, p. 239). 40 days in Livre des Coutumes.
The men of Bigorre—9 or 10 days in the county itself (Charter of 1313).
The men of Agen—40 days (Livre des Coutumes, p. 219), with special conditions, etc., etc.
page 16 note 1 Rôles Gascons III, No. 3374. Compare the summons to English nobles (Ibid., No. 3416). “Vobis mandamus, in fide et homagio quibus nobis tenemini firmiter injungentes, quod sitis ad nos apud Portesmuth … cum equis et armis et toto servicio quod nobis debetis, parati transfretare nobiscum.”
page 16 note 2 Ibid., Nos. 4059, 4060.
page 17 note 1 In 1305 the Seneschal paid an army to put down disturbances at the rate of 4s. sterling for a baron with horse and arms, 2s. for a knight, 1s. for a squire and 2d. for a foot-soldier.
Similar evidence is found in the reign of Edward III (G.R. 51 Ed. III).
page 17 note 2 Recueil d'Actes, No. 97.
page 18 note 1 Leymarie, , Histoire des Paysans, p. 319Google Scholar. Cf. Balencie, Enquête de l'année 1300, Paris, 1884. B. Nat. MSS., Nov.–Aug., Fr. 3592 (Lot de chartes XIV e siècle, Saint-Macaire).
page 19 note 1 Livre des Coutumes, No. 63.
page 20 note 1 Recueil d'Actes, No. 291.
page 20 note 2 Ibid., No. 584.
page 21 note 1 Recueil d'Aptes, No, 660.
page 22 note 1 Recueil d'Actes, No. 658.
page 23 note 1 Recueil d'Actes, Nos. 244, 246, 247, 248, 356.
page 23 note 2 Ibid., Nos. 636, 638, 674, 675.
page 23 note 3 Archives Historiques de la Gironde, Vol. III, p. 118. Privileges of d'Entre-deux-Mers, 1238.
page 24 note 1 Recueil d'Actes, No. 537.
page 24 note 2 Ibid., No. 680.
page 24 note 3 Arch. Hist, de la Gironde, Vol. XXIV, p. 299.
page 24 note 4 Gascon Rolls (Record Office), 1 Henry IV, Membrane 7.
page 24 note 5 Cartulaire de l'Abbaye de Sauve Majeure (in Bibl. Mun. de Bordeaux). F° lxiii v°.
page 25 note 1 Arch. Déptales de la Gironde, G. 1395 (Procès Divers), 1687.
page 25 note 2 Besides the free men whose recognition is preserved in 1273, we know that the men of Soule and Labourd claimed also special right of freedom and did military service to the King. They all held directly of the King: paid 3s. a house, and had rights of free pasture. All services commuted by Henry VI at 10s. a house.