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¹⁴ Friedrich Engels defined realism as “truthfulness of reproduction of typical characters in typical circumstances.” Golomstock, , Totalitarian Art, 189–90.Google Scholar

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¹⁷ See Gerould, Daniel, “Gorky, Melodrama, and the Development of Early Soviet Theatre,” Yale/Theatre 7 (Winter 1976): 33–44Google Scholar; Robin, , Le réalisme socialiste, 70.Google Scholar

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³⁰ “Potemkin villages” were the prosperous false façades said to have been erected by Catherine the Great's court favorite G. Potemkin to conceal poverty from the monarch when she toured the country.

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