Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-r5zm4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-30T00:26:39.922Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Trade Union Responses to White Collar Off-Shoring

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2023

Carolyn Penfold*
Affiliation:
The University of New South Wales

Abstract

For some time, the trade union movement has been facing the challenge of repositioning itself to attract and retain members, and to remain relevant, useful, and powerful. These difficulties have been exacerbated during the recent period of intense ‘globalisation’. The political embrace of neo-liberalism, de-regulation of labour and other markets, increased capital flows, interaction between national and regional economies, and innovation and growth of information and communications technology, have created a very different, and constantly changing environment for labour. Services work in particular is increasingly mobile as a result of huge developments in information and communications technology. The white collar service sector is thus creating a particular challenge for trade unions, as the developed world increasingly buys its services off-shore. This article examines the features, extent, and effects of white collar services off-shoring, before going on to examine the responses of trade unions to this phenomenon. It looks at action taken by a number of unions in the USA, Australia, Europe and India, as well as internationally, before drawing conclusions regarding appropriate directions for unions to follow.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2005) Employee earnings, benefits and trade union membership, Australia, available: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/productsbycatalogue/99E5614783415356CA25713E000F92B1?opendocument[accessed 15 February 2007].Google Scholar
AeA. (formerly the American Electronics Association) (2004) Outsourcing legislation in the States, available: http://www.aeanet.org/common/functions/printthisdoc.asp?f_id-39634[accessed 15 February 2007].Google Scholar
AFL-CIO. (n.d. a) Corporate myths about shipping jobs overseas, available: http://www.aflcio.org/issues/jobseconomy/exportingamerica/outsourcing_myths.cfm[accessed 14 February 2007].Google Scholar
AFL-CIO. (n.d. b) Shipping jobs overseas, how real is the problem? available: http://www.aflcio.org/issues/jobseconomy/exportingamerica/outsourcing_problems.cfm[accessed 14 February 2007].Google Scholar
AFL-CIO. (n.d. c) Policy solutions to shipping jobs overseas, available: http://www.aflcio.org/aboutus/thisistheaflcio/publications/magazine/0104_toolbox.cfm[accessed 14 February 2007].Google Scholar
AFL-CIO: DPE Department for Professional Employees (2006a) Vital workforce statistics, fact sheet, available: http://www.dpeaflcio.org/programs/factsheets/fs_2006_workforce.htm[accessed 29 August 2007].Google Scholar
AFL-CIO: DPE Department for Professional Employees (2006b) The service sector: Projections and current stats, fact sheet, available: http://www.dpeaflcio.org/programs/factsheets/fs_2006_service_sector.htm[accessed 14 February 2007].Google Scholar
AFL-CIO: DPE Department for Professional Employees (n.d.) Organized labor in a white collar world: Can the labor movement rise to the challenge? available:http://www.workinglife.org/fol/pdf/dpe%20proposal.pdf[accessed 14 February 2007].Google Scholar
ANZ (Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd) (2006) Corporate responsibility report,available: http://www.anz.com/aus/corporateresponsibility2006/inspiring.asp?pageno=5[accessed 15 February 2007].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ANZ-FSU (1998)Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited and the Finance Sector Union of Australia. ANZ/FSU Agreement 1998 A2988, cl 8.2,available: http://www.wagenet.gov.au/wagenet/search/view.asp?doccode=A2988&doctype=AG&quickview=Y[accessed 15 February 2007].Google Scholar
Arthurs, H.(1996) ‘Labour law without thestate?’, University of Toronto Law Journal, 46(1), pp.145.Google Scholar
Arthurs, H.(2001) ‘Reinventing labor law for the global economy: The Benjamin Aaron Lecture’,Berkeley Journal of Employment Law,22(2), pp.271294.Google Scholar
Australian Computer Society(2004) Policy statement on offshoring,available: http://www.acs.org.au/acs_policies/docs/2004/offshoringpolicy_wnochecklist.pdf[accessed 15 February 2007].Google Scholar
Australian IT (2006)St George defends off-shoring, available: http://australianit.news.com.au/articles/0,7204,20957035%5E15335%5E%5Enbv%5e15306-15317,00.html[accessed 15 February 2007].Google Scholar
Badger, T.(2004) Collective strength: White collar off-shoring spurs union growth, Associated Press, available: http://www.commondreams.org/cgi-bin/print.cgi?file=/headlines04/0608-07.htm[accessed 14 February 2007].Google Scholar
Bain, P., Taylor, P.(2004) ‘No passage to India? UK unions, globalisation, and the migration of call centre jobs’, Work, Employment and Society Conference, 1–3 September, Manchester, UK.Google Scholar
Bivens, J.(2006) EPI (Economic Policy Institute) Issue guide: Offshoring, updated May, available: http://www.epinet.org/issueguides/offshoring/epi_issue_guide_on_offshoring.pdf[accessed 14 February 2007].Google Scholar
Braue, D.(2006) ‘ICT skills foundering on poor data and disinterest’, ZDNet Australia June, available: http://www.zdnet.com.au/news/hardware/soz/ict_skills_foundering_on_poor_data_and_disinterest/0,130061702,139260706,00.htm?ref=search[accessed 15 February 2007].Google Scholar
Cassidy, J.(2004) Winners and Losers, The truth about free trade, The New Yorker, 2 August, available:http://flashlakeheadu.ca/∼kyu/E4111/Cassidy2004.pdf[accessed 15 February 2007].Google Scholar
Center for American Progress(2004) Offshoring by the numbers, 21 May, available: http://www.americanprogress.org/site/pp.asp?c=bjjrJ8)vf&b=81289[accessed 14 September 2006].Google Scholar
De Marchi, S.(2006) Offshoring: The emergence of global production networks, available: http://www.moosproject.be/project.htm [accessed 15 February 2007].Google Scholar
Deare, S.(2006) IBM expands QLD outsourcing centre,ZDNet Australia, 22 June, available: http://www.zdnet.com.au/news/business/soa/ibm_expands_queensland_outsourcing_centre/0,139023166,139260709,00.htm?ref=search[accessed 17 February 2007].Google Scholar
Dobbs, L.(2004) Exporting America: Why Corporate Greed is Shipping American Jobs Overseas, Warner Books, New York.Google Scholar
Employment Law Alliance(2004) America at Work poll, referred to in Offshoring: Mad in the USA, Press Release, June 8, cited in S. Bottino, perspectives on offshoring and New Jersey, August 2004, available: http://www.njpp.org/rpt_offshoring.html [accessed 14 November 2007].Google Scholar
Fairbrother, P., Yates, C.(2003) Trade Unions in Renewal: A Comparative Study, Routledge,London.Google Scholar
Fairbrother, P., Williams, G., Barton, R., et al(2007) ‘Unions facing the future: Questions and possibilities’, Labor Studies Journal, 31(4), pp.3153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faux, J.(2005) ‘Flat note from the pied piper of globalization,’ Economic Policy Institute, available: http://epi.org/content.cfm/webfeatures_viewpoints_flat[accessed 15 November 2007].Google Scholar
FSU (Finance Sector Union of Australia) (2004) Off-shoring — Where to from here?, available: http://www.fsunion.org.au/news/public/files/off-shoring%20-%20final.doc[accessed 15 February 2007].Google Scholar
FSU (n.d.) Bankcheck: Putting the spotlight on finance sector employment practices in Australia, available: http://www.bankcheck.net.au/ [accessed 29 November 2007].Google Scholar
Gone with the World (n.d.)Dangers and disruptions of globalisation, free trade, and offshoring, available: http://www.gonewiththeworld.com/ [accessed 28 August 2006].Google Scholar
Gordon, M., Turner, L.(eds) (2000) Transnational Cooperation among Labor Unions, Cornell University Press,New York.Google Scholar
Hazard Magazine. (n.d.)Table of agreements concluded between transnational companies and global union federations, available: http://www.hazardds.org/unioneffect/gufagreements.htm [accessed 15 February 2007].Google Scholar
Hepple, B.(2005) Labour Laws and Global Trade,Hart Publishing,Oxford.Google Scholar
Hindu (The) Business Line(2005) Bengal CM ‘accepts’ the right to form unions in IT sector, available: http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/12/25/stories/2005122502440300.htm[accessed 15 February 2007].Google Scholar
ICTFU (International Confederation of Trade Union Rights) (2006) ‘India: Annual survey of violations of trade union rights’, available:http://www.icftu.org/displaydocument.asp?Index-991223945&Language-EN[accessed 15 February 2007].Google Scholar
IEEE-USA (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) (2004) Position: Offshore outsourcing, revised May 2006, available: http://www.ieeeusa.org/policy/positions/offshoring.html[accessed 14 September 2006].Google Scholar
Institute of Policy Studies and United for a Fair Economy (2004) Executive excess 2004: campaign contributions, outsourcing, unexpensed stock options and rising CEO pay, 11th Annual CEO Compensation Survey, available: http://www.faireconomy.org/press/2004/EE2004.pdf [accessed 15 November 2007].Google Scholar
Jenkins, C.(2006) ‘Austrade no show at Asia’s big fair’, Australian IT, available: http://australianit.news.com.au[accessed 15 February 2007].Google Scholar
Kirkegaard, J.(2004) Offshore outsourcing — Much ado about what?, CESifo Forum, available: http://www.ifo.de/pls/guestci/download/cesifo%20forum%202004/cesifo%20forum%202/2004/forum2-04-focus4.pdf[accessed 14 February 2007].Google Scholar
Masson, R.(2007) Finance Sector Union, personal conversation with the author, Sydney, 25-01-2007.Google Scholar
McKinsey Global Institute(2005) The emerging global labour market,McKinsey and Company, available: http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/pdfs/offshoring.pdf [accessed 14 February 2007].Google Scholar
McNair Ingenuity Research(2006) Attitudes to offshore labour. Survey commissioned by FSU, ASU, CEPU, and CPSU.Google Scholar
National Association of State Procurement Officials (2005) Offshoring and procurement: Positioning for the future, available: http://www.naspo.org/whitepapers/offshoringissuebrief.pdf[accessed 15 February 2007].Google Scholar
NAB (National Australia Bank)(2005) Commitment to fair international workforce standards, available: http://www.nabgroup.com/vgnmedia/downld/fairinternationalworkforcestandardspolicy950970683.pdf[accessed 15 February 2007].Google Scholar
NAB-FSU (2006)Enterprise Agreement 2006–2009.Google Scholar
The National Australia Group and Global Unions Engagement Strategy (n.d.) Global agreement, available: http://www.nabgroup.com/vgnmedia/downld/globalunionsengagementstrategy.pdf[accessed 15 February 2007].Google Scholar
National Foundation for American Policy (2005) Proposed restrictions onglobal sourcing continue at high level in 2005, NFAP Policy Brief, available: http://www.nfap.com/researchactivities/studies/Global_Sourcing_2005B.pdf[accessed 20 November 2007].Google Scholar
Navin, P.S.(2006) Callcentre professionals form trade union, available: http://www.hindonnet.com/2006/o1/27/stories/2006012702220200.htm[accessed 15 November 2007].Google Scholar
O’Brien, R.(2002) ‘The varied paths to minimum local labour standards,’ in Harrod, J., O’Brien, R.(eds), Global Unions: Theory and Strategies of Organised Labour in the Global Political Economy,Routledge,London.Google Scholar
O’Neill, V.(2006) Memo to career and workforce policy committee: IEEE position on offshore outsourcing, available: http://ieeeusa.com/volunteers/committees/cwpc/Jun06/files/4.2.pdf[accessed 15 November 2007].Google Scholar
Owens, R, Riley, J.(2007) The Law of Work, Oxford University Press,Oxford.Google Scholar
Parliament of Australia Dept. of Parliamentary Services (2005) Off-shoring jobs: US and Australian debates, Research Brief 14 March, Australian Parliament, Canberra.Google Scholar
Physorg.com Technology(2005) Trade unionism hits India’s BPO, 8 November, available: http://www.physorg.com/news7996.html [accessed 20 November 2007].Google Scholar
Riley, J., Peterson, K.(2006) Work Choices; a Guide to the 2005 Changes, Thomson,Sydney.Google Scholar
Service Employees International Union (SEIU), (n.d.) Unite to win; a 21st century plan to build new strength for working people.Google Scholar
Service Employees International Union. (n.d.) Global Partnerships, available:http://www.seiu.org/about/global_partnerships/ [accessed 15 February 2007].Google Scholar
Shekhar, K.(2005) General Secretary of UNITES, personal conversation with the author, Bangalore, 15-12-2005.Google Scholar
Stern, A.(2005) SEIU New ways to build new hope. Changeto win, a new federation of 6 million workers from 7 major unions, available:http://www.seiu.org/about/2005_report/newways_newhope.cfm[accessed 14 February 2007].Google Scholar
TUC (Trade Union Congress), United Kingdom (2004) TUC Submission on Global Offshoring, made to Department of Trade and Industry, available:http://www.tuc.org.uk/economy/tuc-7732-f0.cfm [accessed 15 February 2007].Google Scholar
UNI. (2006) Union Network International e-bulletin July to August 2006, available: http://www.union-network.org/uninetnews.nsf/58f61ccf5878fe90c12567bb005642f9/31942731725e2d4bc12571c60049908d?opendocument[accessed 15 February 2007].Google Scholar
UNI. (n.d.) Union Network International; Global Framework Agreements, available: http://www.union-network.org/unisite/in_depth/multinationals/gfas.html[accessed 15 February 2007].Google Scholar
Van Wezel Stone, K.(1995) ‘Labour and the global economy:Four approaches to transnational labor regulation,’,Michigan Journal of International Law, 16, pp 9871028.Google Scholar
Workplace Relations Act (Cth), Australia (1996).Google Scholar
Workplace Relations Regulations, Australia (1996).Google Scholar